# Face

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Front of a head

Not to be confused with [Feces](/source/Feces). "Faces" and "Human face" redirect here. For the miniseries, see [*The Human Face*](/source/The_Human_Face). For other uses, see [Faces (disambiguation)](/source/Faces_(disambiguation)) and [Face (disambiguation)](/source/Face_(disambiguation)).

This article about biology may be excessively human-centric. Please improve coverage for other species and discuss this issue on the talk page. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Face Face of a woman (left) and face of a man (right) Ventrolateral aspect of the human face with skin removed, showing muscles of the face Details Identifiers Latin facies, facia or fave MeSH D005145 TA98 A01.1.00.006 TA2 112 FMA 24728 Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The **face** is the front of the head in humans and many other animals that features most of the [sense organs](/source/Sense_organs) including the [eyes](/source/Eyes), [nose](/source/Nose) and [mouth](/source/Mouth). Many animals may express [emotions](/source/Emotion) through their face.[1][2] Sense organs in the faces of different animals are varied such as the [snout](/source/Snout), and the [proboscis](/source/Proboscis). Many animals are flat-faced ([brachycephalic](/source/Brachycephalic)) such as the [pug](/source/Pug) dog.[3]

The human face is crucial for [identity](/source/Personal_identity), and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities may adversely affect the psyche.[1]

## Human face

### Structure

The front of the [human head](/source/Human_head) is called the face. It includes several distinct areas,[4] of which the main features are:

- The [forehead](/source/Forehead), comprising the [skin](/source/Human_skin) beneath the [hairline](/source/Hair), bordered laterally by the [temples](/source/Temple_(anatomy)) and inferiorly by [eyebrows](/source/Eyebrow) and [ears](/source/Ear)

- The [eyes](/source/Human_eye), sitting in the [orbit](/source/Orbit_(anatomy)) and protected by [eyelids](/source/Eyelid) and [eyelashes](/source/Eyelash)

- The distinctive [human nose](/source/Human_nose) [shape](/source/Ethmoid_bone), [nostrils](/source/Nostril), and [nasal septum](/source/Nasal_septum)

- The [cheeks](/source/Cheek), covering the [maxilla](/source/Maxilla) and [mandible](/source/Mandible) (or jaw), the extremity of which is the [chin](/source/Chin)

- The [mouth](/source/Human_mouth), with the upper [lip](/source/Lip) divided by the [philtrum](/source/Philtrum), sometimes revealing the [teeth](/source/Human_tooth)

Facial [appearance](/source/Biometrics) is vital for human [recognition](/source/Identity_(philosophy)) and [communication](/source/Communication). [Facial muscles](/source/Facial_muscles) in humans allow [expression](/source/Facial_expression) of [emotions](/source/Emotion).[5]

The face is itself a highly [sensitive](/source/Sense) region of the human body and its expression may change when the [brain](/source/Human_brain) is stimulated by any of the many human [senses](/source/Sense), such as [touch](/source/Somatosensory_system), [temperature](/source/Temperature), [smell](/source/Olfaction), [taste](/source/Taste), [hearing](/source/Hearing_(sense)), [movement](/source/Vestibular_sense), [hunger](/source/Hunger), or [visual stimuli](/source/Visual_perception).[6]

### Variability

See also: [Human variability](/source/Human_variability)

The face is the feature which best distinguishes a [person](/source/Person). Specialized regions of the [human brain](/source/Human_brain), such as the [fusiform face area](/source/Fusiform_face_area) (FFA), enable facial recognition; when these are [damaged](/source/Prosopagnosia), it may be impossible to recognize faces even of intimate family members. The pattern of specific organs, such as the eyes, or of parts of them, is used in [biometric identification](/source/Biometric_identification) to uniquely identify individuals.

#### Shape

The muscles of the face are important when engaging in facial expressions.

[Skeletal anatomy](/source/Human_skeleton) of the face

The shape of the face is influenced by the [bone structure](/source/Bone) of the [skull](/source/Skull#Humans), and each face is unique through the [anatomical variation](/source/Anatomical_variation) present in the bones of the [viscerocranium](/source/Facial_skeleton) (and [neurocranium](/source/Neurocranium)).[1] The bones involved in shaping the face are mainly the [maxilla](/source/Maxilla), [mandible](/source/Mandible), [nasal bone](/source/Nasal_bone), [zygomatic bone](/source/Zygomatic_bone), and [frontal bone](/source/Frontal_bone). Also important are various [soft tissues](/source/Soft_tissue), such as [fat](/source/Adipose_tissue), [hair](/source/Hair) and [skin](/source/Human_skin) (of which color may vary).[1]

The face changes over time, and some features common in [children](/source/Children) or [babies](/source/Infant) disappear over time, such as prominent [buccal fat pads](/source/Buccal_fat_pad), whose role in the infant is to stabilize the cheeks during [suckling](/source/Suckling). While the buccal fat pads often diminish in size, the prominence of bones increase with age as they grow and develop.[1]

Facial shape – such as [facial symmetry](/source/Facial_symmetry) – is an important determinant of [beauty](/source/Human_beauty).

#### Other characteristics

Visible variable features of the face other than shapes and proportions include color (paleness, [suntan](/source/Sun_tanning) and [genetic default pigmentation](/source/Skin_color)), hair (length, [color](/source/Human_hair_color), [loss](/source/Hair_loss), [graying](/source/Hair_graying)), [wrinkles](/source/Wrinkle),[7][8] facial hair (e.g. [beards](/source/Beard)), skin sagging,[8] discolorations[9] ([dark spots](/source/Hyperpigmentation),[8] [freckles](/source/Freckle) and [eye circles](/source/Periorbital_dark_circles)[8]), [pore](/source/Sweat_gland)-variabilities,[10] skin blemishes ([pimples](/source/Pimple), [scars](/source/Scar), [burn marks](/source/Burn)). Many of these features can also vary over time due to [aging](/source/Aging),[8][7][9] [skin care](/source/Skin_care), nutrition,[11][12][13][14][15][16] the [exposome](/source/Exposome)[17] (such as harmful substances of the general environment,[13][17] workplace and cosmetics), psychological factors,[13] and behavior (such as smoking,[17] sleep,[13] physical activity and [sun damage](/source/Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure)[7][9][13]).

Mechanisms underlying these include changes related to [peptides](/source/Peptide) (notably [collagen](/source/Collagen)),[9][13] [inflammation](/source/Inflammation),[13][15] production of various proteins (notably [elastin](/source/Elastin) and other [ECM proteins](/source/Extracellular_matrix_protein)),[15] the structure of [subcutaneous tissue](/source/Subcutaneous_tissue),[7][9] [hormones](/source/Hormone),[13] fibers (such as elastic fibers or elasticity)[9] and the [skin barrier](/source/Skin_barrier).[17]

The desire of many to look young for their age and/or attractive[8] has led to the establishment of a large [cosmetics industry](/source/Cosmetics_industry),[7] which is largely concerned with [make-up](/source/Make-up) that is applied on top of the skin (topically) to temporarily change appearance but it or [dermatology](/source/Dermatology) also develop [anti-aging products](/source/Anti-aging_product) (and related products and procedures) that in some cases affect underlying biology and are partly applied preventively.[14] Facial traits are also used in [biometrics](/source/Biometric)[18][19] and there have been attempts at reproducible quantifications.[9][10] [Skin](/source/Human_skin) health is considered a major factor in human [well-being](/source/Well-being) and the perception of health in humans.[14]

#### Genetics

[Genes](/source/Human_genetics) are a major factor in the particular appearance of a person's face with the high similarity of faces of [identical twins](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_twins#Twin_research) indicating that most of facial variability is determined genetically.[20]

Studies have identified genes and gene regions determining face shape and differences in various facial features. A 2021 study found that a version of a gene associated with lip thickness – possibly selected for due to adaption to cold climate via fat distribution – [introgressed](/source/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans) from ancient humans – [Denisovans](/source/Denisovan) – into the modern humans [Native Americans](/source/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas).[21][22][23] Another study found look-alike humans ([doppelgängers](/source/Doppelg%C3%A4nger)) have genetic similarities, sharing genes affecting not only the face but also some [phenotypes](/source/Phenotype) of physique and [behavior](/source/Behavioral_genetics).[24][25] A study identified genes controlling the shape of the nose and chin.[26] [Biological databases](/source/List_of_biological_databases) may be used to aggregate and discover associations between facial [phenotypes](/source/Phenotype) and genes.[27][28]

Human face development, by [Haeckel](/source/Haeckel)

A man's face

A woman's face

## Function

### Emotional expression

Faces are essential to expressing [emotion](/source/Emotion), consciously or unconsciously. A frown denotes disapproval; a smile usually means someone is pleased. Being able to read emotion in another's face is "the fundamental basis for empathy and the ability to interpret a person's reactions and predict the probability of ensuing behaviors". One study used the Multimodal Emotion Recognition Test[29] to attempt to determine how to measure emotion. This research aimed at using a measuring device to accomplish what many people do every day: read emotion in a face.[30]

The [muscles of the face](/source/Facial_muscles) play a prominent role in the expression of emotion,[1] and vary among different individuals, giving rise to additional diversity in expression and facial features.[31]

Variations of the [risorius](/source/Risorius), [triangularis](/source/Triangularis) and [zygomaticus](/source/Zygomaticus_major_muscle) muscles

People are also relatively good at determining if a smile is real or fake. A recent study looked at individuals judging forced and genuine smiles. While young and elderly participants equally could tell the difference for smiling young people, the "older adult participants outperformed young adult participants in distinguishing between posed and spontaneous smiles".[32] This suggests that with experience and age, we become more accurate at perceiving true emotions across various age groups.

### Perception and recognition

Main article: [Face perception](/source/Face_perception)

The [face perception](/source/Face_perception) mechanisms of the brain, such as the [fusiform face area](/source/Fusiform_face_area), can produce facial [pareidolias](/source/Pareidolia) such as [this famous rock formation on Mars](/source/Cydonia_(region_of_Mars)).

[Gestalt psychologists](/source/Gestalt_psychology) theorize that a face is not merely a set of facial features, but is rather something meaningful in its form. This is consistent with the Gestalt theory that an image is seen in its entirety, not by its individual parts. According to Gary L. Allen, people adapted to respond more to faces during evolution as the natural result of being a social species. Allen suggests that the purpose of recognizing faces has its roots in the "parent-infant attraction, a quick and low-effort means by which parents and infants form an internal representation of each other, reducing the likelihood that the parent will abandon his or her offspring because of recognition failure".[33] Allen's work takes a psychological perspective that combines evolutionary theories with Gestalt psychology.

#### Biological perspective

Research has indicated that certain areas of the brain respond particularly well to faces. The [fusiform face area](/source/Fusiform_face_area), within the [fusiform gyrus](/source/Fusiform_gyrus), is activated by faces, and it is activated differently for [shy](/source/Shyness) and social people. A study confirmed that "when viewing images of strangers, shy adults exhibited significantly less activation in the fusiform gyri than did social adults".[34] Furthermore, particular areas respond more to a face that is considered attractive, as seen in another study: "Facial beauty evokes a widely distributed neural network involving perceptual, decision-making and reward circuits. In those experiments, the perceptual response across FFA and LOC [lateral occipital complex] remained present even when subjects were not attending explicitly to facial beauty".[35]

## Society and culture

### Cosmetic surgery

[Cosmetic surgery](/source/Cosmetic_surgery) can be used to alter the appearance of the facial features.[36] [Maxillofacial surgery](/source/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery) may also be used in cases of [facial trauma](/source/Facial_trauma), injury to the face and skin diseases. Severely disfigured individuals have received full [face transplants](/source/Face_transplant) and partial transplants of skin and muscle tissue.[37]

### Caricatures

[Caricatures](/source/Caricature) often exaggerate facial features to make a face more easily recognized in association with a pronounced portion of the face of the individual in question—for example, a caricature of [Osama bin Laden](/source/Osama_bin_Laden) might focus on his facial hair and nose; a caricature of [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush) might enlarge his ears to the size of an elephant's; a caricature of [Jay Leno](/source/Jay_Leno) may pronounce his head and chin; and a caricature of [Mick Jagger](/source/Mick_Jagger) might enlarge his lips. Exaggeration of memorable features helps people to recognize others when presented in a caricature form.[38]

### Metaphor

By extension, anything which is the forward or world-facing part of a system which has internal structure is considered its "face", like the [façade](/source/Fa%C3%A7ade) of a building. For example, a [public relations](/source/Public_Relations_Officer) or [press officer](/source/Press_officer) might be called the "face" of the organization he or she represents. "Face" is also used metaphorically in a [sociological context](/source/Face_(sociological_concept)) to refer to reputation or standing in society, particularly Chinese society,[39] and is spoken of as a resource which can be won or lost. Because of the association with individuality, the anonymous person is sometimes referred to as "faceless".

## Other animals

The [cephalic index](/source/Cephalic_index) is used to classify the shapes of the [skull](/source/Skull) that determines the shape of the face of many animals. In particular the index is used in cat and dog breeding, and in farming. The shaping of the skull can result in the flat-faced appearance known in [brachycephalic animals](/source/Cephalic_index#Brachycephalic).[3]

## See also

- [Diprosopus](/source/Diprosopus)

- [Face perception](/source/Face_perception)

- [Facial symmetry](/source/Facial_symmetry)

- [Physiognomy](/source/Physiognomy)

- [Portrait](/source/Portrait)

- [Prosopagnosia](/source/Prosopagnosia)

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Faces](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Faces)***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [face](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/face).

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-10.3892/etm.2019.8342_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-10.3892/etm.2019.8342_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-10.3892/etm.2019.8342_15-2) Lupu, Mihaela-Adi; Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Gratiela; Chifiriuc, Mariana-Carmen; Albulescu, Radu; Tanase, Cristiana (1 July 2020). ["Beneficial effects of food supplements based on hydrolyzed collagen for skin care (Review)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271718). *Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine*. **20** (1): 12–17. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3892/etm.2019.8342](https://doi.org/10.3892%2Fetm.2019.8342). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1792-0981](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1792-0981). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7271718](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271718). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32508986](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508986). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [213518696](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213518696).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Marcílio Cândido, Thalita; Bueno Ariede, Maíra; Vieira Lima, Fabiana; de Souza Guedes, Luciana; Robles Velasco, Maria Valéria; Rolim Baby, André; Rosado, Catarina (16 March 2022). ["Dietary Supplements and the Skin: Focus on Photoprotection and Antioxidant Activity—A Review"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8953599). *Nutrients*. **14** (6): 1248. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/nu14061248](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu14061248). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2072-6643](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6643). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8953599](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8953599). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35334905](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35334905).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015_17-3) Krutmann, Jean; Bouloc, Anne; Sore, Gabrielle; Bernard, Bruno A.; Passeron, Thierry (1 March 2017). ["The skin aging exposome"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jdermsci.2016.09.015). *Journal of Dermatological Science*. **85** (3): 152–161. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jdermsci.2016.09.015). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0923-1811](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-1811). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27720464](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27720464).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Arbab-Zavar, Banafshe; Wei, Xingjie; Bustard, John D.; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Chang-Tsun (18 December 2015). "On Forensic Use of Biometrics". *Handbook of Digital Forensics of Multimedia Data and Devices*. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 270–304. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9781118705773.ch7](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118705773.ch7). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-70577-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-70577-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Crouch, Daniel J. M.; Winney, Bruce; Koppen, Willem P.; Christmas, William J.; Hutnik, Katarzyna; Day, Tammy; Meena, Devendra; Boumertit, Abdelhamid; Hysi, Pirro; Nessa, Ayrun; Spector, Tim D.; Kittler, Josef; Bodmer, Walter F. (23 January 2018). ["Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789906). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **115** (4): E676–E685. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018PNAS..115E.676C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E.676C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.1708207114](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1708207114). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0027-8424](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5789906](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789906). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29301965](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29301965).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Genes for face shape identified"](https://phys.org/news/2021-02-genes.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Genes for face shape identified | Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220116035239/https://scienmag.com/genes-for-face-shape-identified/). *ScienceMag*. Archived from [the original](https://scienmag.com/genes-for-face-shape-identified/) on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Bonfante, Betty; Faux, Pierre; Navarro, Nicolas; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Dubied, Morgane; Montillot, Charlotte; Wentworth, Emma; Poloni, Lauriane; Varón-González, Ceferino; Jones, Philip; Xiong, Ziyi; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Palmal, Sagnik; Chacón-Duque, Juan Camilo; Hurtado, Malena; Villegas, Valeria; Granja, Vanessa; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Barquera, Rodrigo; Everardo-Martínez, Paola; Sánchez-Quinto, Mirsha; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge; Villamil-Ramírez, Hugo; Cerqueira, Caio C. Silva de; Hünemeier, Tábita; Ramallo, Virginia; Liu, Fan; Weinberg, Seth M.; Shaffer, John R.; Stergiakouli, Evie; Howe, Laurence J.; Hysi, Pirro G.; Spector, Timothy D.; Gonzalez-José, Rolando; Schüler-Faccini, Lavinia; Bortolini, Maria-Cátira; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Bedoya, Gabriel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Thauvin-Robinet, Christel; Faivre, Laurence; Costedoat, Caroline; Balding, David; Cox, Timothy; Kayser, Manfred; Duplomb, Laurence; Yalcin, Binnaz; Cotney, Justin; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés (1 February 2021). ["A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864580). *Science Advances*. **7** (6) eabc6160. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021SciA....7.6160B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.6160B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/sciadv.abc6160](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abc6160). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2375-2548](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7864580](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864580). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33547071](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33547071).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Golembiewski, Kate; Brunelle, François (23 August 2022). ["Your Doppelgänger Is Out There and You Probably Share DNA With Them"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/23/science/doppelgangers-twins-dna.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Joshi, Ricky S.; Rigau, Maria; García-Prieto, Carlos A.; Moura, Manuel Castro de; Piñeyro, David; Moran, Sebastian; Davalos, Veronica; Carrión, Pablo; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Olalde, Iñigo; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Navarro, Arcadi; Fernández-Tena, Carles; Aspandi, Decky; Sukno, Federico M.; Binefa, Xavier; Valencia, Alfonso; Esteller, Manel (23 August 2022). ["Look-alike humans identified by facial recognition algorithms show genetic similarities"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2022.111257). *Cell Reports*. **40** (8) 111257. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111257](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2022.111257). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10230/54047](https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F54047). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2211-1247](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-1247). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [36001980](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36001980).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; et al. (19 May 2016). ["A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874031). *Nature Communications*. **7** (1) 11616. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016NatCo...711616A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...711616A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/ncomms11616](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms11616). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4874031](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874031). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27193062](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27193062). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [11364821](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11364821). - University press release: ["Genes for nose shape found"](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160519081832.htm). *[University College London](/source/University_College_London) via ScienceDaily*. Retrieved 6 November 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Hassani-Pak, Keywan; Rawlings, Christopher (1 March 2017). ["Knowledge Discovery in Biological Databases for Revealing Candidate Genes Linked to Complex Phenotypes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042805). *Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics*. **14** (1) 20160002. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/jib-2016-0002](https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjib-2016-0002). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1613-4516](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-4516). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6042805](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042805). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28609292](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28609292).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Defining a Face: What Can DNA Phenotyping Really Tell Us About An Unknown Sample?"](https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/defining-face-what-can-dna-phenotyping-really-tell-us-about-unknown-sample). *National Institute of Justice*. Retrieved 4 April 2021. Based on Walsh's phenotype analysis, King determined that one of the earliest paintings of Richard III, the 1510 "Arched Framed Portrait," best matched the genetic information. "We were still dealing with categories [of color] because we're not at the quantitative level yet," Walsh said of her determination of Richard III's hair and eye color. "[King] wanted something physical to see, and that's what spurred me to move toward the quantitative so strongly. Because I could always say to someone, 'blue' or 'blonde,' and they would say, 'I need to see this physically.' So that is what I'm working on now. I want to produce that result." Walsh has gathered DNA phenotype data from 2,000 Irish, Greek and U.S. individuals and is currently collecting data from 3,000 additional individuals from those same countries in order to create a phenotype-genotype database and prediction model. For forensic purposes, she would like to be able to start with a "blank person" and with a sample of DNA, determine the actual eye, hair and skin pigmentation.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Allen, Gary L.; Peterson, Mary A.; Rhodes, Gillian (2006). "Review: Seeking a Common Gestalt Approach to the Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes". *American Journal of Psychology*. **119** (2): 311–19. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/20445341](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20445341). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [20445341](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20445341).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Chatterjee, A.; Thomas, A.; Smith, S. E. & Aguirre, G. K. (2009). "The neural response to facial attractiveness". *Neuropsychology*. **23** (2): 135–143. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.576.5894](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.576.5894). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/a0014430](https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0014430). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19254086](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19254086).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery: MedlinePlus](https://www.medlineplus.gov/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html). Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** [Face Transplant Surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital](http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/surgery/services/PlasticSurg/Reconstructive/FaceTransplantSurgery/default.aspx)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [information about caricatures](http://www.edu.dudley.gov.uk/art/specproj/caricatures/menu.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070826140342/http://www.edu.dudley.gov.uk/art/specproj/caricatures/menu.htm) 2007-08-26 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Edu.dudley.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Ho, David Yau-fai (January 1976). "On the Concept of Face". *American Journal of Sociology*. **81** (4): 867–84. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1976AmJSo..81..867H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976AmJSo..81..867H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/226145](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F226145). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2777600](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777600). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145513767](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145513767).: "The concept of face is, of course, Chinese in origin".

v t e Human regional anatomy Body Skin Head Hair Face Forehead Cheek Chin Eyebrow Eye Eyelid Nose Mouth Lip Tongue Tooth Ear Jaw Mandible Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam's apple Throat Nape Torso (Trunk) Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Vertebral column Back Thorax Breast Nipple Pelvis Genitalia Penis Scrotum Vulva Buttocks Anus Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Fingernail Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Toe Toenail Sole

Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Terminologia Anatomica

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Face](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.