# Exercise Strikeback

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Naval exercise

Exercise Strikeback Part of the Cold War (1953–1962) The "GIUK Gap" Type NATO multi-lateral naval training exercise Location North Atlantic Ocean, GIUK Gap, Norwegian Sea Planned by Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic Objective Deployment of NATO anti-submarine warfare and aircraft carrier strike forces Date 3–12 September 1957 Executed by Vice Admiral Robert B. Pirie, USN, Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic (STRIKFLTLANT) Outcome Exercise successfully executed.

**Exercise Strikeback**, aka **Operation Strikeback**, was a major [naval](/source/Navy) [exercise](/source/Military_exercise) of the [North Atlantic Treaty Organization](/source/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization) (NATO) that took place over a ten-day period in September 1957.

As part of a series of exercises to simulate an all-out [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) attack on [NATO](/source/NATO), Exercise Strikeback was tasked with two objectives. Its initial objective was the deployment of NATO's naval forces (designated the "Blue Fleet") against other NATO forces attempting to simulate an "enemy" navy that featured a large number of submarines (designated the "Orange Fleet"). Its other objective was to have the Blue Fleet execute [carrier-based air strikes](/source/Alpha_strike_(United_States_Navy)) against "enemy" formations and emplacements along NATO's northern flank in [Norway](/source/Norway).

Exercise Strikeback involved over 200 warships, 650 aircraft, and 75,000 personnel from the [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy), the [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy), the [Royal Canadian Navy](/source/Royal_Canadian_Navy), the [French Navy](/source/French_Navy), the [Royal Netherlands Navy](/source/Royal_Netherlands_Navy), and the [Royal Norwegian Navy](/source/Royal_Norwegian_Navy). As the largest peacetime naval operation up to that time, military reporter [Hanson W. Baldwin](/source/Hanson_W._Baldwin) of *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* said Exercise Strikeback gathered "the strongest striking fleet assembled since World War II."[1]

Strikeback and the other concurrent NATO exercises held during the fall of 1957 would be the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance to date, involving more than 250,000 men, 300 ships, and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey.[2][3]

## Background

### Strategic overview

Faced with the overwhelming numerical superiority of [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) and [Warsaw Pact](/source/Warsaw_Pact) military forces, NATO embraced the concept of the [nuclear umbrella](/source/Nuclear_umbrella) to protect [Western Europe](/source/Western_Europe) from a Soviet ground invasion.[4][5][6][7] This strategy was initially articulated in January 1954 by [U.S. Army](/source/United_States_Army) [General](/source/General_(United_States)) and then-[Supreme Allied Commander Europe](/source/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe) [Alfred Gruenther](/source/Alfred_Gruenther):

We have ... an air-ground shield which, although still not strong enough, would force an enemy to concentrate prior to attack. In doing so, the concentrating force would be extremely vulnerable to losses from atomic weapon attacks ... We can now use atomic weapons against an aggressor, delivered not only by long-range aircraft, but also by the use of shorter range planes, and by 280 mm. artillery ... This air-ground team constitutes a very effective shield, and it would fight very well in case of attack.[4]

This strategic concept reflected the American strategy of [massive retaliation](/source/Massive_retaliation) of the [Eisenhower administration](/source/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower) as set forth by [Secretary of State](/source/United_States_Secretary_of_State) [John Foster Dulles](/source/John_Foster_Dulles):

We need allies and [collective security](/source/Collective_security). Our purpose is to make these relations more effective, less costly. This can be done by placing more reliance on deterrent power and less dependence on local defensive power ... Local defense will always be important. But there is no local defense which alone will contain the mighty landpower of the Communist world. Local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power. A potential aggressor must know that he cannot always prescribe battle conditions that suit him.[8]

### NATO military command structure

NATO military command and areas of responsibilities (1954)

With the establishment of NATO's Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT) on 30 January 1952, the [Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT)](/source/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic) joined the previously-created Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) as one of the alliance's two principal parts of the [NATO Military Command Structure](/source/NATO_Military_Command_Structure).[9] In addition, [Allied Command Channel](/source/Allied_Command_Channel) was established on 21 February 1952 to control the [English Channel](/source/English_Channel) and [North Sea](/source/North_Sea) area and deny it to the enemy, protect the sea lanes of communication, and Support operations conducted by SACEUR and SACLANT.[10][11] The following key NATO military commands were involved in a series of alliance-wide exercises, including Operation Strikeback, during the Fall of 1957.[12][13]

- **Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT)**

- **[Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT)](/source/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic)** – [Admiral](/source/Admiral_(United_States)) [Jerauld Wright](/source/Jerauld_Wright), [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy) - **Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (DSACLANT)** – [Vice-Admiral](/source/Vice-Admiral#United_Kingdom) Sir [John Eaton](/source/John_Eaton_(Royal_Navy_officer)), [RN](/source/Royal_Navy) - **Chief of Staff (COFS)** – [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_admiral_(United_States)) [Harold Page Smith](/source/Harold_Page_Smith), [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy) - **[Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT)](/source/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic#Allied_Command_Eastern_Atlantic_.28EASTLANT.29)** – [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_Admiral#United_Kingdom) Sir John Eccles, [RN](/source/Royal_Navy) - **[Western Atlantic Area (WESTLANT)](/source/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic#Allied_Command_Western_Atlantic_.28WESTLANT.29)** – [Admiral](/source/Admiral_(United_States)) [Jerauld Wright](/source/Jerauld_Wright), [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy) - **[Striking Fleet Atlantic (STRIKFLTLANT)](/source/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic#Striking_Fleet_Atlantic_.28STRIKFLTLANT.29)** – [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_admiral_(United_States)) [Robert B. Pirie](/source/Robert_B._Pirie), [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy)

- **Allied Command Europe**

- **[Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)](/source/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe)** – [General](/source/General_(United_States)) [Lauris Norstad](/source/Lauris_Norstad), [USAF](/source/USAF) - **Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR)** – [Field Marshal](/source/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)) [The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein](/source/Bernard_Montgomery%2C_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein), [British Army](/source/British_Army) - **Chief of Staff (COFS)** – [General](/source/General_(United_States)) [Courtlandt Van R. Schuyler](/source/Cortlandt_V.R._Schuyler), [USA](/source/United_States_Army) - **[Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH)](/source/Allied_Forces_Northern_Europe)** – [Lieutenant-General](/source/Lieutenant-General_(United_Kingdom)) Sir C.S. Sugden, [British Army](/source/British_Army) - **[Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT)](/source/Allied_Forces_Central_Europe)** – [Général d'Armée](/source/Army_General_(France)) [Jean-Étienne Valluy](/source/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Valluy), [French Army](/source/French_Army) - **[Allied Air Forces Central Europe](/source/Allied_Air_Forces_Central_Europe) (AAFCE)** – [Air Chief Marshal](/source/Air_Chief_Marshal) [Sir George Holroyd Mills](/source/George_Mills_(RAF_officer)), [RAF](/source/RAF) - **[Northern Army Group](/source/Northern_Army_Group) (NORTHAG)** – [General](/source/General_(United_Kingdom)) [Sir Richard Nelson Gale](/source/Richard_Nelson_Gale), [British Army](/source/British_Army) - **[Central Army Group](/source/Allied_Force_Command_Heidelberg) (CENTAG)** – [General](/source/General_(United_States)) [Henry I. Hodes](/source/Henry_I._Hodes), [USA](/source/United_States_Army) - **[Allied Forces Southern Europe](/source/Allied_Forces_Southern_Europe) (AFSOUTH)** – [Admiral](/source/Admiral_(United_States)) R.P.M. Bristol, [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy) - **[Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe](/source/Naval_Striking_and_Support_Forces_Southern_Europe) (STRIKFORSOUTH)** – [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_admiral_(United_States)) Charles R. Brown, [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy) - **[Allied Forces Mediterranean](/source/Allied_Forces_Mediterranean) (AFMED)** – [Admiral](/source/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)) Sir [Ralph Edwards](/source/Ralph_Edwards_(Royal_Navy_officer)), [RN](/source/Royal_Navy)

- **[Allied Command Channel](/source/Allied_Command_Channel) (CHANCOM)**

- Commander-in-Chief Channel (CINCHAN) – [Admiral](/source/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)) Sir [Guy Grantham](/source/Guy_Grantham), [RN](/source/Royal_Navy)

## Operational history

As part of the response to a theoretical Soviet attack against NATO on all fronts, Operation Strikeback would test the capabilities of Allied naval forces (*Blue Fleet*) by tasking them to destroy the enemy navy (*Orange Fleet*) and its huge submarine fleet, protect transatlantic shipping, and undertake sustained carrier-based air strikes against the enemy positions.[14]

Beginning on 3 September 1957, American and Canadian naval forces got underway to join British, French, Dutch, and Norwegian naval forces in eastern Atlantic and northern European waters under the overall command of [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_admiral_(United_States)) [Robert B. Pirie](/source/Robert_B._Pirie), [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy), Commander, [United States Second Fleet](/source/United_States_Second_Fleet), acting as NATO's Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic.[15] While en route, the U.S.-Canadian naval forces executed *Operation Seaspray*, a bilateral naval exercise to protect Blue Fleet's vitally-important underway replenishment group (URG) from enemy submarine attacks.[16] The nuclear submarine [*Nautilus*](/source/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)) and the conventional submarine [*Trigger*](/source/USS_Trigger_(SS-564)) completed operations in the Arctic and joined 34 other U.S. and allied submarines temporarily assigned to the Orange Fleet.[17] [USS *Mount McKinley*](/source/USS_Mount_McKinley_(AGC-7)) was based in [Portsmouth Naval Base](/source/HMNB_Portsmouth) as the command communications base for the Orange forces controlling Comsuborangelant/Comphiborangelant for the duration of the Exercise.

Operation Strikeback itself began on 19 September 1957, involving over 200 warships, 650 aircraft, and 65,000 personnel. To provide a more realistic simulation of protecting transatlantic shipping, over 200 merchant marine vessels, including the [ocean liners](/source/Ocean_liner) [*Queen Mary*](/source/RMS_Queen_Mary) and [*Ile de France*](/source/SS_%C3%8Ele_de_France), also participated as duly-flagged target ships for the exercise.[17] Blue Fleet hunter-killer (HUK) groups centered around the carriers [*Essex*](/source/USS_Essex_(CV-9)), [*Wasp*](/source/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)), and [*Tarawa*](/source/USS_Tarawa_(CV-40)), as well as submarines and land-based anti-submarine patrol aircraft, executed *Operation Fend Off/Operation Fishplay* to identify, track, and contain the breakout of the enemy Orange Fleet's submarine force along the [Greenland](/source/Greenland)-[Iceland](/source/Iceland)-UK gap ([GIUK gap](/source/GIUK_gap)").[18][19]

Operating above the [Arctic Circle](/source/Arctic_Circle) in the [Norwegian Sea](/source/Norwegian_Sea), the Blue Fleet, which included the new aircraft carriers [*Saratoga*](/source/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)) and [*Forrestal*](/source/USS_Forrestal), launched carried-based air strikes against enemy positions in [Norway](/source/Norway). [*Time*](/source/Time_(magazine)) magazine provided the following contemporary coverage of Operation Strikeback:

From somewhere southeast of Greenland came the crackle of an urgent radio message: "Being fired on by Orange surface raider. *Inchcliffe Castle*."[20] With that alert from a famed but fictitious merchant vessel, simulated hell broke loose in the North Atlantic. Out to punish the "aggressors," a six-nation Blue fleet totaling nearly 160 fighting ships began steaming toward Norway. In the Iceland-Faeroes gap, 36 Orange submarines, including the atom-powered [*Nautilus*](/source/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)), lay in wait. The [U.S. destroyer *Charles R. Ware*](/source/USS_Charles_R._Ware_(DD-865)) was "sunk"; a "torpedo" slowed down the carrier [U.S.S. *Intrepid*](/source/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)),[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] and [H.M.S. *Ark Royal*](/source/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)) had a hot time beating off the assaults of Britain-based [Valiant jet bombers](/source/Vickers_Valiant). But by early afternoon, Blue carrier planes got through to make dummy atom attacks on Norway's ports, bridges and airfields. Into the midst of this earnest make-believe strayed a Russian trawler - a real one. The Russian, being overtaken, had the right of way and held it, passing diagonally through the entire NATO fleet as the big ships refueled and moved beyond her.[3]

USS *Nautilus*

U.S. Navy ASW Task Force Alfa (1959)

Following the conclusion of Operation Strikeback, U.S. naval forces conducted *Operation Pipedown*, involving the protection of its underway replenishment group while en route back the United States.[21]

SACLANT [Admiral](/source/Admiral_(United_States)) [Jerauld Wright](/source/Jerauld_Wright), [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy), described Operation Strikeback as being "remarkably successful" while also noting "[that] there is considerable scarcity of both naval and air forces in the eastern Atlantic."[22] Wright's Eastern Atlantic allied commander, [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_Admiral#United_Kingdom) Sir John Eccles, [RN](/source/Royal_Navy), also noted:

I am not in a position to criticize political decisions, but I say this as a professional man with over 40 years' experience — I cannot carry out my task as given to me at the moment without more forces. In recent years the submarine has, without any doubt at all, gone a very long way ahead of the devices with which we are presently equipped to sound and destroy it.[23]

Particularly significant was the performance of [nuclear-powered submarines](/source/Nuclear_powered_submarine) with the U.S. Navy's first two such vessels, the [USS *Nautilus* (SSN-571)](/source/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)) and [USS *Seawolf* (SSN-575)](/source/USS_Seawolf_(SSN-575)), participating in Operation Strikeback. According to naval analyst-historian [Norman Friedman](/source/Norman_Friedman), *Nautilus* "presented a greater threat than all 21 snorkel submarines combined" during Operation Strikeback, making 16 successful attacks against various naval formations while maintaining effective on-station tactical and high-speed pursuit capabilities. *Nautilus* cruised 3,384 nautical miles (6,267 km) with an average speed of 14.4 knots (26.7 km/h).[24] In addition to the *Nautilus*, the *Seawolf* departed [New London](/source/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London) on 3 September for Operation Strikeback. Before she surfaced off [Newport, Rhode Island](/source/Naval_Station_Newport), on 25 September, *Seawolf* had remained submerged for 16 days, cruising a total of 6,331 miles (10,189 km). Recognizing the need to meet this [Anti-submarine warfare](/source/Anti-submarine_warfare) (ASW) challenge, the following actions were taken:

- Task Force Alfa was created by the U.S. Navy to develop improved ASW tactics and technology by integrating carrier-based ASW aircraft, land-based patrol aircraft, refitted destroyers, and hunter-killer submarines.[25][26][27]

- [NATO Undersea Research Centre](/source/NATO_Undersea_Research_Centre) was established by SACLANT on 2 May 1959 in [La Spezia, Italy](/source/La_Spezia%2C_Italy), to serve as a clearinghouse for NATO's anti-submarine efforts.[28][29]

Operation Strikeback was the final deployment for the [battleships](/source/Battleship) [*Iowa*](/source/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)) and [*Wisconsin*](/source/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)) until their re-activation in the 1980s by the [Reagan Administration](/source/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan). Finally, on the technical level, Operation Strikeback saw the first use of [single sideband](/source/Single-sideband_modulation) (SSB) voice communications for tactical operations by the [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy),[30] and [HMS *Bulwark*](/source/HMS_Bulwark_(R08)) was the first [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) carrier to use a [magnetic loop](/source/Loop_antenna#Small_loops) communication system.[31]

In addition to Operation Strikeback, which concentrated on its eastern Atlantic/northern European flank, NATO also conducted two other major military exercises in September 1957, Operation Counter Punch involving [Allied Forces Central Europe](/source/Allied_Forces_Central_Europe) on the European mainland and [Operation Deep Water](/source/Operation_Deep_Water) involving NATO's southern flank in the Mediterranean Sea.[3][23]

## Naval forces

The following is a partial listing of naval forces known to have participated in Operation Strikeback.

### Aircraft carriers and embarked air groups

- [USS *Saratoga* (CVA-60)](/source/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)) – Blue Fleet flagship - [Carrier Air Group Seven](/source/Carrier_Air_Wing_Seven) - [Fighter Squadron 61 (VF-61)](/source/VF-61) - [Attack Squadron 72 (VA-72)](/source/VA-72_(U.S._Navy)) - Attack Squadron 75 (VA-75) - All-Weather Attack Squadron 33 (VA(AW)-33) Det. - [Light Photographic Squadron 62 (VFP-62)](/source/VFP-62) Det. - Utility Helicopter Squadron 2 (HU-2) Det.

- [USS *Forrestal* (CVA-59)](/source/USS_Forrestal) - [Carrier Air Group One](/source/Carrier_Air_Wing_One) - [Fighter Squadron 14 (VF-14)](/source/VFA-14) - [Fighter Squadron 84 (VF-84)](/source/VF-84_(1955%E2%80%931995)) - [Attack Squadron 15 (VA-15)](/source/VFA-15) - Attack Squadron 76 (VA-76) - Heavy Attack Squadron 1 (VAH-1) - Airborne Early Warning Squadron 12 (VAW-12) Det. - All-Weather Attack Squadron 33 (AV(AW)-33) Det. - Utility Helicopter Squadron 2 (HU-2) Det.

- [USS *Intrepid* (CVA-11)](/source/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)) - [Carrier Air Group Six:](/source/Carrier_Air_Wing_Six) - [Fighter Squadron 33 (VF-33)](/source/VF-33) - [Fighter Squadron 71 (VF-71)](/source/VF-71_(1942-1959)) - [Attack Squadron 25 (VA-25)](/source/VFA-25) - Attack Squadron 66 (VA-66) - Heavy Attack Squadron 11 (VAH-11) - All-Weather Attack Squadron 33 (VA(AW)-33) Det. - [Light Photographic Squadron 62 (VFP-62)](/source/VFP-62) Det. - Airborne Early Warning Squadron 12 (VAW-12) Det. - Utility Helicopter Squadron 2 (UH-2) Det.

- [USS *Essex* (CVA-9)](/source/USS_Essex_(CV-9)) - Squadrons embarked: - Air Anti-submarine Squadron 36 (VS-36) - Anti-submarine Helicopter Squadron 3 (HS-7) - Utility Helicopter Squadron 2 (HU-2) Det.

- [USS *Tarawa* (CVS-40)](/source/USS_Tarawa_(CV-40)) - Squadrons embarked: - [Air Anti-submarine Squadron 32 (VS-32)](/source/VS-32) - Anti-submarine Helicopter Squadron 1 (HS-1) - [Attack Squadron 172 (VA-172)](/source/VA-172_(U.S._Navy)) - All-Weather Fighter Squadron 4 (VF(AW)-4) Det. - Utility Helicopter Squadron 2 (HU-2) Det.

- [USS *Wasp* (CVS-18)](/source/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)) - Squadrons embarked: - [Attack Squadron 44 (VA-44)](/source/Second_VA-44_(U.S._Navy)) - Air Anti-submarine Squadron 27 (VS-27) - Air Anti-submarine Squadron 30 (VS-30) - Anti-submarine Helicopter Squadron 5 (HS-5) - Utility Helicopter Squadron 2 (HU-2) Det.

- [HMS *Ark Royal* (R09)](/source/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)) – Orange Fleet flagship - Squadrons embarked: [802](/source/802_Naval_Air_Squadron), [804](/source/804_Naval_Air_Squadron), [815](/source/815_Naval_Air_Squadron), [831](/source/831_Naval_Air_Squadron), [849B](/source/849_Naval_Air_Squadron), [898](/source/898_Naval_Air_Squadron)

- [HMS *Bulwark* (R08)](/source/HMS_Bulwark_(R08)) - Squadrons embarked: [820](/source/820_Naval_Air_Squadron), [845](/source/845_Naval_Air_Squadron), [849D](/source/849_Naval_Air_Squadron), [891](/source/891_Naval_Air_Squadron)

- [HMS *Eagle* (R05)](/source/HMS_Eagle_(R05)) - Squadrons embarked: [803](/source/803_Naval_Air_Squadron), [806](/source/806_Naval_Air_Squadron), [813](/source/813_Naval_Air_Squadron), [814](/source/814_Naval_Air_Squadron), [848A](/source/849_Naval_Air_Squadron)

### Naval aircraft

United States Navy: Fighters: Grumman F-9 Cougar VA-76 - F9F-8B VA-44 - F9F-8 VA-66 - F9F-8B VFP-62 - F9F-8P McDonnell F3H Demon VF-14 - F3H-2N VF-61 - F3H-2M Douglas F2H Banshee VFP-62 - F2H-2P VF-71 - F2H-3/4 VA-172 - F2H-2/2B North American FJ-3 Fury VF-33 - FJ-3/3M VF-84- FJ-3M Anti-submarine (ASW) aircraft: Lockheed P2V-5F Neptune VP-8 VP-10 Grumman S2F Tracker VS-27- S2F-1/2 VS-30 - S2F-1/2 VS-32 - S2F-1/2 VS-36 - S2F-1/2 Attack bombers: Douglas A-4 Skyhawk VA-72 - A4D-1 Douglas AD Skyraider VAW-12 - AD-5W VA-15 - AD-6 VA-25 - AD-6 VA(AW)-33 - AD-5N, AD-5Q VA-75 - AD-6 VF(AW)-4 – AD-5 Douglas A-3 Skywarrior VAH-1 - A3D-1 North American AJ Savage VAH-7 – AJ-2 VAH-11 – AJ-2 Helicopters: Piasecki HUP-2 Retriever HU-2 Sikorsky HSS-1 Seabat HS-5 HS-7

**Royal Navy**

- Fighter - [891 Naval Air Squadron](/source/891_Naval_Air_Squadron) - [de Havilland Sea Venom](/source/De_Havilland_Venom) - [894 Naval Air Squadron](/source/894_Naval_Air_Squadron) - de Havilland Sea Venom - [802 Naval Air Squadron](/source/802_Naval_Air_Squadron) - [Hawker Sea Hawk](/source/Hawker_Sea_Hawk) - [803 Naval Air Squadron](/source/803_Naval_Air_Squadron) - Hawker Sea Hawk - [804 Naval Air Squadron](/source/804_Naval_Air_Squadron) - Hawker Sea Hawk - [806 Naval Air Squadron](/source/806_Naval_Air_Squadron) - Hawker Sea Hawk - [898 Naval Air Squadron](/source/898_Naval_Air_Squadron) - Hawker Sea Hawk

- torpedo/strike fighter - [813 Naval Air Squadron](/source/813_Naval_Air_Squadron) - [Westland Wyvern](/source/Westland_Wyvern)

- Anti-submarine warfare - [814 Naval Air Squadron](/source/814_Naval_Air_Squadron) - [Fairey Gannet](/source/Fairey_Gannet) - [815 Naval Air Squadron](/source/815_Naval_Air_Squadron) - Fairey Gannet - [820 Naval Air Squadron](/source/820_Naval_Air_Squadron) - Fairey Gannet

- Airborne Early Warning - 'A' Flight [849 Naval Air Squadron](/source/849_Naval_Air_Squadron), [Douglas Skyraider AEW.1](/source/List_of_A-1_Skyraider_operators#Royal_Navy) - 'B' Flight 849 Naval Air Squadron - Douglas Skyraider AEW.1 - 'D' Flight 849 Naval Air Squadron - Douglas Skyraider AEW.1

- Helicopters - [845 Naval Air Squadron](/source/845_Naval_Air_Squadron) - [Westland Whirlwind:](/source/Westland_Whirlwind_(helicopter))

#### Aircraft losses

*Forrestal*crash

- 24 September 1957 – An [F4D Skyray](/source/F4D_Skyray) jet fighter crashed into the sea while attempting to land back on board the [USS *Saratoga*](/source/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)). During the subsequent [search and rescue](/source/Search_and_rescue), two [S2F-2](/source/S-2_Tracker) ASW aircraft of VS-36 off the [USS *Essex*](/source/USS_Essex_(CV-9)) collided in mid-air and crashed into the sea. Two additional F4D Skyray aircraft crashed following a mid-air collision off [Andøya](/source/And%C3%B8ya), [Norway](/source/Norway). The total loss of life was 11.[32][33][34]

- 26 September 1957 – An [A3D-1 Skywarrior](/source/A-3_Skywarrior) attack bomber crashed into the stern [flight deck](/source/Flight_deck) ramp while attempting to land on board the [USS *Forrestal*](/source/USS_Forrestal) (*pictured*). The aircraft was lost at sea, but the three-man crew was recovered.[35][36]

### Surface warships

Battleships: USS Wisconsin (BB-64) USS Iowa (BB-61) Cruisers: USS Canberra (CAG-2) USS Boston (CAG-1) USS Macon (CA-132) USS Albany (CA-123) USS Northampton (CLC-1) HMS Gambia (48) HMS Sheffield (24) De Grasse (C610) Destroyers: USS Mitscher (DL-2) USS Willis A. Lee (DL-4) USS Decatur (DD-936) USS John Paul Jones (DD-932) USS Forrest Sherman (DD-931) USS O'Hare (DDR-889) USS Forrest Royal (DD-872) USS Charles R. Ware (DD-865) USS Harwood (DD-861) USS McCaffery (DDE-860) USS Charles H. Roan (DD-853) USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. (DD-850) USS Fiske (DDR-842) USS Robert A. Owens (DDE-827) USS Samuel B. Roberts (DD-823) USS Johnston (DD-821) USS Corry (DD-817) USS Robert K. Huntington (DD-781) USS Stormes (DD-780) USS Douglas H. Fox (DD-779) USS Massey (DD-778) USS Zellars (DD-777) USS James C. Owens (DD-776) USS Lowry (DD-770) USS Putnam (DD-757) USS Laffey (DD-724) USS William R. Rush (DDR-714) USS Hugh Purvis (DD-709) USS Harlan R. Dickson (DD-708) USS Gainard (DD-706) USS Compton (DD-705) USS Ault (DD-698) USS Charles S. Sperry (DD-697) USS Ingraham (DD-694) USS Moale (DD-693) USS Allen M. Sumner (DD-692) USS Hunt (DD-674) USS Caperton (DD-650) USS Abbot (DD-629) USS The Sullivans (DD-537) USS Daly (DD-519) USS Eaton (DDE-510) USS Cony (DDE-508) USS Beale (DDE-471) Destroyer escorts: USS Joseph K. Taussig (DE-1030) USS Courtney (DE-1021) USS Hammerberg (DE-1015) USS Cromwell (DE-1014) USS Dealey (DE-1006) USS Snowden (DE-246) USS Peterson (DE-152) USS Huse (DE-145) Amphibious vessels: USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) USS Washtenaw County (LST-1166) Royal Canadian Navy destroyers HMCS Iroquois (DDE 217) HMCS St. Laurent (DDE 205) HMCS Ottawa (DDE 229) HMCS Saguenay (DDE 206) HMCS Assiniboine (DDE 234) HMCS Haida (DDE 215) HMCS Micmac (DDE 214) HMCS Nootka (DDE 213)

### Submarine forces

Nuclear submarines: USS Seawolf (SSN-575) USS Nautilus (SSN-571) Support vessels: USS Fulton (AS-11) USS Papago (ATF-160) USS Luiseno (ATF-156) Diesel-electric submarines: USS Darter (SS-576) USS Trigger (SS-564) USS Odax (SS-484) USS Runner (SS-476) USS Trumpetfish (SS-425) USS Quillback (SS-424) USS Torsk (SS-423) USS Piper (SS-409) USS Sea Poacher (SS-406) USS Sea Owl (SS-405) USS Jallao (SS-368) USS Halfbeak (SS-352) USS Chopper (SS-342) USS Bergall (SS-320) USS Becuna (SS-319) USS Barbero (SSG-317) USS Redfin (SSR-272) USS Ray (SSR-271) USS Pompon (SSR-267) USS Croaker (SSK-246) USS Cavalla (SSK-244) USS Angler (SSK-240) USS Grouper (SSK-214)

### Naval auxiliaries

Underway Replenishment Group (URG): USS Suribachi (AE-21) (flagship) USS Shasta (AE-6) USS Denebola (AF-56) USS Caloosahatchee (AO-98) USS Allagash (AO-97) USS Nantahala (AO-60) USS Kankakee (AO-39) USS Kennebec (AO-36) Fleet Support: USS Grand Canyon (AD-28) USS Cadmus (AR-14)

### Land-based ASW patrol aircraft

#### U.S. Navy Fleet Air Wing 3

The United States Navy deployed two patrol squadron from [Fleet Air Wing Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fleet_Air_Wing_Three&action=edit&redlink=1) (FAW-3) to participate in Operation Strikeback:

- [Patrol Squadron 8 (VP-8)](/source/VP-8) operated out of [Argentia](/source/Naval_Station_Argentia), [Newfoundland](/source/Newfoundland_and_Labrador).[37]

- [Patrol Squadron 10 (VP-10)](/source/VP-10) operated out of [Keflavik](/source/Naval_Air_Station_Keflavik), [Iceland](/source/Iceland).[38]

Both squadrons flew [Lockheed P2V-5F](/source/P2V_Neptune) Neptune ASW patrol aircraft.

#### RAF Coastal Command

The [Royal Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) assigned two squadrons from [RAF Coastal Command](/source/RAF_Coastal_Command) to participate in Operation Strikeback. Both squadrons flew [Avro Shackleton](/source/Avro_Shackleton) patrol bombers:

- [No. 204 Squadron](/source/No._204_Squadron_RAF) deployed to [RAF Kinloss](/source/RAF_Kinloss)[39]

- [No. 269 Squadron](/source/No._269_Squadron_RAF) deployed to [RAF Wick](/source/Wick_Airport)[40]

### U.S. Marine Corps units

The following units of the [United States Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps) participated in Operation Strikeback in September 1957 are listed below.[41]

- [Regimental Landing Team 8](/source/8th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)) (RLT-8)

- [Battalion Landing Team 1/2](/source/1st_Battalion_2nd_Marines)

## See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Operation Strikeback](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operation_Strikeback).

- [Cold War (1953–1962)](/source/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962))

- [Operation Deep Water](/source/Operation_Deep_Water)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Baldwin, Hanson W.](/source/Hanson_W._Baldwin) (22 September 1957). ["100 Fighting Ships in Vast Exercise"](https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/22/archives/100-fighting-ships-in-vast-exercise-strongest-part-of-nato-force-in.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 28 September 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Key Jr., David M. (2001). *Admiral Jerauld Wright: Warrior among Diplomats*. Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press. p. 333. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89745-251-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89745-251-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Emergency_Call_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Emergency_Call_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Emergency_Call_3-2) ["Emergency Call"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891351,00.html). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. 30 September 1957. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891351,00.html) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Chapter_9_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Chapter_9_4-1) ["Chapter 9"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/9.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Chapter 3"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/3.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Chapter 7"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/7.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Chapter IX-B"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/annexes/b5.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [John Foster Dulles](/source/John_Foster_Dulles) (12 January 1954). ["The Evolution of Foreign Policy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080514020511/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/strategy/article-dulles-retaliation_1962-01-25.htm). Department of State, Press Release No. 81. Archived from [the original](http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/strategy/article-dulles-retaliation_1962-01-25.htm) on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Chapter 7 - The Military Structure - Atlantic Command"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/7.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 January 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Chapter 7 - The Military Structure - Channel Command and Channel Committee"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/7.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Appendix 1 — Chronicle"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/appendices/1.htm). *NATO the first five years 1949-1954*. [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Who is who at NATO"](http://www.nato.int/cv/ace-k-p.pdf) (PDF). [NATO](/source/NATO). Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Key, Jr., David M. (2001). *Admiral Jerauld Wright: Warrior among Diplomats*. Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press. pp. 329–331, 334–335, 338–342, 357. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-89745-251-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89745-251-8)., hereafter referred to as *Warrior among Diplomats*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** *Warrior among Diplomats*. p. 333 - 334

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["*Saratoga*"](http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s6/saratoga-vi.htm). *[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](/source/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships)*. [Navy Department](/source/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy), [Naval History and Heritage Command](/source/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command). Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** USS *Wasp* Veterans Association (1999). *U. S. S. Wasp CV 18*. Nashville: Turner Publishing Company. p. 119. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56311-404-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-404-5)., hereafter referred to as *USS Wasp*

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DorsetEcho_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DorsetEcho_17-1) ["The day Nautilus came to Portland"](https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/1738390.the-day-nautilus-came-to-portland/). *Archive*. Dorset Echo. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** *USS Wasp*, p. 118

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Norwegian subs during the Cold War"](http://warships1discussionboards.yuku.com/topic/5748). Warships1 and NavWeaps Discussion Boards. Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** *Inchcliffe Castle* is a fictional ship from the *Satevepost Glencannon* stories by [Guy Gilpatric](/source/Guy_Gilpatric).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** *USS Wasp*, p. 119

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** *Warrior among Diplomats*, p. 334

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Time_19571007_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Time_19571007_23-1) ["All Ashore"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231520/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809962,00.html). *Time*. 7 October 1957. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809962,00.html) on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Friedman, Norman (1994). *U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History*. [Annapolis Maryland](/source/Annapolis_Maryland): [Naval Institute Press](/source/United_States_Naval_Institute). p. 109. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55750-260-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-260-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Benedict, John R. (Spring 2005). "The Unraveling and Revitalization of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare". *Naval War College Review*: 98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["The Goblin Killers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080906183515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863701,00.html). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. 1 September 1958. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863701,00.html) on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Antisubmarine Boss"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024204907/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863224,00.html?iid=chix-sphere). *Time*. 7 April 1958. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863224,00.html?iid=chix-sphere) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** *Warrior among Diplomats*, p. 357

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163418/http://www.nurc.nato.int/about/history.htm). NATO Undersea Research Centre. Archived from [the original](http://www.nurc.nato.int/about/history.htm) on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** *Chronological History – U.S. Naval Communications*, p. 16

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["HMS *Bulwark*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150322175446/http://fleetairarmarchive.net/Ships/Bulwark.html). Fleet Air Arm Archives. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Loss and Ejections: F4D-1 Skyray"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064512/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Skyray/douglas_skyray.htm). ejection-history.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Skyray/douglas_skyray.htm) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Sea Stories"](http://www.ussessexcv9.org/Sea). USS Essex Association. Retrieved 3 October 2008.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["United States Navy Crew Crashes While On NATO Maneuvers In The Atlantic 24 September 1957"](http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/aircrew2.htm). [Arlington National Cemetery](/source/Arlington_National_Cemetery). Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["A-3 Skywarrior aircraft lost with crew lists, p. 2"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060517173549/http://www.a3skywarrior.com/Memorial/AccRep_Crews/A-3%20AccidentsPage2.html). A-3 Skywarrior Association. Archived from [the original](http://www.a3skywarrior.com/Memorial/AccRep_Crews/A-3%20AccidentsPage2.html) on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["HTML List of Accidents by BuNo Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060619052132/http://a3skywarrior.com/Memorial/AccRepwithBuNo_full/HTML%20List%20of%20Accidents%20by%20BuNoPage2.html). A-3 Skywarrior Association. 10 November 2003. Archived from [the original](http://www.a3skywarrior.com/Memorial/AccRepwithBuNo_full/HTML%20List%20of%20Accidents%20by%20BuNoPage2.html) on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Second VP-8"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030318132108/http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/chap3-2.pdf) (PDF). *Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 2, Chapter 3*. Naval Historical Center. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/chap3-2.pdf) (PDF) on 18 March 2003. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Third VP-10"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070327075802/http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/chap3-3.pdf) (PDF). *Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 2, Chapter 3*. Naval Historical Center. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-vol2/chap3-3.pdf) (PDF) on 27 March 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Ballykelly's Shackleton Era 1952-1971"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080705064701/http://users.bigpond.net.au/Shackleton/balkela.html). Archived from [the original](http://users.bigpond.net.au/Shackleton/balkela.html) on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["History - No. 269 Squadron RAF"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080421215817/http://www.oca.269squadron.btinternet.co.uk/history/squadron_history/chronology/1952-1963.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.oca.269squadron.btinternet.co.uk/history/squadron_history/chronology/1952-1963.htm) on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Donnelly, Ralph W.; Gabrielle M. Nuefield; Carolyn A. Tyson (1971). *A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps, 1947–1964 Volume III*. Washington, DC: [United States Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps). p. 35. [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [77-604776](https://lccn.loc.gov/77-604776). PCN 19000318200.

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## Bibliography

*This article incorporates text from the [public domain](/source/Public_domain)*[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships](/source/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships)*.*

- [Dulles, John Foster](/source/John_Foster_Dulles) (12 January 1954). ["The Evolution of Foreign Policy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080418035658/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/strategy/article-dulles-retaliation_1962-01-25.htm). *Department of State, Press Release* (81). Archived from [the original](http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/strategy/article-dulles-retaliation_1962-01-25.htm) on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

- Clearwater, John (1998). *Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal*. Dundurn Press Ltd. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55002-299-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55002-299-7).

- Donnelly, Ralph W.; Gabrielle M. Nuefield; Carolyn A. Tyson (1971). [*A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps, 1947–1964 Volume III*](http://www.usmc.mil/news/publications/Documents/A%20Chronology%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Marine%20Corps%201947-1964%20%20PCN%2019000318200.pdf) (PDF). USMC Headquarters - Historical Division. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4819-8751-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4819-8751-6).

- Friedman, Norman (September 1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. [Naval Institute Press](/source/United_States_Naval_Institute). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55750-260-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-260-9).

- Jones, William K. (1987). A Brief History of the 6th Marines. USMC Headquarters - Historical Division. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-900031-00-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900031-00-0).

- Key Jr., David M. (2001). Admiral Jerauld Wright: Warrior among Diplomats. Sunflower University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-89745-251-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89745-251-8).

- Lord Ismay, [*NATO the first five years 1949-1954*](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1954

- Sturtivant, Ray; Theo Ballance (1994). The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm*, first edition*. Air Britain. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85130-223-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-223-8).

- Trauschweizer, Igor Wolfgang (2006). ["Creating Deterrence for Limited War: The U.S. Army and the Defense of West Germany, 1953-1982; PhD dissertation"](https://drum.umd.edu/dspace/bitstream/1903/3390/1/umi-umd-3202.pdf) (PDF). Department of History - [University of Maryland, College Park](/source/University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park). Retrieved 28 August 2008.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- USS *Wasp* Veterans Association (1999). *U. S. S. Wasp CV 18*. Turner Publishing Company. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56311-404-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-404-5).

- Benedict, John R. (Spring 2005). ["The Unraveling and Revitalization of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare"](http://www.jhuapl.edu/areas/warfare/papers/art4-sp05.pdf) (PDF). *Naval War College Review*. **58** (2): 92–120. Retrieved 28 August 2008.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- Porter, Richard E. (March–April 1977). ["Correlation of Forces: Revolutionary Legacy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030314/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1977/mar-apr/porter.html). *[Air University Review](/source/Air_University_(United_States))*. Archived from [the original](http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1977/mar-apr/porter.html) on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

- [Trainor, Bernard E.](/source/Bernard_E._Trainor) (February 2008). ["Triumph in Strategic Thinking"](http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/archive/story.asp?STORY_ID=1352). *United States Naval Institute Proceedings*. **134** (2). 40 – 42. Retrieved 29 August 2008.

- ["The day *Nautilus* came to Portland"](https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/1738390.the-day-nautilus-came-to-portland/). *[Dorset Echo](/source/Dorset_Echo)*. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

- [Baldwin, Hanson W.](/source/Hanson_W._Baldwin) (22 September 1957). ["100 Fighting Ships in Vast Exercise"](https://www.nytimes.com/1957/09/22/archives/100-fighting-ships-in-vast-exercise-strongest-part-of-nato-force-in.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. p. 9. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

- [Trainor, Bernard E.](/source/Bernard_E._Trainor) (23 March 1987). ["Lehman's Sea-War Strategy Is Alive, but for How Long?"](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/23/us/washington-talk-pentagon-lehman-s-sea-war-strategy-is-alive-but-for-how-long.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

- ["Emergency Call"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891351,00.html) *Time* — 30 September 1957

- ["All Ashore"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231520/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809962,00.html) *Time* — 7 October 1957

- ["Antisubmarine Boss"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024204907/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863224,00.html?iid=chix-sphere) *Time* — 7 April 1958

- ["The Goblin Killers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080906183515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863701,00.html) *Time* — 1 September 1958

- [A-3 Skywarrior aircraft lost with crew lists, p. 2](https://web.archive.org/web/20060517173549/http://www.a3skywarrior.com/Memorial/AccRep_Crews/A-3%20AccidentsPage2.html) A-3 Skywarrior Association

- [Descriptive List of Accidents, p. 2](https://web.archive.org/web/20060619052132/http://a3skywarrior.com/Memorial/AccRepwithBuNo_full/HTML%20List%20of%20Accidents%20by%20BuNoPage2.html) A-3 Skywarrior Association

- [Ballykelly's Shackleton Era 1952-1971](https://web.archive.org/web/20080705064701/http://users.bigpond.net.au/Shackleton/balkela.html)

- [*Chronological History — U.S. Naval Communications*](http://www.radioman.org/history.pdf)

- [The National Association of Destroyer Veterans](http://www.destroyers.org)

- [Loss and Ejections: F4D-1 Skyray](https://web.archive.org/web/20150528064512/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Skyray/douglas_skyray.htm) - [Project Get Out and Walk](http://www.ejection-history.org.uk)

- [HMCS *Iroquois*](http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/iroquois/about/ship_about_e.asp?category=49) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040517133522/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/iroquois/about/ship_about_e.asp?category=49) 17 May 2004 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [HMS *Bulwark* - Fleet Air Arm Archives](https://web.archive.org/web/20150322175446/http://fleetairarmarchive.net/Ships/Bulwark.html)

- [Go Navy](http://gonavy.jp/)

- [United States Navy Crew Crashes While On NATO Maneuvers In The Atlantic 24 September 1957](http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/aircrew2.htm) - [Arlington National Cemetery](/source/Arlington_National_Cemetery)

- [*Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 1 The History of VA, VAH, VAK, VAL, VAP and VFA Squadrons*](https://web.archive.org/web/20080915085909/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/dictvol1.htm)

- [*Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 2 The History of VP, VPB, VP(H) and VP(AM) Squadrons*](https://web.archive.org/web/20080915133000/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/dictvol2.htm)

- [Photo gallery](http://www.navsource.net/archives/02/11.htm) of USS *Intrepid* (CV-11) at NavSource Naval History

- [Senior officials in the NATO military structure, from 1949 to 2001](http://www.nato.int/cv/ace-k-p.pdf)

- [History, 1952 - 1963](https://web.archive.org/web/20070814061819/http://www.oca.269squadron.btinternet.co.uk/history/squadron_history/chronology/1952-1963.htm) - No. 269 Squadron RAF

- [Sea Story](https://web.archive.org/web/20080926135400/http://www.ussessexcv9.org/Sea_Stories.htm) - USS *Essex* Association

## External links

- ["Trained to 'Strike Back'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20041104180511/http://history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1950s/1957/dec57.pdf) - *Naval Aviation News* - December 1957

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Exercise Strikeback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Strikeback) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Strikeback?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.