# Expeed
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{{short description|Nikon media processors}}
thumb|right|Expeed logo
The '''[Nikon](/source/Nikon) Expeed''' [image](/source/image_processor)/[video processor](/source/video_processor)s (often styled ''EXPEED'') are [media processor](/source/media_processor)s for [Nikon's digital camera](/source/Nikon_dslr)s.
They perform a large number of tasks:
* [Bayer filter](/source/Bayer_filter)ing
* [demosaicing](/source/demosaicing)
* [image sensor](/source/image_sensor) corrections/[dark-frame subtraction](/source/dark-frame_subtraction)
* [image noise](/source/image_noise) [reduction](/source/noise_reduction)
* [image sharpening](/source/Unsharp_masking)
* [image scaling](/source/image_scaling)
* [gamma correction](/source/gamma_correction)
* image enhancement/Active D-Lighting
* [colorspace](/source/colorspace) conversion
* [chroma subsampling](/source/chroma_subsampling)
* [framerate](/source/framerate) conversion
* [lens distortion](/source/image_distortion)/[chromatic aberration](/source/chromatic_aberration) correction
* [image compression](/source/image_compression)/[JPEG encoding](/source/JPEG_encoding)
* [video compression](/source/video_compression)
* [display](/source/Electronic_visual_display)/[video interface](/source/HDMI) driving
* [digital image editing](/source/digital_image_editing)
* [face detection](/source/face_detection)
* [audio processing](/source/Audio_signal_processing)/[compression](/source/Audio_compression_(data))/[encoding](/source/MP3) and
* [computer data storage](/source/computer_data_storage)/[data transmission](/source/data_transmission).
Expeed's [multi-processor](/source/Multiprocessor) [system on a chip](/source/system_on_a_chip) solution integrates an image processor in [multi-core processor](/source/multi-core_processor) architecture, with each single processor-core able to compute many [instructions/operations in parallel](/source/parallel_computing). Storage and display [interface](/source/Interface_(computing))s and other modules are added and a [digital signal processor](/source/digital_signal_processor) (DSP) increases the number of simultaneous computations. On-chip [32-bit](/source/32-bit) [microcontroller](/source/microcontroller) initiates and controls the operation and [data transfer](/source/data_transfer)s of all processors, modules, interfaces and can be seen as the main [control unit](/source/Electronic_control_unit) of the camera.
In each generation Nikon uses different versions for its professional and consumer [DSLR](/source/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera)s / [MILC](/source/MILC)s, whereas its [compact camera](/source/compact_camera)s use completely different architectures. This is different from for example [Canon](/source/Canon_Inc.)s [DIGIC](/source/DIGIC): its professional [DSLR](/source/DSLR)s double the processors of its consumer DSLR series. The ''Expeed'' is an [application-specific integrated circuit](/source/application-specific_integrated_circuit) (ASIC) built by Socionext specifically for Nikon designs according to [Nikon](/source/Nikon) specifications.
[[File:Nikon D90 - board 0 - Nikon Expeed EI-149-1769.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A Nikon Expeed, including an [image](/source/image_processor)/[video processor](/source/video_processor)]]
==Technology==
The ''Nikon Expeed'' is based on the [Socionext](/source/Socionext) [Milbeaut](/source/Milbeaut) imaging processors with [16-bit](/source/16-bit) per [pixel](/source/pixel)[{{cite web |url=http://www.nikon.com/news/2007/0823_06.htm |title=Nikon: Nikon's original digital image-processing concept "Expeed" |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104638/http://www.nikon.com/news/2007/0823_06.htm |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}] multi-core [FR-V](/source/FR-V) processor architecture, using a highly parallel [pipelined](/source/Instruction_pipeline) architecture which allows efficient [hardware](/source/computer_architecture) use, increasing [throughput](/source/throughput) and reducing power consumption.
Each core uses an eight-way 256-bit [very long instruction word](/source/VLIW) (VLIW, [MIMD](/source/Multiple_instruction%2C_multiple_data)) and is organized in a four-unit [superscalar](/source/superscalar) [pipeline](/source/Instruction_pipeline)d architecture ([Integer (ALU)](/source/Arithmetic_logic_unit)-, [Floating-point](/source/Floating-point_unit)- and two media-processor-units) giving a [peak performance](/source/Algorithm_efficiency) of up to 28 [instructions per clock cycle](/source/Instructions_per_cycle) and core. Due to the used four-way [single instruction, multiple data](/source/single_instruction%2C_multiple_data) (SIMD) [vector processor](/source/vector_processor) units, data is processed with up to 112 data operations per cycle and core.[{{cite web |url=http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MAG/vol42-2/paper03.pdf |title=Fujitsu: FR-V single-chip multicore processor |access-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MAG/vol42-2/paper03.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}]
An on-chip [32-bit](/source/32-bit) [Fujitsu FR](/source/Fujitsu_FR) [RISC](/source/RISC) [micro-controller](/source/Microcontroller) core is used to initiate and control all processors, modules and interfaces.[{{Cite web |url=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/microelectronics/product/assp/milbeaut/ |title=Fujitsu: Milbeaut Imaging Processors |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2014-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207120718/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/microelectronics/product/assp/milbeaut/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/EDG/binary/pdf/find/24-1e/3.pdf |title=Fujitsu: Image processing system for digital cameras: Milbeaut M-4 |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020507/http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/EDG/binary/pdf/find/24-1e/3.pdf |url-status=dead }}][{{cite web |url=http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Camera_Matrix |title=Nikon Hacker: Camera Matrix |access-date=2012-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403062946/https://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Camera_Matrix |archive-date=2015-04-03 |url-status=dead }}][{{Cite web |url=http://photo-parts.com.ua/parts/dbphp.php?part=Nikon |title=Photo-Parts: Nikon DSC models + components search result |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075552/http://photo-parts.com.ua/parts/dbphp.php?part=Nikon |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20050207-01.html |title=Fujitsu Develops Multi-core Processor for High-Performance Digital Consumer Products |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2013-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214162840/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20050207-01.html |url-status=live }}] The ''Expeed'' versions designated EI-14x and the ''Expeed'' 2 and 3 additionally include a [HD video](/source/High-definition_video) codec engine (FR-V based) and a [16-bit](/source/16-bit) [DSP](/source/Digital_signal_processor) with separate on-chip 4-block [Harvard](/source/Modified_Harvard_architecture) [RAM](/source/Random-access_memory) which is usable for example for additional image- and [audio-processing](/source/Audio_signal_processing). The ''Expeed 3 (FR)'' (EI-158/175) is based on an improved ''Expeed 2'' EI-154 with greatly increased processing speed.
A new architecture in the ''Expeed 3 (ARM)'' offers a highly increased speed in its image processor (with even two pipelines on the EI-160), its [H.264](/source/H.264) video encoder and is controlled by a dual-core [ARM architecture](/source/ARM_architecture) microcontroller replacing the Fujitsu FR.[{{cite web |url=http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/A/1/Expeed3-D-SLR-series.html |title=Nikon: Expeed3 (D-SLR series) |access-date=2012-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127002321/http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/A/1/EXPEED3-D-SLR-series.html |archive-date=2012-01-27 |url-status=dead }}][{{Cite web |url=http://jp.fujitsu.com/group/fsl/en/release/20110208.html |title=Fujitsu Releases 6th Generation of Milbeaut Imaging Processors |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154414/http://jp.fujitsu.com/group/fsl/en/release/20110208.html |url-status=dead }}]
[[File:CMOS Image Sensor Mechanism Illustration.svg|thumb|CMOS Image Sensor with column and row decoders (resembling [DRAM decoders](/source/Dynamic_random-access_memory)) interfacing the [electric charge](/source/electric_charge) of the [photo diode](/source/photo_diode)s. Nikon's CMOS sensors have additionally patented integrated [charge amplifier](/source/charge_amplifier)s.[[http://imaging.nikon.com/history/scenes/24/index.htm Nikon FX-Format CMOS Sensor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917004531/http://imaging.nikon.com/history/scenes/24/index.htm |date=2013-09-17 }} Nikon] ]]
===Image sensor interface===
[CMOS](/source/Active_pixel_sensor)/[CCD](/source/Charge-coupled_device) [image sensor](/source/image_sensor)s are connected with additional external [IC](/source/Integrated_circuit)s, Nikon drivers, with the exception of the [Nikon D3100](/source/Nikon_D3100).[ This is done by a mixed analog/[digital](/source/Digital_data) interface which controls the sensor digitally, but receives [analog signal](/source/analog_signal)s with parallel 14-[bit](/source/bit) [analog-to-digital (A/D) converter](/source/analog-to-digital_converter)s. The ''Expeed'' variants EI-142 and EI-158 use Nikon ASICs to connect all [full-frame (FX) digital SLR](/source/Full-frame_digital_SLR) sensors and additionally the [Nikon D300](/source/Nikon_D300)/[D300s](/source/Nikon_D300s) with 12 simultaneous, parallel analog signal readout channels. Mainly due to a larger [settling time](/source/settling_time) it allows improved [conversion accuracy](/source/Analog-to-digital_converter) compared to the four channels in the previous [Nikon D2X](/source/Nikon_D2X) / D2Xs, [Nikon D200](/source/Nikon_D200) or the [Canon EOS 5D Mark II](/source/Canon_EOS_5D_Mark_II).][{{Cite web |url=http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33371_1-57352486/nikon-d4-arrives-after-leaks-turn-into-flood/ |title=CNET: Nikon D4 arrives after leaks turn into flood |access-date=2012-03-22 |archive-date=2012-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106222952/http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33371_1-57352486/nikon-d4-arrives-after-leaks-turn-into-flood/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://www.nphotomag.com/2012/02/07/nikon-d800-gets-official-specs-release-date-and-price/ |title=NPhoto: Nikon D800 gets official: specs, release date and price |access-date=2012-03-22 |archive-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419023059/http://www.nphotomag.com/2012/02/07/nikon-d800-gets-official-specs-release-date-and-price/ |url-status=live }}][[http://scrollingnews.blogspot.de/2012/03/canon-5d-mark-iii-vs-5d-mark-ii-vs.html Canon 5D Mark III vs 5D Mark II Vs NikonD800 VsNikon D700]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}] six-channel readout is supported by the EI-149 and EI-154 used on the D90, D5000, D7000 and D5100.
The D3100 uses an [Analog Devices](/source/Analog_Devices) sensor interface with integrated analog-to-digital converters. The result is a [dynamic range](/source/dynamic_range) ''only'' at the level of competitors like the (higher priced) [Canon EOS 600D](/source/Canon_EOS_600D);[{{Cite web |url=http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/%28appareil1%29/801%7C0/%28brand%29/Nikon/%28appareil2%29/692%7C0/%28brand2%29/Canon/%28appareil3%29/664%7C0/%28brand3%29/Nikon |title=Dxomark: Nikon D3200 and others: Compare cameras side by side |access-date=2021-12-28 |archive-date=2013-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014111548/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/(appareil1)/801%7C0/(brand)/Nikon/(appareil2)/692%7C0/(brand2)/Canon/(appareil3)/664%7C0/(brand3)/Nikon |url-status=live }}] lower than other Nikon DSLRs with the same Expeed 2 variant.
The ''Expeed'' EI-15x and EI-17x A/D converters allow an increased image sensor readout clock frequency with improved A/D converter accuracy, especially when using 14-bit sampling. ''Expeed'' A/D converters used for EI-149 or all EI-142 need considerably reduced clock rates (1.8 fps on Nikon D3X) for higher accuracy, limiting for example the [D3s](/source/Nikon_D3s) dynamic range at low ISOs.[{{Cite web |url=http://home.comcast.net/~NikonD70/Charts/PDR.htm#D4,D4(e),D800,D800(e) |title=Sensor Analysis Primer – Engineering and Photographic Dynamic Range by Bill Claff |access-date=2012-03-24 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406195935/http://home.comcast.net/~NikonD70/Charts/PDR.htm#D4,D4(e),D800,D800(e) |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://actionphotosbymarianne.com/TestIm/ISO800snr.gif |title=ActionPhotos by Marianne: ISO 800 SNR: Nikon D800 compared |access-date=2012-03-24 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001045/http://actionphotosbymarianne.com/TestIm/ISO800snr.gif |url-status=live }}][[http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Camera-Sensor-Ratings DXOmark Sensor ratings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321161023/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Camera-Sensor-Ratings |date=2012-03-21 }} (needs Flash)]
The ''Expeed 3 (ARM)'', first used in the [Nikon 1 series](/source/Nikon_1_series), connects a [data stream](/source/data_stream) with 24 digital channels [(bus)](/source/Bus_(computing)), using A/D converters integrated on the image sensor chip.[{{Cite web |url=http://www.imaging-resource.com/NEWS/1316730752.html |title=Imaging resource: Exclusive: Interview with Masahiro Suzuki, General Manager R&D, Nikon Imaging Company |access-date=2012-03-22 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517165110/http://www.imaging-resource.com/NEWS/1316730752.html |url-status=live }}]
[[File:Group of pictures illustration.jpg|thumb|Example of a [Group Of Pictures](/source/Inter_frame) showing I-, P- and the [B-frames](/source/Inter_frame) additionally used by the ''Expeed 2'' and higher for [MPEG](/source/MPEG) [encoding](/source/Video_encoding). "All-I" has no P- and B-frames similar to [Motion JPEG](/source/Motion_JPEG): Frames are separately processed, lowering [redundancy](/source/Redundancy_(information_theory)) detection and compression.]]
===Video processor===
The first variant, EI-14x originally included a [video encoder](/source/Video_encoding) capable of processing [VGA](/source/Display_resolution) resolution with 30 [frames per second](/source/frames_per_second) and [MPEG-4](/source/MPEG-4) encoding.[ The software based [video processor](/source/video_processor) realized with [FR-V](/source/FR-V) processors enabled a reprogramming:][[http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/news/pr/fmal_20040319.html Fujitsu Releases Three New "FR-V Family" Processors for Media Processing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201233323/http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/news/pr/fmal_20040319.html |date=2008-12-01 }} Fujitsu][{{Cite web |url=http://contech.suv.ac.kr/contech/courses/10h2microprocessordesign/IntroducingTheFR500EmbeddedMicroprocessor.pdf |title=Introducing The FR500 Embedded Microprocessor |access-date=2012-11-11 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610193515/http://contech.suv.ac.kr/contech/courses/10h2microprocessordesign/IntroducingTheFR500EmbeddedMicroprocessor.pdf |url-status=live }}] By using [Motion JPEG](/source/Motion_JPEG) encoding with 24p frame rate, Nikon achieved [720p](/source/720p) [HD video](/source/HD_video) resolution. The advantages are easy [JPEG](/source/JPEG) image extraction, no [motion compensation](/source/motion_compensation) [artifacts](/source/Motion_blur) and low processing power enabling higher resolution, and the disadvantage is a larger file size, nearly reaching the [2 GB limit](/source/2_GB_limit) (for full compatibility) in 5 minutes. The [Nikon D90](/source/Nikon_D90) was the first DSLR with video recording capabilities.
The ''Expeed 2'' (variant EI-154) greatly expanded the capabilities by its [1080p](/source/1080p) [H.264/MPEG-4 AVC](/source/H.264%2FMPEG-4_AVC) HD video encoder. It also offers an increased image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing [rolling shutter](/source/rolling_shutter).[
Compared to competitors from [Canon](/source/Canon_EOS) ([DIGIC](/source/DIGIC), "IPP" compression{{spaced ndash}}[MPEG-2](/source/MPEG-2)][[http://www.drdobbs.com/tools/mpeg-2-and-video-compression/201203059 MPEG-2 and Video Compression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223144016/http://www.drdobbs.com/tools/mpeg-2-and-video-compression/201203059 |date=2014-12-23 }} Dr.Dobbs] [equivalent](/source/Video_compression_picture_types): Only one previous frame analyzed[{{Cite web |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080922/158348/ |title=Canon Tips Off Enhanced Capabilities of Its New Image Processor |access-date=2012-11-12 |archive-date=2012-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213135855/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080922/158348/ |url-status=live }}]) the ''Expeed 2'' offers [video compression](/source/Video_compression_picture_types) also based on complex [B-frames](/source/Inter_frame) ([bi-directional differencing between frames and motion prediction](/source/B-frame)), which has the advantage of higher quality (lower [motion blur](/source/motion_blur) based on better [motion compensation](/source/Motion_compensation)) even with significant higher [compression ratio](/source/Video_compression).[[http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features02.htm Nikon D800/D800E: D-Movie shooting functions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720002041/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features02.htm |date=2012-07-20 }} Nikon] This compression requires considerably higher computing power.[[http://documentation.apple.com/en/finalcutpro/usermanual/chapter_C_section_12.html Video Compression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826103940/http://documentation.apple.com/en/finalcutpro/usermanual/chapter_C_section_12.html |date=2012-08-26 }} Apple] In 2012 the [Canon 5D Mark III](/source/Canon_EOS_5D_Mark_III) introduced a similar compression called "IPB".[[http://learn.usa.canon.com/resources/articles/2012/ipp_ipb_all_i_compare.htmlp Understanding EOS HD Compression Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231070702/http://learn.usa.canon.com/resources/articles/2012/ipp_ipb_all_i_compare.htmlp |date=2012-12-31 }} Canon] Also introduced was "All-I", which uses the simpler I‑frames (coded pictures) without processing any differences between them, but using a low compression (high data rate) and behaves also in other uses like image extraction quite similar to Motion JPEG formerly used by Nikon.[[http://www.cyberscholar.com/canon/camera/index.cfm?page=trainingCenter&product=eos_1d_x_shooting&productPage=mod0301&menu=mod_on3 EOS-1D X: Video Shooting Workflow: New “ALL-I” video compression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506094502/http://www.cyberscholar.com/canon/camera/index.cfm?page=trainingCenter&product=eos_1d_x_shooting&productPage=mod0301&menu=mod_on3 |date=2015-05-06 }} Cyberscholar]
The ''Expeed 3 (FR)'' (variants EI-158 and EI-175) offers no significant change, but introduced the first DSLRs to offer [uncompressed video](/source/uncompressed_video) output (8bit 4:2:2) over [HDMI](/source/HDMI): [Nikon D4](/source/Nikon_D4), [Nikon D800](/source/Nikon_D800)/[D800E](/source/Nikon_D800E), [Nikon D600](/source/Nikon_D600), [Nikon D7100](/source/Nikon_D7100) and [Nikon D5200](/source/Nikon_D5200). The ''Expeed 3 (ARM)'' introduced high-speed video ([slow-motion](/source/slow-motion)) in its enhanced H.264 HD video engine.
==Variants==
[Socionext](/source/Socionext) specifies each Milbeaut generation with different numbers of processors. Nikon gives no details, but uses different designated processors in its professional and consumer lines. Although the Milbeaut (''Expeed'') is used in different Nikon designs and by other manufacturers, the software/[firmware](/source/firmware) specifies many of its functions and details and the number of processors or included modules may vary in this [ASIC](/source/Application-specific_integrated_circuit).
===Pre-Expeed===
thumb|right|Nikon EI-137/EI-138 chipset of the Nikon D80
====Early DSLRs====
[DSLR](/source/DSLR)s announced before August 2006 do not contain processors named ''Expeed'' (for example [Nikon D70](/source/Nikon_D70)/D70s processor: EI-118), although that does not mean that these processors use a different architecture.[{{Cite web |url=http://wiki.berndlux.de/doku.php/elektr:nikond70s_hack |title=Nikon D70s Firmware Hack |access-date=2012-02-28 |archive-date=2010-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725154534/http://wiki.berndlux.de/doku.php/elektr:nikond70s_hack |url-status=live }}] Or the [Nikon D200](/source/Nikon_D200) processor (EI-126) uses the same, but greatly expanded firmware as the D80 (unofficial "Expeed").
===Expeed===
thumb|right|Nikon D90 motherboard with Expeed EI-149
First used in the [Nikon D3](/source/Nikon_D3) and [Nikon D300](/source/Nikon_D300) in 2007, the Expeed was used later in the [Nikon D3X](/source/Nikon_D3X), [Nikon D700](/source/Nikon_D700) and [Nikon D300s](/source/Nikon_D300s), marked EI-142, and the consumer line variant with reduced processor cores in the [Nikon D90](/source/Nikon_D90) and [Nikon D5000](/source/Nikon_D5000), marked EI-149. It is based on a [Socionext](/source/Socionext) Milbeaut imaging-processor with 720p Motion JPEG video encoder, DSP and FR-80 (EI-14x versions) core. It uses a [90 nanometer](/source/90_nanometer) [process technology](/source/Semiconductor_device_fabrication).
====Unofficial Expeed DSLRs====
The EI-137 variant in the [Nikon D60](/source/Nikon_D60) and [Nikon D3000](/source/Nikon_D3000){{spaced ndash}}additionally found in the [Nikon D40](/source/Nikon_D40), [Nikon D40x](/source/Nikon_D40x) and [Nikon D80](/source/Nikon_D80)[{{spaced ndash}}is based on the older Milbeaut M-3 in [180 nanometer](/source/180_nanometer) technology (like all former Expeed/Milbeaut since 2001). It includes a FR-71 core with only 12-bit, two-channel image sensor readout, no DSP, slower memory and has a reduced feature set.][{{cite web |url=http://photo.net/equipment/nikon/D80 |title=Photo.net: Nikon D80 Review |access-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513042619/http://photo.net/equipment/nikon/D80 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead }}]
===Expeed 2===
1080p H.264/MPEG-4 HD video encoder, improved [face detection](/source/face_detection), [image noise](/source/image_noise) reduction and [image distortion](/source/image_distortion) correction[{{Cite web |url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7499082.pdf |title=Patent: Distortion correction circuit for generating distortion-corrected image using data for uncorrected image |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230738/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7499082.pdf |url-status=live }}] are the main improved features compared to EI-14x ''Expeeds''.[ Used in the [Nikon D7000](/source/Nikon_D7000),][{{cite web |url=http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/01/teardown-of-the-nikon-d7000-dslr/ |title=Chipworks: Teardown of the Nikon D7000 DSLR |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302084019/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/01/teardown-of-the-nikon-d7000-dslr |archive-date=2011-03-02 |url-status=dead }}] [Nikon D3100](/source/Nikon_D3100) and [Nikon D5100](/source/Nikon_D5100) and Nikon marked EI-154.[{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon-D5100-Teardown/5271/1 |title=ifixit: Nikon D5100 Teardown |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203131458/http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon-D5100-Teardown/5271/1 |url-status=live }}] Although image sensor readout [clock frequency](/source/clock_frequency) has increased by a factor of 1.75, A/D converter accuracy is improved, especially when using 14-bit. Image processor performance is increased, performing a higher continuous shooting frame rate even when high ISO noise reduction or Active D-Lighting is activated. The ''Expeed'' EI-15x are controlled by an integrated FR-80/FR-81 core. Power consumption is also decreased by the [Socionext](/source/Socionext) 65 nm process.
====Expeed 2 (rebranded Expeed 1)====
The [Nikon D3s](/source/Nikon_D3s) processor[{{Cite web |url=http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3S/D3SA.HTM |title=Imaging-resource: Nikon D3S Full Review |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-date=2012-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213607/http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3S/D3SA.HTM |url-status=live }}]{{spaced ndash}}although named ''Expeed'' 2{{spaced ndash}}uses nearly the same EI-142 processor as the previous D3/D3X[{{Cite web |url=http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3X/D3XA.HTM |title=Imaging-resource: Nikon D3X Full Review |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-date=2012-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405015157/http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3X/D3XA.HTM |url-status=live }}] featuring for example only 720p Motion JPEG video. It offers the same image sensor interface with identical speed and A/D converter accuracy, limiting the D3s dynamic range at 200 and especially 100 ISOs lower as the D7000/D5100.[[http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/(appareil1)/628|0/(brand)/Nikon/(appareil2)/485|0/(brand2)/Nikon/(appareil3)/438|0/(brand3)/Nikon#measuretabs-3 DXOmark: Nikon D3s: Comparison dynamic range] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504023704/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/(appareil1)/628%7C0/(brand)/Nikon/(appareil2)/485%7C0/(brand2)/Nikon/(appareil3)/438%7C0/(brand3)/Nikon#measuretabs-3 |date=2012-05-04 }} (needs Flash)]
====Expeed C2====
Variant used in some [Coolpix](/source/Coolpix) compact cameras. Cheaper Nikon compact cameras use [Sanyo](/source/Sanyo) or [Zoran](/source/Zoran_Corporation) Coach image/video processors; both with a completely different technology and different firmware compared to the ''Expeed''.[
===Expeed 3===
====Expeed 3 (FR)====
Compared to the previous Expeed 1 (EI-142), it offers the same improvements as the ''Expeed 2'' EI-154 with [Socionext](/source/Socionext) 65 nm process, including increased A/D converter accuracy and image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing rolling shutter.][{{Cite web |url=http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/nikon-d4/nikon-d4A.HTM |title=Imaging-resource: Nikon D4 Hands-on Preview |access-date=2012-03-23 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310143954/http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/nikon-d4/nikon-d4A.HTM |url-status=live }}] [Computing power](/source/Computer_performance) is highly increased. Marked EI-158, this variant is used by the [Nikon D4](/source/Nikon_D4) and [Nikon D800](/source/Nikon_D800).[{{Cite web |url=http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d4/features01.htm |title=Nikon: D4, 16.2 megapixel resolution and full-frame FX format |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2012-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208024615/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d4/features01.htm |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features01.htm |title=Nikon D800/D800E: Nikon FX-format CMOS sensor with 36.3 effective megapixels |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2012-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713155822/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features01.htm |url-status=dead }}] The EI-158 was the first ''Expeed'' to offer [uncompressed video](/source/uncompressed_video) output (8bit 4:2:2) over HDMI.
The [Nikon D600](/source/Nikon_D600) (teardown[[http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon+D600+Teardown/10708/1 Nikon D600 Teardown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108214109/http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon+D600+Teardown/10708/1 |date=2012-11-08 }} ifixit]), [Nikon D3200](/source/Nikon_D3200) and [Nikon D5200](/source/Nikon_D5200) (teardown[[http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/01/08/inside-the-nikon-d5200-dslr-toshiba-found/ Inside the Nikon D5200 DSLR – Toshiba found!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110102538/http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/01/08/inside-the-nikon-d5200-dslr-toshiba-found/ |date=2013-01-10 }} Chipworks]) use an ''Expeed 3'' (EI-175, differently marked ML-1131 on D5200), which is, according to Nikon, the same as used for the D4 and D800 series.[[http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d600/features01.htm D600 image quality: Image-processing engine EXPEED 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528112723/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d600/features01.htm |date=2018-05-28 }} Nikon.com] Its architecture is close to the ''Expeed 2'' variant EI-154 with some improvements like [DDR3](/source/DDR3) memory, and with increased computing power. The D5200 uses a [package on package](/source/package_on_package) with a 4 [Gbit](/source/Gbit) [DDR3 SDRAM](/source/DDR3_SDRAM) on top.
====Expeed 3 (ARM)====
In the [Nikon 1 series](/source/Nikon_1_series) September 2011 Nikon introduced a new largely changed architecture – the main control unit it uses an [ARM microcontroller](/source/ARM_architecture) which requires new firmware compared to the totally different Fujitsu FR microcontroller used in all former Milbeaut and ''Expeed'' processors. It is also the first ''Expeed'' using digital image sensor readout – no analog image sensor interface is needed. In the Nikon 1 cameras introduced September 2011 it uses 1 GB fast [DDR2](/source/DDR2_SDRAM) [RAM](/source/Random-access_memory) packaged in 2x 4 Gbit chips. Nikon marked EI-160, manufactured in the [Socionext](/source/Socionext) 65 nm process.
High-speed dual multi-core image-processing engines with world record (Nikon claim) 600 megapixels per second speed, enhanced [H.264](/source/H.264) [HD video](/source/High-definition_video) engine and controlled by a dual-core ARM microcontroller are the main improvements.[[http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/E/1/Expeed-3.html Nikon Expeed 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405144126/http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/E/1/EXPEED-3.html |date=2012-04-05 }} Nikon USA] Its high speed allows the world's fastest speed (Nikon claim) of 60 [frames per second](/source/frames_per_second) (10 fps with full [autofocus](/source/autofocus)).
=====Expeed 3A=====
The ''Expeed 3A'', a successor to the Expeed 3 EI-160 used in the Nikon 1 series, was first released in the [Nikon 1 V2](/source/Nikon_1_V2) and mainly features an increased world record image-processing speed of up to 850 megapixels per second.[[http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/digital-cameras/nikon-1/nikon-1-v2 Nikon 1 V2 specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112955/http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/digital-cameras/nikon-1/nikon-1-v2 |date=2012-10-26 }} Nikon Europe] This enables 60 frames per second (15 fps with full [autofocus](/source/autofocus)) speed even with the new 14 [megapixel](/source/megapixel) image sensor. It is developed exclusively for Nikon 1 cameras.[[http://nikon.com/news/2012/1024_acil_01.htm Advanced Camera with Interchangeable Lenses Nikon 1 V2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027000804/http://nikon.com/news/2012/1024_acil_01.htm |date=2012-10-27 }} Nikon]
===Expeed 4===
Expeed 4, introduced on October 17, 2013 in the Nikon 5300, uses a processor with [ARM](/source/ARM_architecture) central [controller](/source/Microcontroller). It is used in the [Nikon D810](/source/Nikon_D810), [Nikon D750](/source/Nikon_D750), [Nikon D5300](/source/Nikon_D5300), [Nikon D5500](/source/Nikon_D5500), [Nikon D5600](/source/Nikon_D5600), [Nikon D3300](/source/Nikon_D3300), [Nikon D3400](/source/Nikon_D3400), [Nikon D3500](/source/Nikon_D3500) and [Nikon D7200](/source/Nikon_D7200). It offers full HD (1080p) video capture at 50/60 fps with improved [contrast detection autofocus](/source/Autofocus) and [live preview](/source/live_preview) autofocus. It includes all of the features of the [Expeed 3 (FR)](/source/Expeed_3_(FR)) and older versions of Expeed, plus it consumes less power.
The [Nikon D4S](/source/Nikon_D4S)'s processor is identical to the Nikon D4, marked EI-158, using its processing power with improved software enabling 1080p video capture at 50/60fps, 11 [fps](/source/Frame_rate) photos with improved autofocus, new [noise reduction](/source/noise_reduction) with image-content variable algorithm (context-adaptive)[[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Konstantinos_Plataniotis/publication/222393947_Self-adaptive_algorithm_of_impulsive_noise_reduction_in_color_images/file/3deec5154765f0adfc.pdf Self-adaptive algorithm of impulsive noise reduction in color images]][{{Cite web |url=http://telin.ugent.be/~sanja/Papers/CurveletProbShrink_JEI08.pdf |title=Context adaptive image denoising through modeling of curvelet domain statistics |access-date=2014-03-10 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110903/http://telin.ugent.be/~sanja/Papers/CurveletProbShrink_JEI08.pdf |url-status=live }}] and other improvements.[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCmTyCUEsXI Nikon D4S - Product Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624215544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCmTyCUEsXI |date=2016-06-24 }} Nikon - Youtube][{{cite web |title=Nikon D4S |url=http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Digital-SLR-Cameras/1541/D4S.html |publisher=Nikon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228151522/http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Digital-SLR-Cameras/1541/D4S.html |archive-date=2014-02-28 |url-status=dead}}]
====Expeed 4A====
Version 4A was introduced on the [Nikon 1 V3](/source/Nikon_1_V3) on March 13, 2014. It was also used in the [Nikon 1 J4](/source/Nikon_1_J4) and [Nikon 1 S2](/source/Nikon_1_S2).
===Expeed 5===
Nikon announced EXPEED 5 processor engine in their new DX and FX cameras [Nikon D500](/source/Nikon_D500) and [Nikon D5](/source/Nikon_D5) at [CES](/source/Consumer_Electronics_Show) 2016, (Las Vegas, January 5, 2016)[{{cite web |url=http://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d5.html?icid=hp:topbanner:dslr:d5:010516:wwa |title=Nikon D5 | Professional DSLR with 4K UHD Video & More |publisher=Nikonusa.com |date= |accessdate=2021-12-28 |archive-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420164508/https://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d5.html?icid=hp:topbanner:dslr:d5:010516:wwa |url-status=live }}] and also used in the [Nikon D7500](/source/Nikon_D7500) and [D850](/source/Nikon_D850).[{{cite web|url=http://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d850.html#tab-ProductDetail-ProductTabs-Overview|title=D850 Full Frame Digital SLR Camera {{!}} Nikon|website=www.nikonusa.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-28|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828121517/http://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d850.html#tab-ProductDetail-ProductTabs-Overview|url-status=live}}]
====Expeed 5A====
The EXPEED 5A image-processing engine is first seen in the [Nikon 1 J5](/source/Nikon_1_J5), which was announced April 2, 2015.[{{cite web|access-date=2018-08-23|title=Advanced Camera with Interchangeable Lenses Nikon 1 J5|url=http://www.nikon.com/news/2015/0402_acil_01.htm|website=Nikon|archive-date=2018-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174146/https://www.nikon.com/news/2015/0402_acil_01.htm|url-status=live}}] In the Nikon 1 J5 it is capable of 4k Ultra HD (3840*2160) at 15 fps, Full-HD (1920*1080) at 60 fps, HD (1280*720) at 120 fps, 800 x 296 at 400 fps and 400 x 144 at 1200 fps. It can handle 20MP burst photos at 20 fps with autofocus at each frame, and even 60 fps with autofocus fixed at the first frame, but note that the buffer size is yet unknown and probably very small.
===Expeed 6===
thumb|right|EXPEED 6 logo
Nikon announced the Expeed 6 processor engine on 23 August 2018.[{{cite web|access-date=2018-08-23|title=Mirrorless Reinvented: Z Series Cameras|url=https://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/mirrorless-cameras/overview.page|website=Nikon|archive-date=2018-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105610/https://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/mirrorless-cameras/overview.page|url-status=live}}] It was first used on the [Nikon Z7](/source/Nikon_Z7), and later appeared in the [Z6](/source/Nikon_Z6), [Z50](/source/Nikon_Z50), [D780](/source/Nikon_D780), [D6](/source/Nikon_D6), [Z5](/source/Nikon_Z5), [Zfc](/source/Nikon_Zfc), and [Z30](/source/Nikon_Z30) cameras. It was also used in the [Z6II](/source/Nikon_Z6II) and [Z7II](/source/Nikon_Z7II), each containing two Expeed 6 processors. This improves autofocus performance and enables 4K video recording at 60 fps.[{{cite web|url=https://www.nikon.com/news/2019/1010_zmount_01.htm|title=Nikon releases the DX-format Nikon Z 50|access-date=2020-01-14|website=Nikon|archive-date=2019-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218041344/https://www.nikon.com/news/2019/1010_zmount_01.htm|url-status=live}}]
===Expeed 7===
thumb|right|EXPEED 7 logo as it appears in promotional material for cameras containing the processor
Nikon announced the Expeed 7 processor engine on 28 October 2021. It was first used on the [Nikon Z9](/source/Nikon_Z9), and later appeared in the
[Z8](/source/Nikon_Z8), [Zf](/source/Nikon_Zf), [Z6III](/source/Nikon_Z6III), [Z50II](/source/Nikon_Z50II), [Z5II](/source/Nikon_Z5II), and [ZR](/source/Nikon_ZR) mirrorless cameras. Expeed 7 has 10 times the image processing speed of its predecessor and is powerful enough for the camera to omit a dedicated autofocus engine.[{{Cite web |title=Z 9 開発者Special Interview vol.1～フラッグシップ機「Z 9」の開発コンセプトと注目の新機能～ {{!}} ニコンイメージング |url=https://www.nikon-image.com/sp/z9_specialinterview/01_z9/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=ニコンイメージングジャパン |language=ja}}] It handles complex AF and AE calculations at 120 cycles per second, separately processes dual-streamed data from stacked image sensors, and, based on the camera, enables features like 120 fps still shooting, internal 8k RAW video recording via intoPIX TicoRAW [{{cite web |title=TicoRAW - IntoPIX |url=https://www.intopix.com/ticoraw |access-date=2025-11-17}}] and a blackout-free viewing experience.[{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/KenyaNikon/posts/pfbid02zeBZTmEvEM1jVu5ydB77sqLzC8wurx8XXVHmn9oPiopfk981NQNXpKTSU1qwXPEWl |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.facebook.com}}]
==Additional (co-)processors==
thumb|FR80-series coprocessor in a Nikon D90
As [input/output](/source/input%2Foutput) [(I/O) processor](/source/I%2FO_processor) Nikon uses external 32-bit [microcontroller](/source/microcontroller)s to connect additional [sensor](/source/sensor)s and [display](/source/Electronic_visual_display)s:
* [Viewfinder](/source/Viewfinder)
* top-[display](/source/Liquid_crystal_display)
* [flash](/source/Flash_(photography)) ([Speedlight](/source/Speedlight))/[hot shoe](/source/hot_shoe)
* [shutter](/source/Shutter_(photography))/[aperture](/source/aperture) [motor](/source/Electric_motor)s
* [metering](/source/Light_meter)/[autofocus](/source/autofocus) sensors and
* [lens](/source/Camera_lens)/[battery grip](/source/battery_grip)/[battery](/source/Battery_(electricity)) control.
Used variants are the [Fujitsu FR](/source/Fujitsu_FR) in the ''Expeed'' EI-14x series, which changed to [MIPS architecture](/source/MIPS_architecture) in the ''Expeed'' EI-15x and EI-17x series. The professional series uses two or more [Hitachi](/source/Hitachi)/[Renesas](/source/Renesas_Electronics) [H8SX](/source/H8SX) controllers. Former DSLRs used [H8S](/source/H8S) microcontrollers.[[http://resource.renesas.com/lib/eng/edge/11/special02.html Nikon Corporation using Renesas flash microcomputers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217053530/http://resource.renesas.com/lib/eng/edge/11/special02.html |date=2012-12-17 }} Renesas]
The ARM-based ''Expeed'' in the [Nikon 1 series](/source/Nikon_1_series) with its dual ARM core needs no additional I/O processors.[{{cite web |url=http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/11/teardown-of-the-nikon-v1-camera-%E2%80%93-aptina-found/ |title=Chipworks: Teardown of the Nikon V1 camera – Aptina Found! |access-date=2019-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501142221/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/11/teardown-of-the-nikon-v1-camera-%E2%80%93-aptina-found |archive-date=2012-05-01 |url-status=dead }}] The Nikon 1 series also includes an [Epson](/source/Epson) [graphic processor](/source/Graphics_processing_unit).
The Z-series, using Expeed 6 and 7 processors, also does not use additional co-processors.
==Alternative firmware==
As with [CHDK](/source/CHDK) or [Magic Lantern](/source/Magic_Lantern_(firmware)) modified Canon digital cameras based on [DIGIC](/source/CHDK) processors, a group of programmers called "Nikon Hacker" develops custom [firmware](/source/firmware),[ making recent progress including an FR emulator for some DSLRs.][{{Cite web |url=http://simeonpilgrim.com/blog/2011/11/07/how-to-decode-the-nikon-dslr-firmware/ |title=Simeon Pilgrim: How to decode the Nikon DSLR firmware |access-date=2012-02-29 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226084844/http://simeonpilgrim.com/blog/2011/11/07/how-to-decode-the-nikon-dslr-firmware |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://nikonhacker.com/index.php |title=Nikon Hacker: Board Index |access-date=2012-02-27 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023739/http://nikonhacker.com/index.php |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |url=http://nikonrumors.com/2012/03/04/nikon-firmware-emulator-now-available.aspx/ |title=Nikon Rumors: Nikon firmware emulator now available |access-date=2012-03-05 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111134/http://nikonrumors.com/2012/03/04/nikon-firmware-emulator-now-available.aspx/ |url-status=live }}] It was shown that Nikon uses the Softune [integrated development environment](/source/integrated_development_environment) together with an [μITRON](/source/ITRON_project) [realtime](/source/real-time_operating_system) [kernel](/source/kernel_(operating_system)).[ Currently there is some modified firmware available mainly removing time based video and uncompressed NEF files restrictions,][[http://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/Nikon-Patch.html Nikon patch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531234134/http://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/Nikon-Patch.html |date=2012-05-31 }} simeonpilgrim.com] but there is no stable alternative firmware available, as the project is still in an early state.
The Nikon supplied firmware-updates normally include the firmware A for the I/O processor and the firmware B to control ''Expeeds'' by integrated FR micro-controllers (different for the ARM-based ''Expeed 3'').
There are no alternate FW loads for Nikon Z-series cameras, only the multitude of menu options and frequent Nikon-provided FW updates.
===Project tasks===
Besides a general analysis of the hardware and software of the D7000, D5100 and D3100 and newer cameras (non-Z-series),[[http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Understanding_Firmware Understanding Firmware] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422011636/http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Understanding_Firmware |date=2013-04-22 }} Nikonhacker Wiki] the project focuses on:
*Removing 5 minutes time video restrictions: Some modified firmware available[
*High quality 1080p video with up to 64[mbps](/source/mbps)
*[Uncompressed video](/source/Uncompressed_video) (Clean HDMI Output) for the D5100 and others
*Uncompressed NEF files][
*WU-1a Wireless Mobile Adapter modifications to make it usable for other cameras
*Analysis and decryption of Nikon battery communication
*Analysis of Wireless Transmitter WT-3 and its communication
*Removing third party battery blocking that Nikon introduced with some of the latest firmware versions
*Development of an Nikon Emulator][[http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/NikonEmulator NikonEmulator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231163356/http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/NikonEmulator |date=2012-12-31 }} Nikonhacker Wiki]
The changelog[[https://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/changelog.html Nikon Patch: Changelog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519011658/http://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/ChangeLog.html|date=2015-05-19}} Simeon Pilgrim] shows firmware also for newer variants like D800, D610, D5200 and D3200.
===DIAG raw hack===
This was not a firmware hack, but a method (Photopc – digital camera control[{{Cite web |url=https://photopc.sourceforge.net/ |title=Digital Cameras on Fujitsu chipset |access-date=2012-02-28 |archive-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119125804/http://photopc.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}]) calling an already implemented diagnostic mode on some old [Nikon Coolpix](/source/Nikon_Coolpix) cameras with Fujitsu [Sparclite](/source/Sparclite) processors. Using this mode, they could [write raw images](/source/List_of_cameras_supporting_a_raw_format).
==See also==
* [Canon DIGIC](/source/Canon_DIGIC)
* [Sony BIONZ](/source/Sony_BIONZ)
* [Sony Exmor](/source/Sony_Exmor)
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Nikon DSLR cameras}}
{{Nikon Z cameras}}
{{Nikon 1 cameras}}
Category:Nikon cameras
Category:Camera firmware
N
Category:Parallel computing
Category:SIMD computing
Category:Image processors
Category:Fujitsu microprocessors
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