# European Union Space Programme

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EU funding programme

European Union Space Programme Formed 2021 (as EUSP) 2007 (as ESP) Manager EUSPA Primary spaceport Guiana Space Centre Annual budget €1.997-2.221bn[1]

  ESA and EU member states

  ESA-only members

  EU-only members

The **European Union Space Programme**[2] is an EU funding programme established in 2021 along with its managing agency, the [European Union Agency for the Space Programme](/source/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme),[3] in order to implement the pre-existing **European Space Policy** established on 22 May 2007 when a joint and concomitant meeting at the ministerial level of the [Council of the European Union](/source/Council_of_the_European_Union) and the Council of the [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency), known collectively as the *European Space Council*, adopted a *Resolution on the European Space Policy*.[4] The policy had been jointly drafted by the [European Commission](/source/European_Commission) and the [Director General of the European Space Agency](/source/Director_General_of_the_European_Space_Agency). This was the first common political framework for space activities established by the [European Union](/source/European_Union) (EU).[5] The [Flag of Europe](/source/Flag_of_Europe) is flown in space during missions of the [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency). It was flown by ESA's Andre Kuipers during Delta mission.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Each of the [member states](/source/List_of_European_Union_member_states) have pursued to some extent their own national space policy, though often co-ordinating through the independent [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency) (ESA).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Background

The European Union stated several reasons its space policy would be beneficial, which include:[6]

- Meeting key societal challenges: The space sector provides public services to everyone in the EU. It can solve societal challenges such as climate change, sustainable consumption of natural resources, and safety and security.[6]

- jobs and industrial growth: The EU has over 230,000 jobs in the space sector, it has a worth of over €50 billion to the EU economy[6]

- Ensuring EU autonomy: By having access to space, Europe can stay competitive in business, in security, and form a stronger presence on the global stage.[6]

A communication outlining the policy was released on 26 April 2007 which set out orientations for:[7][8]

- Coordinating more effective civil space programmes between ESA, EU and their respective Member States to ensure value for money and eliminate unnecessary duplication, thus meeting shared European needs.

- Developing and exploiting European space applications such as GALILEO and GMES (Global Monitoring for the Environment and Security) and satellite communication applications.

- Preserving EU autonomous access to space.

- Increasing synergy between defense and civil space programmes and technologies and pursue, in particular, interoperability of civil/military systems.

- Ensuring that space policy is coherent with, and supports the EU's external relationships.

The policy expresses support for an operational and autonomous [Global Monitoring for Environment and Security](/source/GMES) (GMES) [satellite](/source/Satellite) capability before the end of 2008, and for a [global navigation satellite system](/source/Global_navigation_satellite_system) under European civil control, i.e. the [Galileo positioning system](/source/Galileo_positioning_system).[6]

[Enterprise and Industry Commissioner](/source/European_Commissioner_for_Enterprise_and_Industry) [Günter Verheugen](/source/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen) has stated that even though the EU is "a world leader in the technology, it is being put on the defensive by the [United States](/source/United_States) and [Russia](/source/Russia) and that it only has about a 10 year technological advantage on [China](/source/China) and [India](/source/India), which are racing to catch up."[9][10]

## Components

### Galileo

Main article: [Galileo (satellite navigation)](/source/Galileo_(satellite_navigation))

The European Union started work on a project to create the Galileo positioning system to break dependence on the United States [GPS](/source/GPS) system. This is in cooperation with ESA as well as other countries.[6]

### EGNOS

Main article: [European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service](/source/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service)

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) provides navigational assistance to aviation, maritime and land-based users over most of Europe. The system supplements data from [GPS](/source/Global_Positioning_System), [GLONASS](/source/GLONASS), and [Galileo](/source/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)) by monitoring and making corrections to their positioning data[6]

### Copernicus

Main article: [Copernicus Programme](/source/Copernicus_Programme)

Copernicus is a European system for monitoring the Earth and consists of earth observation satellites and in situ sensors. The program provides services in the thematic areas of land, marine, atmosphere, climate change, emergency management, and security[6]

### GOVSATCOM

The European Union Governmental Satellite Communications ([GOVSATCOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GOVSATCOM&action=edit&redlink=1)) programme provides secure and encrypted communications capabilities for military and government needs of the European Union and its Member States, including national security actors and EU Agencies and institutions. In January 2026, GOVSATCOM consisted of eight satellites from five different EU member states.[11][12]

### IRIS²

Main article: [IRIS²](/source/IRIS%C2%B2)

IRIS² is planned third EU's satellite constellation (after Galileo and Copernicus) aimed mainly to enhanced communication services.

### SSA

Space situational awareness (SSA) monitors and protects space assets by providing data on space hazards. It is crucial for the European economy and for EU citizens who rely on space-based capabilities in their daily lives (navigation, communication, etc.).[13]

SSA covers three main areas:

- Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) of man-made objects.

- Space Weather (SWE) monitoring and forecast.

- Near-Earth Objects (NEO) monitoring (only natural space objects).

## Relations with ESA

[ESA](/source/European_Space_Agency) is not an agency or body of the European Union, and has non-EU countries (Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) as members. There are however ties between the two, with various agreements in place and being worked on, to define the legal status of ESA with regard to the EU.[14] ESA has an EU liaison office in Brussels.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] There are common goals between ESA and the EU. On certain projects, the EU and ESA co-operate, such as the [Galileo](/source/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)) satellite navigation system. Space policy has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the [European Council](/source/European_Council). Under the European Space Policy, later implemented as the European Union Space Programme, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed themselves to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space.[15]

The legal basis for the EU/ESA co-operation is provided by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in May 2004. According to this agreement, the European Commission and ESA co-ordinate their actions through the Joint Secretariat, a small team of EC's administrators and ESA executive. The Member States of the two organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

ESA is partnered with the EU on its two current flagship space programs, the [Copernicus series of Earth observation satellites](/source/Copernicus_Programme) and the [Galileo satellite navigation system](/source/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)), with ESA providing technical oversight and, in the case of Copernicus, some of the funding.[16] The EU, though, has shown an interest in expanding into new areas, whence the proposal to rename and expand its satellite navigation agency (the [European GNSS Agency](/source/European_GNSS_Agency)) into the EU Agency for the Space Programme. The proposal drew strong criticism from ESA, as it is perceived as encroaching on ESA's turf.[16]

The [European Commission](/source/European_Commission) is increasingly working together towards common objectives. Some 20 per cent of the funds managed by ESA now originate from the supranational [budget of the European Union](/source/Budget_of_the_European_Union). In recent years the ties between ESA and the European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting the EU's social, political and economic policies.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## History

In May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the European Union and their member states. Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESA's Director General, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to space and exploration. Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member States all commit to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating to space.[17]

Former Italian astronaut [Umberto Guidoni](/source/Umberto_Guidoni), during his tenure as a [Member of the European Parliament](/source/Member_of_the_European_Parliament) from 2004 to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, "since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space. We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players."[18]

The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D space agency. Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009.[19] A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance.[20]

The political perspective of the [European Union](/source/European_Union) (EU) was to make ESA an [agency of the EU](/source/Agency_of_the_European_Union) by 2014;[21] however, this date was not met. The EU member states provide most of ESA's funding, and they are all either full ESA members or observers.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Although the United Kingdom has [left the European Union](/source/Brexit), it still continues its membership in the European Space Agency.[22] Since members of the European Space Agency contribute funding based on percentage of GDP, the United Kingdom is one of the larger members of the Space Agency and provides a significant amount of funding.[23]

In January 2021, after years of acrimonious relations, EU and ESA officials mended their relationship, with the EU Internal Market commissioner [Thierry Breton](/source/Thierry_Breton) saying "The European space policy will continue to rely on ESA and its unique technical, engineering and science expertise," and that "ESA will continue to be the European agency for space matters.[16] If we are to be successful in our European strategy for space, and we will be, I will need ESA by my side." ESA director Aschbacher reciprocated, saying "I would really like to make ESA the main agency, the go-to agency of the European Commission for all its flagship programs." ESA and EUSPA are now seen to have distinct roles and competencies, which will be officialized in the Financial Framework Partnership Agreement (FFPA).[16] Whereas ESA will focus will be on the technical elements of the EU space programs, EUSPA will handle the operational elements of those programs.[16]

## Other EU programmes involved in space research

### Horizon Europe

The [Horizon Europe](/source/Horizon_Europe) programme is the source of funding for a variety of projects, such as:

- Monitoring agricultural sustainability with SIGMA and AGRICAB projects[6]

- Analyzing the chemical composition of Earth's oceans: OOSS2015[6]

- Supporting urban planners in the coordination of city resources: DECUMANUS[6]

## See also

- [European Union](/source/European_Union) (EU) - [EU Commission Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space](/source/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space) (DG DEFIS) - [European Union Agency for the Space Programme](/source/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme) (EUSPA) - [European Union Satellite Centre](/source/European_Union_Satellite_Centre) (EU SatCen) - [European Defence Agency](/source/European_Defence_Agency) (EDA) - [Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications](/source/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications) (BEREC) - [European Union Aviation Safety Agency](/source/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency) (EASA) - [European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities](/source/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities) (ENCASIA) - [Europe by Satellite](/source/Europe_by_Satellite)

- [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency) (ESA) - [Ariane 5](/source/Ariane_5) - [Ariane 6](/source/Ariane_6) - [Relationship between the EU and ESA](/source/European_Space_Agency#Link_between_ESA_and_EU) - [Guiana Space Centre](/source/Guiana_Space_Centre)

- [AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe](/source/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe) - [Eurospace](/source/Eurospace)

- [International Space Station](/source/International_Space_Station) (ISS)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["EU Space Programme – Performance | European Commission"](https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/eu-budget/performance-and-reporting/programmes-performance/european-space-programme-performance_en). Ec.europa.eu. 7 June 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["The new European Union Space Programme a successful European cooperation paradigm"](https://www.euspa.europa.eu/newsroom/news/new-european-union-space-programme-successful-european-cooperation-paradigm). EUSPA. 22 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013 and (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision No 541/2014/EU](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R0696&from=EN)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Europe's Space Policy becomes a reality today"](http://www.esa.int/esaCP/Pr_21_2007_p_EN.html). ESA. 22 May 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Resolution on the European Space Policy, ESA Director General's Proposal for the European Space Policy"](http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br269/br269.pdf) (PDF). European Space Agency. June 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Eceuropa_6-10) ["Space"](http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/space_en). 5 July 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [EU needs powerful space policy to face global challenges](http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/575&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en) europea.eu

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Announcement: server inaccessibility – European Commission"](http://sorry.ec.europa.eu/). *sorry.ec.europa.eu*. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [EU expected to unveil space policy before summer](http://euobserver.com/9/23848) euobserver.com

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [EU to target satellite observation in space race](http://euobserver.com/9/23883) euobserver.com

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["EU's own satellite communication system now operational – Kubilius"](https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/01/27/eu-now-has-its-own-secure-and-encrypted-satellite-communication-system-kubilius-says). *euronews*. 27 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Parsonson, Andrew (29 January 2026). ["EU Brings GOVSATCOM Secure Communications Service Online"](https://europeanspaceflight.com/eu-brings-govsatcom-secure-communications-service-online/). *European Spaceflight*. Retrieved 29 January 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Parsonson, Andrew (31 December 2025). ["Commission Approves New Members for Space Surveillance and Tracking Programme"](https://europeanspaceflight.com/commission-approves-new-members-for-space-surveillance-and-tracking-programme/). *European Spaceflight*. Retrieved 31 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dqbiya_14-0)** ["ESA and the EU"](http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_and_the_EU). European Space Agency. 9 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Millett, Lucy (29 August 2009). ["Opening up the gate to space"](http://www.cyprus-mail.com/node/34057). *[Cyprus Mail](/source/Cyprus_Mail)*. Retrieved 30 August 2009.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SN1_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SN1_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SN1_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-SN1_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-SN1_16-4) ["ESA and EU mend relations"](https://spacenews.com/esa-and-eu-mend-relations/). *[Space News](/source/Space_News)*. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** esa. ["ESA and the EU"](http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_and_the_EU). *European Space Agency*. Retrieved 3 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Former astronaut MEP backs Europe's stellar ambitions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081201130730/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/057-42862-322-11-47-909-20081120STO42665-2008-17-11-2008/default_en.htm). [European Parliament](/source/European_Parliament). 28 November 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/057-42862-322-11-47-909-20081120STO42665-2008-17-11-2008/default_en.htm) on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Coppinger, Rob (14 October 2009). ["2010 to see European Union human spaceflight decision"](http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/10/14/333427/2010-to-see-european-union-human-spaceflight-decision.html). *[Flightglobal.com](/source/Flightglobal.com)*. Retrieved 18 October 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Space exploration: European Ministers in Prague prepare a roadmap towards a common vision"](http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Space_exploration_European_Ministers_in_Prague_prepare_a_roadmap_towards_a_common_vision). European Space Agency. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Agenda 2011"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225015/http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf) (PDF). *ESA.int*. September 2007. BR-268. Archived from [the original](http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf) (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc.com_22-0)** ["European Commission seeks to boost space spending"](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44383819). BBC News. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Funding"](https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Funding). *esa.int*. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

## External links

- Text of the [*Resolution on the European Space Policy*](http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/BR/ESA_BR_269_22-05-07.pdf) adopted 22 May 2007.

- [European Space Policy](https://web.archive.org/web/20080203202843/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/space/themes/intro_space_en.html) ec.europa.eu

- [GMES](https://web.archive.org/web/20080926074120/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/space/gmes/index_en.htm) ec.europa.eu

- [GMES website](http://www.gmes.info/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171208015600/http://www.gmes.info/) 8 December 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) gmes.info

- [European Space Agency](http://esa.int/) esa.int

- [European Space Policy Institute](https://web.archive.org/web/20070830054017/http://www.espi.or.at/home/index.php) espi.or.at

- Davies, Ron. ["Towards an EU industrial policy for space"](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130613/LDM_BRI(2013)130613_REV1_EN.pdf) (PDF). *Library Briefing*. Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 31 July 2013.

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v t e Politics of outer space Spacefaring nations Space policy Space traffic management Space debris management Space Debris Working Group Space Debris Committee Planetary protection principle Post-detection policy Asteroid impact Prediction Avoidance Spaceguard The Spaceguard Foundation Space races Cold War Space Race Sputnik crisis Timeline Billionaire space race Mars race Records Space propaganda Space competition Chinese space program Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976) Shuguang program (1966–1972) Chinese ASAT program (1964–) 2007 test Project 921 (1992–) Shenzhou program Tiangong program Space station Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–) Mars and beyond Planetary Exploration of China (2016–) MARS-500 study ESA Science Programme European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975) Europa launcher programme (1962–1973) European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975) European Space Agency (1975–) EU/ESA Space Council European Cooperation for Space Standardization European Space Research and Technology Centre Concurrent Design Facility European Astronaut Centre ESA Centre for Earth Observation Living Planet Programme European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications European Data Relay System Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010) European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–) European Space Security and Education Centre European Space Operations Centre ESTRACK network Guiana Space Centre Ariane launcher programme (1973–) Vega launcher programme (1998–) European Space Policy Institute Space Situational Awareness Programme Future Launchers Preparatory Programme Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle PRIDE Space Rider ESA Television Mars and beyond Mars Exploration Joint Initiative MARS-500 study Aurora programme ExoMars Horizon 2000 (1985–1995) SOHO Cassini–Huygens Huygens Cluster Cluster II XMM-Newton Rosetta INTEGRAL Herschel Planck Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015) ISS programme Politics Gaia LISA Pathfinder BepiColombo Cosmic Vision (2015–2025) Solar Orbiter Euclid ARIEL EnVision CHEOPS JUICE ATHENA LISA Comet Interceptor SMILE EU Space Programme Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002) EU Satellite Centre (2002–) EU/ESA Space Council EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010) European GNSS Agency (2010–2021) EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–) Galileo programme Copernicus programme EGNOS programme EUSST programme Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications European Union Aviation Safety Agency European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities European Defence Agency Europe by Satellite Other European initiatives and bodies AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe Eurospace Eurocontrol Council of Europe Council of European Aerospace Societies European Broadcasting Union European Civil Aviation Conference European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations European Telecommunications Standards Institute European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites European Patent Organisation European Patent Office European Telecommunications Satellite Organization European Southern Observatory Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Indian space policy Department of Space Space Activities Bill Chandrayaan programme Mangalyaan programme Indian Human Spaceflight Programme Indian ASAT programme Mission Shakti British space programme Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958) Start of the Ariel programme (1962) Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971) Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985) Outer Space Act 1986 Project Juno (1991) Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010) Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010) Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 Space Industry Act 2018 UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020) 2021 Integrated Review Defence in a Competitive Age US space policy Truman space policy Operation Paperclip list of scientists Aerobee rocket program RAND Establishment of Cape Canaveral Eisenhower space policy WS-117L Project Vanguard Sputnik crisis Introduction to Outer Space 1958 NASA Act Space Act Agreement Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest Launch of Project Mercury Missile gap Launch of X-15 program Kennedy space policy Launch of the Mariner program Launch of the Gemini project Launch of the Apollo program "We choose to go to the Moon" Johnson space policy 1967 Outer Space Treaty Nixon space policy Moon landing Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law Launch of the Space Shuttle Program Skylab Ford space policy Apollo–Soyuz Launch of the Viking program Carter space policy Reagan space policy Citizens' Advisory Council Strategy of Technology doctrine Strategic Defense Initiative Space Station Freedom proposal 1984 Space Act 1985 anti-satellite missile test Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Rogers Report Ride Report George H. W. Bush space policy Space Exploration Initiative 1990 Augustine Committee Hubble Space Telescope National Space Council Clinton space policy Faster, better, cheaper Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission ISS Shuttle–Mir program ISS programme Politics Launch of the Mars Exploration Program 1998 Space Act Decadal Planning Team Launch of the X-37 program George W. Bush space policy Aerospace Industry Commission 2002 National missile defense directive Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Vision for Space Exploration Aldridge Commission ESAS 2005 NASA Act Launch of the Constellation program Operation Burnt Frost Obama space policy 2009 Augustine Committee Kennedy Space Center speech Cancellation of the Constellation program Launch of the Space Launch System program Redesign of the Orion program Flexible path Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 2010 NASA Act Title 51 Space Shuttle retirement Development of the Commercial Crew Program 2014 NASA Act 2015 Space Act First Trump space policy Re-establishment of the National Space Council Creation of the Space Force Launch of the Artemis program Launch of the Lunar Gateway project Executive Order 13959 Biden space policy Return to lunar exploration Second Trump space policy Golden Dome missile defense system Expanding the commercial spaceflight industry First lunar flyby since Apollo Returning humans to the Moon China exclusion policy of NASA International Traffic in Arms Regulations Full-spectrum dominance doctrine Budget of NASA House Committee on Space NESDIS Office of Space Commerce FCC FAA/AST NRO IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Antennas & Propagation Society Broadcast Technology Society Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society Vehicular Technology Society USSR and Russia Soviet space program Stalin Operation Osoaviakhim (1946) list of scientists Khrushchev Sputnik program Sputnik crisis (1957) Vostok program (1960–1963) Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982) Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976) Voskhod program (1964–1966) Brezhnev Soyuz program (1967–) Interkosmos (1967–1991) Salyut program (1971–1986) Almaz (1973–1977) Buran program (1974–1993) Apollo–Soyuz (1975) Gorbachev Mir (1986–2001) Roscosmos Yeltsin Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission ISS (1993–) Shuttle–Mir program ISS programme Politics Medvedev Medvedev modernisation programme 2010 Military doctrine Putin United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015) 2014 Military doctrine 2015 Creation of Roscosmos Mars MARS-500 study ExoMars Other policies Australian space program Brazilian space program Emirati space program Japanese space program Kazakh space program Kenyan space program Lebanese space program North Korean space program Pakistani space program Space programme 2040 Philippine space program South Korean space program Ugandan space initiatives International Space Station programme Politics of the International Space Station United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization ITU-R Office for Outer Space Affairs UN-SPIDER Space Generation Advisory Council Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space General Assembly Fourth Committee Other intergovernmental or inter-agency bodies African Space Agency Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems Committee on Earth Observation Satellites Committee on Space Research International Planetary Data Alliance International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Group on Earth Observations Global Standards Collaboration Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' International Mobile Satellite Organization International Space Exploration Coordination Group International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board International Telecommunications Satellite Organization Intersputnik Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group Regional African Satellite Communication Organization Arab Satellite Communications Organization Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization Space law Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) Outer Space Treaty (1967) Rescue Agreement (1968) Space Liability Convention (1972) US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972) Satellite Convention (1974) Registration Convention (1975) Bogota Declaration (1976) Moon Treaty (1979) Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981) International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988) International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998) International Docking System Standard International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999) Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012) Artemis Accords (2020) Space jurisdiction Common heritage of mankind Extraterrestrial real estate Astronomical naming conventions ITU Radio Regulations CCSDS standards ODCWG standards CEOS standards COSPAR standards International Designator IPDA standards GSC standards GEO standards ISECG standards Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs Commercial use Space industry India Russia United Kingdom United States Private spaceflight Launch market competition Space tourism Space advertising Space technology Space-based economy Space trade Space manufacturing Lunar resources Project Harvest Moon Asteroid mining Militarisation Space forces, units and formations Space forces Australia Brazil Canada China Colombia France Germany Iran AJA IRGC Israel Japan Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Pakistan Russia South Africa South Korea Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States History Structure Vietnam Ranks and insignia Space commands Australia France India Italy Mexico NATO NORAD Peru South Korea Spain United Kingdom United States Space warfare Space domain awareness Space weapon Anti-satellite weapon China India Russia United States Kinetic bombardment Kill vehicle Missile defense Military satellite Reconnaissance satellite Spaceplane Satellite jamming Space advocacy Air & Space Forces Association Alliance for Space Development National Space Society Space Frontier Foundation Mars Society Moon Society Students for the Exploration and Development of Space Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies British Interplanetary Society Coalition for Deep Space Exploration International Academy of Astronautics International Astronautical Federation International Astronomical Union Lunar Explorers Society Space Exploration Alliance Space Fellowship Space Force Association Space Foundation The Planetary Society

v t e Public-sector space agencies Africa Pan-African and pan-Arab RASCOM Arabsat National ASAL EgSA NARSS ESSTI GSSTC KSA CRTS NASRDA SANSA Americas North America CSA NASA NESDIS OSC FAA/AST FCC USSF USSPACECOM NRO Latin America and the Caribbean ALCE AEM CONAE ABE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC Asia Pan-Asian APSCO Central Asia KazCosmos1 Roscosmos1 SRI VK TNSA1 East Asia CNSA SASTIND CASC CALT CAST CCF CGWIC PLAASF CASIC JAXA ISAS JSS NICT NATA KASA KARI KASI SaTReC TASA South Asia BSPARRSO ISRO2 Antrix Corp DoS NRSC NSIL DSA SUPARCO Southeast Asia BRIN ORPA INASA MYSA PhilSA NSAS GISTDA VNSC MSA West Asia ArmCosmos1 MAKA1 NSSA NEHSA ISA ISRC ISA NCSR SSA KACST-SRI SSA2 GORS TUA TÜBİTAK UZAY UAESA (MBRSC) Europe Pan-European CEN/CENELEC CEPT ETSI Eurocontrol ECAC ESA ECSS ESTEC EAC ESRIN ECSAT ESAC ESOC ESTRACK Guiana Space Centre EUMETSAT EUTELSAT IGO ESO EU and EEA DG DEFIS EUSPA EU SatCen EASA BEREC ALR2 BELSPO BIRA-IASB SRTI2 CSO2 DTU Space ESO1 CNES2 AAE CdE DLR2 HSA HSO2 ASI LSA LSO1 SRON NLSA NOSA POLSA2 CBK PAN UKE KRRiT ORO ULC PTSPACE ROSA2 INTA AEC EAE AEE SNSA Other ArmCosmos1 MAKA1 BSA1 KazCosmos1 Roscosmos1 SRI VVKO SSO TUA TÜBİTAK UZAY SSAU1 UKSA2 Oceania ASA CSIRO NZSA World CCSDS CEOS COSPAR IPDA Cospas-Sarsat GEO GSC IADC ICSMD IMSO ISECG ISS MCB ITSO Intersputnik ODCWG ITU-R UNCOPUOS UNOOSA UNOSAT Former BNSC KCST INCOSPAR LAPAN NAL NASDA SSP MOM Interkosmos See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [European Union Space Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.