# Eyewitness Chronicle

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}{{use British English|date=February 2026}}
thumb|Tarnovsky manuscript of the ''Eyewitness Chronicle''.
[[File:Літопис Самовидця (1971).pdf|thumb|Printed edition of the ''Eyewitness Chronicle'' (Kyiv: [Naukova Dumka](/source/Naukova_Dumka), 1971). The publication was prepared by Yaroslav Ivanovych Dzyra, PhD candidate in Philology.]]
The '''''Eyewitness Chronicle'''''{{efn|{{langx|uk|Літопис Самовидця|Litopys Samovydcja}}.}} is one of the three so-called [Cossack](/source/Cossack) [chronicle](/source/chronicle)s written in [late Ruthenian](/source/Ruthenian_language) ([Middle Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language)).{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=595}} The text is one of the fundamental sources on the history of [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe) in the [17th century](/source/17th_century), particularly the period of the [Khmelnytsky Uprising](/source/Khmelnytsky_Uprising) and [The Ruin](/source/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)) in [Cossack Ukraine](/source/Cossack_Hetmanate), a distinctive and original monument of the Ukrainian language and literature. The chronicle claims to be written by an eyewitness to the events, a veteran from the [Zaporizhian Host](/source/Zaporizhian_Host)'s senior officers. According to Frank Sysyn (1990), it is "the earliest extant Ukrainian account of the history of Ukraine in the second half of the seventeenth century."{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=595}}

== Provenance ==
=== Authorship ===
The ''Eyewitness Chronicle'' was written in [Middle Ukrainian (late Ruthenian)](/source/Ruthenian_language),{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=595}} which was close to the vernacular (the ''prosta mova'' or "simple speech").{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}}{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=600}} This contrasts the ''Eyewitness Chronicle'' and ''[Velychko Chronicle](/source/Velychko_Chronicle)'' with the ''[Hrabianka Chronicle](/source/Hrabianka_Chronicle)'', which was written in late [Church Slavonic](/source/Church_Slavonic), the literary standard in the [Tsardom of Russia](/source/Tsardom_of_Russia), far removed from the everyday language spoken by Ukrainians and Belarusians living in the Cossack Hetmanate.{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=600}} The author of the chronicle is not known by name, but he belonged to the Cossack elite and held a prominent position in the Ukrainian government for some time. Researchers have long tried to establish his name. In 1846, the amateur historian D. Serdyukov was the first to attribute the authorship to {{ill|Roman Rakushka-Romanovsky|uk|Роман Ракушка-Романовський}} ({{circa}} 1622–1703), general treasurer under [Ivan Briukhovetsky](/source/Ivan_Briukhovetsky), and in the last decades of his life, a priest in Starodub.{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}}{{efn|Frank Sysyn (1990) commented: "Although the author of the Eyewitness Chronicle remains unknown, no specialist has advanced a clerical rather than a lay candidate as author."{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=601}} Rakushka's later priesthood would thus not speak in favour of attributing the composition to him in his later life.}} However, he could not prove it. This became possible after the works of {{ill|Vadim Modzalevsky|uk|Модзалевський Вадим Львович}} on Rakushka-Romanovsky in 1919. In the 1920s, a number of authors ({{ill|Viktor Romanovsky|uk|Романовський Віктор Олександрович}}; [Oleksander Ohloblyn](/source/Oleksander_Ohloblyn) and especially {{ill|Mykola Petrovsky|uk|Петровський Микола Неонович}}) independently of each other, based on an analysis of autobiographical material in the ''Chronicle'', came to the conclusion that the author of the ''Eyewitness Chronicle'' was indeed most likely Roman Rakushka-Romanovsky.{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}}

This opinion was accepted by most historians ([Dmytro Bahalii](/source/Dmytro_Bahalii), [Mykhailo Hrushevsky](/source/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky), [Dmytro Doroshenko](/source/Dmytro_Doroshenko), [Ivan Krypiakevych](/source/Ivan_Krypiakevych) and others, and in particular modern historiography).{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}} But some authors have named other candidates for authorship: {{ill|Ivan Bykhovets|uk|Биховець Іван Рошкевич}}, military clerk (according to {{ill|Lev Okinshevych|uk|Окіншевич Лев Олександрович}}), {{ill|Fedir Kandyba|uk|Федір Кандиба}}, colonel of Korsun (according to Mykola  Hryhorovych Andrusiak and Mykhailo Voznyak), and others. Frank Sysyn noted in 1990: "Time, place, and authorship of composition have remained hotly debated, with Roman Rakushka as the favored candidate for author on the basis of internal evidence. (...) Whether its compiler witnessed the events of Khmel'nyts'kyi's uprising himself and wrote them down later or whether he incorporated an earlier account into his text remains uncertain. In either case, the laconic Eyewitness Chronicle is the only Cossack chronicle still credited with containing some primary information on the Khmel'nyts'kyi period."{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=595}}

=== Manuscript circulation ===
{{See also|Hrabianka Chronicle#Manuscript circulation}}
The original ''Chronicle'', written at the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century, has not survived.{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=595}} Several copies made in the 18th century or later have been preserved. The oldest and most complete are the manuscripts of H. Iskritsky (first half of the 18th century) and Yakov Kozelsky (second half of the 18th century), which form the basis of scientific publications on this monument. In total, six copies (two of which from the first half of the 18th century, the rest later) were known to the publishers of the 1846 and 1878 editions.{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=595}}

As of 1992, there were 7 known manuscripts, 4 of which were kept in the manuscript department of the [Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine](/source/Vernadsky_National_Library_of_Ukraine), and one each in the manuscript departments of the [National Library of Russia](/source/National_Library_of_Russia) in St. Petersburg, the [Kharkiv Korolenko State Scientific Library](/source/Kharkiv_Korolenko_State_Scientific_Library), and the Vasyl Tarnovsky [Chernihiv Regional Historical Museum](/source/Chernihiv_Regional_Historical_Museum).<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Poltavščyna encyklopedyčnyj dovidnyk
|date=1992
|editor-last=Kudryc'kyj
|editor-first=Anatolij V.
|publisher=Ukraı̈ns'ka Encyklopedija Imeni M. P. Bažana
|location=Kyı̈v
|isbn=978-5-88500-033-8
}}</ref>

=== Publications ===
[[File:Летопись самовидца о войнах Богдана Хмельницкого (1846).djvu|thumb|page=2|1846 edition by [Osip Bodyansky](/source/Osip_Bodyansky)]]
For the first time, having received it from [Panteleimon Kulish](/source/Panteleimon_Kulish) (who gave it the name "Eyewitness Chronicle"), it was published by [Osip Bodyansky](/source/Osip_Bodyansky) in 1846 in ''Readings of the Moscow Society of Antiquities''.{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}} A more scientifically prepared edition was published in 1878 by the Kyiv Archaeographic Commission, edited and with an introductory article by [Orest Levytsky](/source/Orest_Levytsky) based on Kozelsky's manuscript under the title "Chronicle of an Eyewitness based on newly discovered lists with the addition of three Little Russian chronicles: Khmelnytsky, 'Brief Description of Little Russia' and 'Collections of History'".{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}} It was published again by Yaroslav Dzyra at the [Institute of History of Ukraine](/source/Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1971,{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}} based on the manuscripts of Iskritsky, Kozelsky and Mykhailo Sudiyenko, and by "[Harvard Series in Ukrainian Studies](/source/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute)" in 1972.{{sfn|Sysyn|1990|p=594}}

== Structure ==
The ''Eyewitness Chronicle'' consists of an introduction, which describes the state of Ukraine before the Khmelnytsky Uprising, and two main parts:{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}}
* The first part is devoted to the times of Khmelnytsky and the Ruin (up to and including [1676](/source/1676)). It was probably written much later than the events described.{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}}
* The second part, brought up to and including the year [1702](/source/1702), is a ''chronicle'' in the strict sense of the word. It was written in [Left-Bank Ukraine](/source/Left-Bank_Ukraine), and most complete (in terms of local news) in [Starodub](/source/Starodub).{{sfn|Dzyra|2009}}

== See also ==
* ''[History of the Ruthenians](/source/History_of_the_Ruthenians)'' (''Istoriya Rusiv'')
* ''[Samijlo Velychko Chronicle](/source/Samijlo_Velychko_Chronicle)''
* ''[Hrabianka Chronicle](/source/Hrabianka_Chronicle)''
* ''[Huklyv Chronicle](/source/Huklyv_Chronicle)''
* ''[Lviv Chronicle](/source/Lviv_Chronicle)''
* ''[Chernihiv Chronicle](/source/Chernihiv_Chronicle)'', bears close resemblance to the ''Eyewitness Chronicle''

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Wikisourcelang|uk|Літопис Самовидця}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sysyn |first=Frank E. |title=The Cossack Chronicles and the Development of Modern Ukrainian Culture and National Identity |journal=[Harvard Ukrainian Studies](/source/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies) |publisher=[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute](/source/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute) |volume=14 |issue=3/4 |year=1990 |issn=03635570 |jstor=41036403 |pages=593–607 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036403 |access-date=8 February 2026}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dzyra |first=Yaroslav Ivanovych |title=Літопис Самовидця |trans-title=Eyewitness Chronicle |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Litopis_Samovidtsya |encyclopedia=[Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine](/source/Encyclopedia_of_History_of_Ukraine) |date=2009 |volume=6 |page=790 |publisher=[Institute of History of Ukraine](/source/Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine) |location=[Kyiv](/source/Kyiv) |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210144447/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Litopis_Samovidtsya |archive-date=10 February 2026 |access-date=10 February 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |title=Літопис Самовидця |trans-title=Eyewitness Chronicle |editor-last1=Dzyra |editor-first1=Yaroslav Ivanovych |location=Kyiv |publisher=[Naukova Dumka](/source/Naukova_Dumka)/[Izbornyk](/source/Izbornyk) |date=1971 |pages=208 |access-date=10 February 2026 |url=http://litopys.org.ua/samovyd/sam.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210151015/http://litopys.org.ua/samovyd/sam.htm |archive-date=10 February 2026 |url-status=live}} [http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Nevidomyi_Avtor/Litopys_Samovydtsia_vyd_1971.djvu djvu]
* [https://archive.org/details/samovydcya Летопись Самовидца по новооткрытым спискам с приложением трех малороссийских хроник: «Хмельницкой», «Краткого описания Малороссии» и «Собрания исторического»] with a foreword by [Orest Levytsky](/source/Orest_Levytsky). Kyiv, 1878

== Literature ==
<div class="reflist4" style="height: 200px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px" >
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* ''Багалій Д.'' Нарис української історіографії.&nbsp;— Вип. 2 // Джерелознавство.&nbsp;— К., 1925.
* ''Бевзенко С.&nbsp;П.''&nbsp;Спостереження над синтаксисом українських літописів XVII&nbsp;ст.&nbsp;— Наукові записки Ужгородського державного університету.&nbsp;— Т. IX.&nbsp;— Ужгород, 1954.
* ''Возняк М.'' Історія української літератури.&nbsp;— Т. III.&nbsp;— Львів, 1924.
* ''Возняк Михайло''. Хто ж автор т.&nbsp;зв. Літопису Самовидця?&nbsp;— Львів, 1933.
* ''Гординський Ярослав.'' « Милость божія», українська драма з 1728&nbsp;р.&nbsp;— Записки Наукового товариства ім. Шевченка.&nbsp;— Львів, 1925.&nbsp;— [http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Naukove_tovarystvo_imeni_Shevchenka/Zapysky_Tom_136-137/ Т. CXXXVI&nbsp;— CXXXVII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707112223/http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Naukove_tovarystvo_imeni_Shevchenka/Zapysky_Tom_136-137/ |date=7 липня 2019 }}; 1927, [http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Naukove_tovarystvo_imeni_Shevchenka/Zapysky_Tom_146/ Т. CXLVI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707112220/http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Naukove_tovarystvo_imeni_Shevchenka/Zapysky_Tom_146/ |date=7 липня 2019 }}.
* ''Грушевский М.&nbsp;С.''&nbsp;Самовидец Руины и его позднейшие отражения.&nbsp;— Труды Института славяноведения Академии наук СССР.&nbsp;— Т. I.&nbsp;— Л., 1932.
* ''Грушевский М.&nbsp;С.''&nbsp;Об украинской историографии XVIII века. Несколько соображений.&nbsp;— Известия АН. СССР, VII серия, отд. общественных наук, 1934, №&nbsp;3.
* Dzyra, Yaroslav Ivanovych.&nbsp;І.&nbsp;Українські літописи XVI&nbsp;— XVIII&nbsp;ст. в радянській історіографії.&nbsp;— Історичні джерела та їх використання.&nbsp;— Вип. III.&nbsp;— К., 1968.
* ''Дзира Я.&nbsp;І.''&nbsp;Джерельна основа праці О. Рігельмана про Україну.&nbsp;— Історіографічні дослідження в Українській РСР.&nbsp;— Вип. II.&nbsp;— К., 1969.
* ''Житецкий П.'' Очерк звуковой истории малорусского наречия.&nbsp;— К., 1876.
* ''Житецкий П.'' «Энеида» Котляревского и древнейший список ее в связи с обзором малорусской литературы XVIII века.&nbsp;— К., 1900.
* ''Иконников В.&nbsp;С.''&nbsp;Опыт русской историографии.&nbsp;— Т. 2, кн. 1.&nbsp;— К., 1908.
* Історія української літератури у восьми томах.&nbsp;— Т. I.&nbsp;— К., 1967.
* ''Карпов Г.'' Критический обзор разработки главных русских источников, до истории Малороссии относящихся, за время: 8-е января 1654 по 30 мая 1672.&nbsp;— М., 1870.
* ''Карпов Г.'' Начало исторической деятельности Богдана Хмельницкого.&nbsp;— М., 1873.
* Летопись Самовидца о войнах Богдана Хмельницкого и о междоусобиях, бывших в Малой России по его смерти. Доведена продолжателями до 1734 года.&nbsp;— Чтения в имп. Обществе истории и древностей российских при Московском университете, 1846, №&nbsp;1, отд. II; 1846, №&nbsp;2; Окреме вид.&nbsp;— М., 1846. \189\
* Летопись Самовидца по новооткрытым спискам с приложением трех малороссийских хроник: «Хмельницкой», «Краткого описания Малороссии» и «Собрания исторического», з передмовою О. Левицького.&nbsp;— К., 1878.
* ''Максимович М.&nbsp;А.''&nbsp;[https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=pW5AAQAAMAAJ&num=100&hl=uk&pg=PA525#v=onepage&q&f=false Собрание сочинений.&nbsp;— Т. І.&nbsp;— К., 1876.&nbsp;— С. 525] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194353/https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=pW5AAQAAMAAJ&num=100&hl=uk&pg=PA525#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=1 січня 2018 }}.
* Марченко Михайло Іванович, Українська історіографія (з давніх часів до середини XIX&nbsp;ст.).&nbsp;— К., 1959.
* ''Модзалевський В.'' Перший військовий підскарбій (1663&nbsp;— 1669). Роман Ракушка-Романовський.&nbsp;— Записки історично-філологічного відділу Української Академії наук.&nbsp;— [http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Zapysky_istorychno-filolohichnoho_viddilu/Knyha_01/ Кн. 1.&nbsp;— К., 1919] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194835/http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Zapysky_istorychno-filolohichnoho_viddilu/Knyha_01/ |date=1 січня 2018 }}.&nbsp;— С. 52; [http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Zapysky_istorychno-filolohichnoho_viddilu/Knyha_02-03/ кн. 2, 1920—1922] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194838/http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Zapysky_istorychno-filolohichnoho_viddilu/Knyha_02-03/ |date=1 січня 2018 }}.&nbsp;— С. 29–59.
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</div>

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Litopys Samowydcia}}
* [https://archive.org/details/shevch05/page/637/mode/1up?view=theater Самовидця Літопис] // // Шевченківська енциклопедія [''Shevchenko Encyclopedia''] : in 6 volumes / Гол. ред. М. Г. Жулинський. Kyiv: Taras Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2015. Volume 5 : Пе—С. p. 637.
* [http://leksika.com.ua/13351022/legal/litopis_samovidtsya Літопис Самовидця] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707112329/http://leksika.com.ua/13351022/legal/litopis_samovidtsya |date=7 July 2019}} // Юридична енциклопедія [''Legal Encyclopedia''], Volume 3.
* [https://archive.org/details/UkrMalaEn/kn_13_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%A1%D0%B5/page/n79/mode/1up Самовидець] // Українська мала енциклопедія [''Small Ukrainian Encyclopedia'']: in 16 books : in 8 volumes. / проф. Є. Онацький. Накладом Адміністратури УАПЦ в Аргентині. Buenos Aires, 1964. Volume 7, Book XIII : Letters Риз — Се. p. 1667.
{{italic title}}
Category:Ukrainian chronicles
Category:Early modern history of Ukraine
Category:Ruthenian-language literature
Category:History books about Ukraine
Category:Cossack culture

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Eyewitness Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_Chronicle) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_Chronicle?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.
