# Exile Hill

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Hill in British Columbia, Canada

Exile Hill Exile Peak Geological cross section of Exile Hill Highest point Elevation 1,890 m (6,200 ft)[1] Coordinates 57°22′41″N 130°49′29″W / 57.37806°N 130.82472°W / 57.37806; -130.82472[2] Geography Exile Hill Location in British Columbia Location in Mount Edziza Provincial Park Country Canada[3] Province British Columbia[3] District Cassiar Land District[2] Protected area Mount Edziza Provincial Park[2] Parent range Tahltan Highland[3] Topo map NTS 104G7 Mess Lake[2] Geology Formed by Volcanism[4] Mountain type(s) Cinder cone, plug dome[5][6] Rock type(s) Basalt, trachyte[7] Last eruption Pliocene age[5]

**Exile Hill**, sometimes referred to as **Exile Peak**, is an isolated hill in [Cassiar Land District](/source/Cassiar_Land_District) of northwestern [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada. It has an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 1,890 metres (6,200 feet) and is part of the [Arctic Lake Plateau](/source/Arctic_Lake_Plateau) or the neighbouring [Spectrum Range](/source/Spectrum_Range), which are within the limits of the [Tahltan Highland](/source/Tahltan_Highland). Exile Hill is about 60 kilometres (37 miles) southeast of the community of [Telegraph Creek](/source/Telegraph_Creek) in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park). Access to Exile Hill is via aircraft, which are permitted to land on [Mess Lake](/source/Mess_Lake) and Little Arctic Lake to the northwest and southeast, respectively.

Exile Hill is part of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex), which consists of diverse landforms such as [shield volcanoes](/source/Shield_volcano), [stratovolcanoes](/source/Stratovolcano), [lava domes](/source/Lava_dome) and [cinder cones](/source/Cinder_cone). The [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock) comprising the hill are of [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene) age and are subdivided into two [geological formations](/source/Geological_formation) that were deposited during the [second magmatic cycle](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Second_magmatic_cycle) of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. [Basalt](/source/Basalt) comprises the [Nido Formation](/source/Nido_Formation) whereas the younger Spectrum Formation consists of [trachyte](/source/Trachyte). Nearby volcanic features include [Outcast Hill](/source/Outcast_Hill), [Tadekho Hill](/source/Tadekho_Hill), [Kuno Peak](/source/Kuno_Peak), [Nahta Cone](/source/Nahta_Cone) and [Wetalth Ridge](/source/Wetalth_Ridge).

## Name and etymology

The name of the hill became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on the [National Topographic System](/source/National_Topographic_System) map 104G/15 after being submitted to the [BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names) office by the [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada).[2][8] *Exile* is a reference to the Wetalth, a group of seven people previously living in the area who were outcast or exiled from the [Tahltans](/source/Tahltan).[2][9] [Nahta Cone](/source/Nahta_Cone), [Outcast Hill](/source/Outcast_Hill) and [Wetalth Ridge](/source/Wetalth_Ridge) are extensions of the Wetalth theme.[10] Canadian [volcanologist](/source/Volcanologist) [Jack Souther](/source/Jack_Souther) labelled Exile Hill as *Exile Peak* on a [geological map](/source/Geological_map) in his 1992 report, *The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia*.[11]

## Geography

Exile Hill is located about 60 km (37 mi) southeast of the community of [Telegraph Creek](/source/Telegraph_Creek) in [Cassiar Land District](/source/Cassiar_Land_District) of northwestern [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada.[2][3][12] It has an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 1,890 m (6,200 ft) and is part of the [Arctic Lake Plateau](/source/Arctic_Lake_Plateau) or the neighbouring [Spectrum Range](/source/Spectrum_Range), which are at the southern end of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex).[1][2][3][13] The volcanic complex consists of a group of overlapping [shield volcanoes](/source/Shield_volcano), [stratovolcanoes](/source/Stratovolcano), [lava domes](/source/Lava_dome) and [cinder cones](/source/Cinder_cone) that have formed over the last 7.5 million years.[14] Exile Hill rises above the southeastern side of [Mess Creek](/source/Mess_Creek) valley and is [topographically](/source/Topographically) higher than its surroundings.[3][15] The [terrain](/source/Terrain) east of Exile Hill is relatively flat, but elsewhere it is surrounded by vegetated valleys.[3] [Tadekho Creek](/source/Tadekho_Creek) and Nahta Creek flow through valleys north and south of Exile Hill, respectively, and are [tributaries](/source/Tributaries) of Mess Creek.[3][16]

Exile Hill is surrounded by a number of other landforms within the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[16] Outcast Hill, about 5 km (3.1 mi) to the northeast, is a cinder cone on an [interfluve](/source/Interfluve) between Tadekho Creek to the south and an unnamed tributary of Tadekho Creek to the north.[3][17] About 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Exile Hill is [Tadekho Hill](/source/Tadekho_Hill), a nearly circular [volcanic cone](/source/Volcanic_cone) about 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Little Arctic Lake.[3][18] [Kuno Peak](/source/Kuno_Peak), about 10 km (6.2 mi) to the east, is a glaciated mountain peak at the western end of a [ridge](/source/Ridge) extending from the southwestern end of the Spectrum Range.[3] About 10 km (6.2 mi) south and southeast of Exile Hill are Nahta Cone and Wetalth Ridge, respectively, which are on the opposite side of Nahta Creek valley.[3][16]

Exile Hill lies in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park) which, with an area of 266,180 hectares (657,700 acres), is one of the largest [provincial parks in British Columbia](/source/Provincial_parks_in_British_Columbia).[2][19][20] It was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape extending from [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza) in the north to the Spectrum Range in the south.[3][20] Mount Edziza Provincial Park is in the [Tahltan Highland](/source/Tahltan_Highland), a southeast-trending [upland](/source/Upland_and_lowland) area extending along the western side of the [Stikine Plateau](/source/Stikine_Plateau).[3][21]

## Geology

### Background

As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Exile Hill lies within a broad area of volcanoes called the [Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province](/source/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province), which extends from northwestern British Columbia northwards through [Yukon](/source/Yukon) into easternmost [Alaska](/source/Alaska).[16][22] The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are [alkali basalts](/source/Alkali_basalt) and [hawaiites](/source/Hawaiite), but [nephelinite](/source/Nephelinite), [basanite](/source/Basanite) and [peralkaline](/source/Peralkaline_rock)[a] [phonolite](/source/Phonolite), [trachyte](/source/Trachyte) and [comendite](/source/Comendite) are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. Volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to [rifting](/source/Rift) of the [North American Cordillera](/source/North_American_Cordillera), driven by changes in relative [plate motion](/source/Plate_tectonics) between the [North American](/source/North_American_Plate) and [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Plate) plates.[24]

### Stratigraphy

[Paleogeological](/source/Paleogeological) map of the [Nido Formation](/source/Nido_Formation) showing the location of Exile Hill at the end of [Nido time](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Nido_eruptive_period)

Exile Hill consists of [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene) [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock) that comprise two [geological formations](/source/Geological_formation), both of which were deposited by volcanic eruptions during the [second magmatic cycle](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Second_magmatic_cycle) of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[16][25] The oldest geological formation, the 4.4-million-year-old [Nido Formation](/source/Nido_Formation), is subdivided into two [geological members](/source/Geological_member); the Kounugu Member is the main geological member at Exile Hill.[16][26] [Alkali basalt](/source/Alkali_basalt), hawaiite and [picrite](/source/Picrite) are the main rocks comprising the Kounugu Member, which erupted from at least four separate eruptive centres: Swarm Peak, Vanished Peak, Lost Peak and Exile Hill.[16][27] The youngest geological formation, the 3.1-million-year-old Spectrum Formation, comprises mostly [comendite](/source/Comendite), [pantellerite](/source/Pantellerite) and pantelleritic [trachyte](/source/Trachyte) that erupted from the [Spectrum Dome](/source/Spectrum_Dome) and much smaller [satellitic centres](/source/Parasitic_cone) such as Exile Hill.[7][16] Exile Hill is the only eruptive centre of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex known to have been active during both the [Nido](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Nido_eruptive_period) and [Spectrum](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Spectrum_eruptive_period) eruptive periods, but the amount of lava erupted from it remains unknown.[28]

#### Nido Formation

The formation of Exile Hill began with the eruption of a small [cinder cone](/source/Cinder_cone) on the extreme western edge of the surrounding plateau.[5][29] This cone was almost completely inundated by younger lava flows from the south and east, but thick deposits of [bombs](/source/Volcanic_bomb) and agglutinated [spatter](/source/Volcanic_spatter) exposed on the southeastern flank of Exile Hill are probably remnants of this early cone.[30] A series of [basaltic](/source/Basalt) lava flows up to 180 m (590 ft) thick, believed to have originated from a vent adjacent to Exile Hill, are exposed in isolated [buttes](/source/Butte) and in cliffs along the upper Mess Creek valley.[31]

Basaltic lava flows of Exile Hill are [geomorphologically](/source/Geomorphologically) and compositionally more diverse than those from the Swarm Peak and Vanished Peak eruptive centres. The lowermost basaltic lava flow forming the base of Exile Hill is more than 30 m (98 ft) thick whereas the uppermost rubbly basaltic lava flows are only a few metres in thickness. Characterizing the lowermost basaltic lava flows are long, curving columns that occur in sheath-like clusters. In contrast, the upper basaltic lava flows contain random, blocky [columnar jointing](/source/Columnar_jointing) or stout, spheroidally weathered columns.[31]

Exile Hill basalt is overlain by a thick layer of gravel that consists mainly of pebbles and [cobblestones](/source/Cobble_(geology)). The pebbles and cobblestones consist of [rhyolite](/source/Rhyolite) and [obsidian](/source/Obsidian), which probably originated from the Spectrum Dome to the east. Jack Souther mapped the gravel as part of the Nido Formation in 1992.[6]

#### Spectrum Formation

Paleogeological map of the Spectrum Formation showing the location of Exile Hill at the end of the [Spectrum eruptive period](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Spectrum_eruptive_period)

The western side of Exile Hill contains a small [plug dome](/source/Plug_dome) of Spectrum Formation trachyte about 100 m (330 ft) high that was formed during at least three separate lava eruptions.[32] This 213 m (699 ft) wide dome contains prominent vertical flow layering and is surrounded by [breccia](/source/Breccia) that protrudes through the Nido Formation basalt.[32] The breccia was deposited by an [explosive eruption](/source/Explosive_eruption) and consists of immensely altered, rusty trachyte [clasts](/source/Clast)[b] in a yellowish-brown [groundmass](/source/Matrix_(geology)) of much smaller breccia particles.[7] [Yeda Peak](/source/Yeda_Peak) about 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Exile Hill was the site of a similar but much larger eruption near the end of the Spectrum eruptive period.[34]

A roughly 100 m (330 ft) thick series of trachyte lava flows caps the summit of Exile Hill and overlies the thick layer of gravel capping the Nido Formation basalt. The trachyte is fine grained, pantelleritic in composition and contains 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) wide [phenocrysts](/source/Phenocryst) of [feldspar](/source/Feldspar). [Interlayering](/source/Interbedding) these lava flows are [beds](/source/Bed_(geology)) of [pyroclastic](/source/Pyroclastic_rock) material containing bombs, spatter and light-coloured trachyte [blocks](/source/Volcanic_block) that have been [fused together](/source/Agglutinate_(geology)).[6]

Exposed on the southwestern side of Exile Hill is a small porous green trachyte [intrusion](/source/Intrusion) underlying the breccia. It is irregular in mass and contains subhorizontal flow layering, suggesting that this [subvolcanic](/source/Subvolcanic) intrusion most likely formed when trachytic [magma](/source/Magma) moved laterally from the dome conduit and crystallized into the surrounding Nido Formation basalt.[32]

### Basement

Exile Hill is underlain by [metasedimentary rocks](/source/Metasedimentary_rock) of the [Stikinia](/source/Stikinia) [terrane](/source/Terrane), a [Paleozoic](/source/Paleozoic) and [Mesozoic](/source/Mesozoic) [suite](/source/Suite_(geology)) of [volcanic](/source/Volcanic_rock) and [sedimentary](/source/Sedimentary_rock) rocks that [accreted](/source/Accretion_(geology))[c] to the [continental margin](/source/Continental_margin) of North America during the [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic).[16][36][37] Most of these rocks around the base of Exile Hill are covered with [felsenmeer](/source/Felsenmeer), [till](/source/Till), glacial outwash, [fluvial](/source/Fluvial) outwash or [solifluction](/source/Solifluction) deposits. The northwestern side of Exile Hill contains active [talus cones](/source/Talus_cone) whereas the southwestern and northeastern sides of the hill contain landslide deposits which extend onto the [basement](/source/Basement_(geology)) rocks.[16]

## Accessibility

As of 2023, Alpine Lakes Air and BC Yukon Air are the only air charter companies permitted to provide access to this area via aircraft.[20] Private aircraft are also permitted to land in the area, but a letter of authorization from the [BC Parks](/source/BC_Parks) Stikine Senior Park Ranger is required to land on [Mess Lake](/source/Mess_Lake) and Little Arctic Lake, which are the closest lakes of significant size to Exile Hill.[3][20] These two lakes are about 10 and 7 km (6.2 and 4.3 mi) northwest and southeast of Exile Hill, respectively.[3]

## See also

- [Volcanoes portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes)
- [Mountains portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains)

- [List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes](/source/List_of_Northern_Cordilleran_volcanoes)

- [List of volcanoes in Canada](/source/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada)

- [List of cinder cones](/source/List_of_cinder_cones)

- [List of lava domes](/source/List_of_lava_domes)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** *Peralkaline rocks* are magmatic rocks that have a higher ratio of sodium and potassium to aluminum.[23]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** *Clasts* are grains or fragments of rock broken off other rocks by [physical weathering](/source/Physical_weathering).[33]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** *Accretion* is the process by which [terranes](/source/Terrane) are added to a continent, resulting in continental growth.[35]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Spectrum_RangeSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Spectrum_RangeSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_1-1) [Global Volcanism Program: Spectrum Range](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Spectrum_Range), Synonyms & Subfeatures.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill_2-8) [BC Geographical Names: Exile Hill](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Exile_Hill).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_3-15) [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1989](#CITEREFDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199211,_15_4-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 11, 15.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Exile_Hill_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Exile_Hill_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Exile_Hill_5-2) [Natural Resources Canada: Exile Hill](#CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Exile_Hill).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992122_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992122_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992122_6-2) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 122.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992120_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992120_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992120_7-2) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 120.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeographical_Names_Data_Base:_Exile_Hill_8-0)** [Geographical Names Data Base: Exile Hill](#CITEREFGeographical_Names_Data_Base:_Exile_Hill).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992319_9-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 319.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992319,_320_10-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 319, 320.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199294_11-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 94.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Cassiar_Land_District_12-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Cassiar_Land_District).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199232,_108_13-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 32, 108.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990124,_125_14-0)** [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), pp. 124, 125.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990108_15-0)** [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), p. 108.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_16-9) [Souther 1988](#CITEREFSouther1988).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Outcast_Hill_17-0)** [Natural Resources Canada: Outcast Hill](#CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Outcast_Hill).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990200_18-0)** [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), p. 200.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaPhoto_Gallery_19-0)** [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Photo Gallery.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_20-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_20-3) [BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park](#CITEREFBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland197649_21-0)** [Holland 1976](#CITEREFHolland1976), p. 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280,_1281,_1283,_1284_22-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), pp. 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw_Hill2003253_23-0)** [McGraw Hill 2003](#CITEREFMcGraw_Hill2003), p. 253.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280_25-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), p. 1280.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199294,_114,_267_26-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 94, 114, 267.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992267_27-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 267.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992104_28-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 104.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther19928–15,_122_29-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 8–15, 122.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199211_30-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199211,_108_31-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 11, 108.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992108_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992108_32-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 108.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992120,_122_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992120,_122_33-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992120,_122_33-2) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 120, 122.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw_Hill200371_34-0)** [McGraw Hill 2003](#CITEREFMcGraw_Hill2003), p. 71.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199214,_15_36-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 14, 15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw_Hill20033_37-0)** [McGraw Hill 2003](#CITEREFMcGraw_Hill2003), p. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199239,_122_39-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 39, 122.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001281,_1287_40-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), pp. 1281, 1287.

### Sources

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- ["Cassiar Land District"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144631/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/41229.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/41229.html) on June 27, 2018.

- *Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy* (2nd ed.). [McGraw Hill](/source/McGraw_Hill). 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-07-141044-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-141044-9).

- Edwards, Benjamin R.; Russell, James K. (2000). "Distribution, Nature, and Origin of Neogene–Quaternary Magmatism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, Canada". *[Geological Society of America Bulletin](/source/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin)*. **112** (8). [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America): 1280–1295. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000GSAB..112.1280E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GSAB..112.1280E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1280:dnaoon>2.0.co;2](https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%282000%29112%3C1280%3Adnaoon%3E2.0.co%3B2). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0016-7606](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606).

- ["Edziza"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250114000000/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320060). *[Global Volcanism Program](/source/Global_Volcanism_Program)*. [Smithsonian Institution](/source/Smithsonian_Institution). Archived from [the original](https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320060) on January 14, 2025.

- ["Exile Hill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250126160041/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/11363.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/11363.html) on January 26, 2025.

- ["Exile Hill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604192310/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_exh_103). *Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes*. [Natural Resources Canada](/source/Natural_Resources_Canada). March 10, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_exh_103) on June 4, 2011.

- ["Exile Hill"](https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=JAUEE). *[Geographical Names Data Base](/source/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base)*. [Natural Resources Canada](/source/Natural_Resources_Canada). Retrieved August 4, 2025.

- Holland, Stuart S. (1976). [Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline](https://web.archive.org/web/20181114024907/http://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PublicationCatalogue/Bulletin/BCGS_B048.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Vol. 48. [Government of British Columbia](/source/Government_of_British_Columbia). [ASIN](/source/ASIN_(identifier)) [B0006EB676](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006EB676). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [601782234](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/601782234). Archived from [the original](http://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PublicationCatalogue/Bulletin/BCGS_B048.pdf) (PDF) on November 14, 2018.

- ["Mount Edziza Provincial Park"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230123120553/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/). [BC Parks](/source/BC_Parks). Archived from [the original](https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/) on January 23, 2023.

- ["Outcast Hill"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155543/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_ohl_098). *Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes*. [Natural Resources Canada](/source/Natural_Resources_Canada). March 10, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_ohl_098) on June 4, 2011.

- [Souther, J. G.](/source/Jack_Souther) (1988). "1623A" ([Geological map](/source/Geological_map)). *Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia*. 1:50,000. Cartography by M. Sigouin, [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). [Energy, Mines and Resources Canada](/source/Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources_Canada). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4095/133498](https://doi.org/10.4095%2F133498).

- [Souther, J. G.](/source/Jack_Souther) (1992). The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia. *[Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada)* (Report). Memoir 420. Canada Communication Group. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4095/133497](https://doi.org/10.4095%2F133497). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-660-14407-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-14407-7).

- [Souther, J. G.](/source/Jack_Souther) (1990). Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (eds.). [*Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-43811-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X).

- ["Spectrum Range"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241208000000/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320070). *[Global Volcanism Program](/source/Global_Volcanism_Program)*. [Smithsonian Institution](/source/Smithsonian_Institution). Archived from [the original](https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320070) on December 8, 2024.

## External links

- ["Exile Hill, British Columbia"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=51392). *Peakbagger.com*.

v t e Mount Edziza volcanic complex Cinder cones The Ash Pit Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Eve Cone Exile Hill Icefall Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Ridge Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill Triplex Cones Twin Cone Walkout Creek centres Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Pillow Ridge Tennena Cone Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Central volcanoes Armadillo Peak Mount Edziza Ice Peak Spectrum Range Lava domes Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome The Pyramid Sphinx Dome Triangle Dome Lava fields Desolation Lava Field Mess Lake Lava Field Snowshoe Lava Field Plateaus Arctic Lake Plateau Big Raven Plateau Kitsu Plateau Ridges Artifact Ridge Cartoona Ridge Idiji Ridge Obsidian Ridge Pillow Ridge Sorcery Ridge Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Yagi Ridge Mountain passes Destell Pass Raspberry Pass Bluffs Koosick Bluff Ornostay Bluff Glaciers Idiji Glacier Tenchen Glacier Tencho Glacier Tennaya Glacier Streams Artifact Creek Ball Creek Bourgeaux Creek Chakima Creek Crayke Creek Elwyn Creek Flyin Creek Gerlib Creek Kadeya Creek Kitsu Creek Little Iskut River More Creek Nagha Creek Nido Creek Pyramid Creek Raspberry Creek Sezill Creek Shaman Creek Sorcery Creek Stewbomb Creek Tadekho Creek Taweh Creek Tenchen Creek Tennaya Creek Tsecha Creek Walkout Creek Stratigraphic units Armadillo Formation Big Raven Formation (Sheep Track Member) Edziza Formation Ice Peak Formation Kakiddi Formation Klastline Formation Little Iskut Formation Nido Formation (Tenchen Member) Pyramid Formation Raspberry Formation Other Cartoona Peak Gnu Butte Mess Creek Escarpment Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex

v t e Volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cinder cones Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cinder Mountain Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Cone Glacier Volcano Cracker Creek Cone Eve Cone Exile Hill Fort Selkirk Vent Gabrielse Cone Icefall Cone Ibex Mountain Iskut Canyon Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Ne Ch'e Ddhawa Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Prindle Volcano Ridge Cone Ruby Mountain Second Canyon Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Snippaker Creek Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill The Saucer The Volcano Triplex Cones Tseax Cone Twin Cone Volcanic Creek Cone Volcano Mountain Walkout Creek Cone Watson Lake Cone Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Ash Mountain Chakatah Creek Peak Caribou Tuya Dark Mountain Dome Mountain Enid Creek Cone Isspah Butte Kawdy Mountain King Creek Cone Klinkit Creek Peak Klinkit Lake Peak Little Bear Mountain Little Eagle Cone Mathews Tuya Meehaz Mountain Mount Josephine Nuthinaw Mountain Pillow Ridge South Tuya Tennena Cone Tadekho Hill Toozaza Peak Tom MacKay Creek Cone Tsekone Ridge Tutsingale Mountain Tuya Butte Wetalth Ridge Lava domes Cartoona Peak Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome Sezill Volcano Sphinx Dome The Pyramid Triangle Dome Shield volcanoes Grizzly Butte Heart Peaks Level Mountain Maitland Volcano Spectrum Range Volcano Vent West Vent Volcanic fields Atlin Bell-Irving Desolation Fort Selkirk Mess Lake Snowshoe Tuya Stratovolcanoes Armadillo Peak Hoodoo Mountain Ice Peak Mount Edziza Volcanic plugs Castle Rock The Neck The Thumb

v t e Interior Mountains of Canada Mountain ranges Atna Atsutla Axelgold Babine Bait Beady Bornite Bulkley Butler Cariboo Heart Cassiar Chikamin Connelly Cormier Driftwood Eaglenest Espee Finlay Fishing Germansen Hazelton Heart Hogem Horseranch Howson Ingenika Kasalka Kechika Kispiox Klappan Lay Level Mountain McConnell Metsantan Mitchell Morice Nass O.K. Omineca Osilinka Oweegee Pattullo Rocher Déboulé Ruby Russel Samuel Black Sibola Sicintine Sifton Sikanni Sitlika Skeena Skree Slamgeesh Spectrum Stikine Strata Swannell Tahtsa Takla Tatlatui Telkwa Tenakihi Three Sisters Thudaka Tochquonyalla Tucha Tuya Vital Whitesail Wolverine Wrede Mountains Ash Cache Camp Caribou Cartoona Castle Rock Chikoida Cronin Dark Edziza Eve Exile Gabrielse Grizzly Gunanoot Howson Ice Icefall Isspah Kana Kawdy Keda Klastline Level Maitland Mathews Meehaz Meszah Moraine Nahlin Nahta Nanook Nuthinaw Outcast Pharaoh Pillow Ridge Sezill Shedin Shelagyote Sidas Sleet Source South Spatsizi Sphinx Storm Tadeda Tadekho Tennena Thomlinson Thudaka Toozaza Triangle Triplex Tseax Tsekone Tutsingale Tuya Twin Volcano West Wetalth Williams Yeda Provincial parks Atlin/Áa Tlein Téix'i Babine Lake Marine Babine Mountains Babine River Corridor Bear Glacier Bulkley Junction Call Lake Chase Denetiah Driftwood Canyon Dune Za Keyih Ed Bird – Estella Lakes Finlay-Russel Iskut River Hot Springs Kinaskan Lake Little Andrews Bay Marine Meziadin Lake Mount Blanchet Mount Edziza Nation Lakes Netalzul Meadows Nilkitkwa Lake Ningunsaw Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Rainbow Alley Ross Lake Rubyrock Lake Seeley Lake Seven Sisters Spatsizi Headwaters Spatsizi Plateau Sustut Swan Lake Kispiox River Tā Chʼilā Tatlatui Todagin South Slope Tuya Mountains Tweedsmuir North Tweedsmuir South Tyhee Lake Wistaria Geography portal Canada portal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Exile Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_Hill) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_Hill?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.