# Ethylene

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Hydrocarbon compound (H2C=CH2)

"Ethene" redirects here; not to be confused with [Ethane](/source/Ethane) or [Ethyne](/source/Ethyne).

Ethylene Names Preferred IUPAC name Ethene[1] Systematic IUPAC name Ethene Other names Refrigerant R-1150 Identifiers CAS Number 74-85-1 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 1730731 ChEBI CHEBI:18153 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL117822 Y ChemSpider 6085 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.000.742 EC Number 200-815-3 Gmelin Reference 214 KEGG C06547 Y PubChem CID 6325 RTECS number KU5340000 UNII 91GW059KN7 Y UN number 1962 1038 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1026378 InChI InChI=1S/C2H4/c1-2/h1-2H2 Y Key: VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C2H4/c1-2/h1-2H2 Key: VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYAE SMILES C=C Properties Chemical formula C 2H 4 Molar mass 28.054 g·mol−1 Appearance colourless gas Density 1.178 kg/m3 at 15 °C, gas[2] Melting point −169.2 °C (−272.6 °F; 104.0 K) Boiling point −103.7 °C (−154.7 °F; 169.5 K) Solubility in water 131 mg/L (25 °C);[3] 2.9 mg/L[4] Solubility in ethanol 4.22 mg/L[4] Solubility in diethyl ether good[4] Acidity (pKa) 44 Conjugate acid Ethenium Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −15.30·10−6 cm3/mol Viscosity 10.28 μPa·s[5] Structure Molecular shape D2h Dipole moment zero Thermochemistry Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 219.32 J·K−1·mol−1 Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) +52.47 kJ/mol Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H220, H336 Precautionary statements P210, P261, P271, P304+P340, P312, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 2 4 2 Flash point −136 °C (−213 °F; 137 K) Autoignition temperature 542.8 °C (1,009.0 °F; 815.9 K) Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0475 Related compounds Related compounds Ethane Acetylene Propene Supplementary data page Ethylene (data page) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

**Ethylene** ([IUPAC](/source/IUPAC) name: **ethene**) is a [hydrocarbon](/source/Hydrocarbon) which has the formula C2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colourless, [flammable](/source/Flammable) gas with a faint "sweet and [musky](/source/Musk)" odour when pure.[7] It is the simplest [alkene](/source/Alkene) (a hydrocarbon with [carbon–carbon](/source/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond) [double bonds](/source/Double_bond)).

Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry, and its worldwide production (over 225 million [tonnes](/source/Tonne) in 2022)[8] exceeds that of any other [organic compound](/source/Organic_compound).[9][10] Much of this production goes toward creating [polyethylene](/source/Polyethylene), which is a widely used [plastic](/source/Plastic) containing [polymer](/source/Polymer) chains of ethylene units in various chain lengths. Production [emits greenhouse gases](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions), including [methane](/source/Methane) from [feedstock](/source/Feedstock) production and [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) from any non-[sustainable energy](/source/Sustainable_energy) used.

Ethylene is also an important natural [plant hormone](/source/Plant_hormone) and is used in agriculture to induce [ripening](/source/Ripening) of [fruits](/source/Fruit).[11] The [hydrate](/source/Hydrate) of ethylene is [ethanol](/source/Ethanol).

## Structure and properties

Orbital description of bonding between ethylene and a transition metal

This [hydrocarbon](/source/Hydrocarbon) has four [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen) [atoms](/source/Atom) bound to a pair of [carbon](/source/Carbon) atoms that are connected by a [double bond](/source/Double_bond). All six atoms that comprise ethylene are [coplanar](/source/Coplanar). The H-C-H [angle](/source/Angle) is 117.4°, close to the 120° for ideal sp² [hybridized](/source/Hybridization_(chemistry)) carbon. The molecule is also relatively weak: rotation about the C-C bond is a very low energy process that requires breaking the [π-bond](/source/Pi_bond) by supplying heat at 50 °C.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The [π-bond](/source/Pi_bond) in the ethylene molecule is responsible for its useful reactivity. The double bond is a region of high [electron density](/source/Electron_density), thus it is susceptible to attack by [electrophiles](/source/Electrophiles). Many reactions of ethylene are catalyzed by transition metals, which bind temporarily to the ethylene using both the π and π* orbitals.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Being a simple molecule, ethylene is spectroscopically simple. Its UV-vis [spectrum](/source/Spectroscopy) is still used as a test of theoretical methods.[12]

## Production

Global ethylene production was 107 million tonnes in 2005,[9] 109 million tonnes in 2006,[13] 138 million tonnes in 2010, and 141 million tonnes in 2011.[14] By 2013, ethylene was produced by at least 117 companies in 32 countries. To meet the ever-increasing demand for ethylene, sharp increases in production facilities are added globally, particularly in the [Mideast](/source/Mideast) and in [China](/source/China).[15] Production [emits greenhouse gas](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions), namely significant amounts of carbon dioxide.[16]

### Industrial process

Ethylene is produced by several methods in the [petrochemical industry](/source/Petrochemical_industry). A primary method is [steam cracking](/source/Steam_cracking) (SC) where hydrocarbons and steam are heated to 750–950 °C. This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. When [ethane](/source/Ethane) is the feedstock, ethylene is the product. Ethylene is separated from the resulting mixture by repeated [compression](/source/Compression_(physical)) and [distillation](/source/Distillation).[17] In Europe and Asia, ethylene is obtained mainly from cracking naphtha, gasoil and condensates with the coproduction of propylene, C4 olefins and aromatics (pyrolysis gasoline).[18] Other procedures employed for the production of ethylene include [Fischer-Tropsch synthesis](/source/Fischer-Tropsch_synthesis) and [methanol-to-olefins](/source/Methanol-to-olefin) (MTO).[19]

### Laboratory synthesis

Although of great value industrially, ethylene is rarely synthesized in the laboratory and is ordinarily purchased.[20] It can be produced via dehydration of [ethanol](/source/Ethanol) with [sulfuric acid](/source/Sulfuric_acid) or in the gas phase with [aluminium oxide](/source/Aluminium_oxide) or [activated alumina](/source/Activated_alumina).[21]

### Biosynthesis

Ethylene is produced from [methionine](/source/Methionine) in nature. The immediate precursor is [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid](/source/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid).[22]

## Uses

Diagram of uses of ethene

Major industrial reactions of ethylene include in order of scale: 1) [polymerization](/source/Polymerization), 2) [oxidation](/source/Oxidation), 3) [halogenation](/source/Halogenation) and [hydrohalogenation](/source/Hydrohalogenation), 4) [alkylation](/source/Alkylation), 5) [hydration](/source/Hydration_reaction), 6) [oligomerization](/source/Oligomerization), and 7) [hydroformylation](/source/Hydroformylation). In the [United States](/source/United_States) and [Europe](/source/Europe), approximately 90% of ethylene is used to produce [ethylene oxide](/source/Ethylene_oxide), [ethylene dichloride](/source/Ethylene_dichloride), [ethylbenzene](/source/Ethylbenzene) and [polyethylene](/source/Polyethylene).[23] Most of the reactions with ethylene are [electrophilic addition](/source/Electrophilic_addition). It is also used in the production of mustard gas (Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide) by the addition of sulfur dichloride (SCl2) to ethylene.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Main industrial uses of ethylene. Clockwise from the upper right: its conversions to [ethylene oxide](/source/Ethylene_oxide), precursor to [ethylene glycol](/source/Ethylene_glycol); to [ethylbenzene](/source/Ethylbenzene), precursor to [styrene](/source/Styrene); to various kinds of [polyethylene](/source/Polyethylene); to [ethylene dichloride](/source/Ethylene_dichloride), precursor to [vinyl chloride](/source/Vinyl_chloride).

### Polymerization

See also: [Ziegler–Natta catalyst](/source/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst) and [Polyethylene](/source/Polyethylene)

Polyethylene production uses more than half of the world's ethylene supply. Polyethylene, also called *polyethene* and *polythene*, is the world's most widely used plastic. It is primarily used to make films in [packaging](/source/Packaging), [carrier bags](/source/Carrier_bags) and trash [liners](/source/Bin_bag). Linear [alpha-olefins](/source/Alpha-olefins), produced by [oligomerization](/source/Oligomerization) (formation of short-chain molecules) are used as [precursors](/source/Precursor_(chemistry)), [detergents](/source/Detergents), [plasticisers](/source/Plasticisers), [synthetic lubricants](/source/Synthetic_lubricants), additives, and also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes.[23]

### Oxidation

Ethylene is [oxidized](/source/Oxidation) to produce [ethylene oxide](/source/Ethylene_oxide), a key raw material in the production of [surfactants](/source/Surfactant) and [detergents](/source/Detergent) by [ethoxylation](/source/Ethoxylation). Ethylene oxide is also hydrolyzed to produce [ethylene glycol](/source/Ethylene_glycol), widely used as an automotive antifreeze as well as higher molecular weight glycols, [glycol ethers](/source/Glycol_ethers), and [polyethylene terephthalate](/source/Polyethylene_terephthalate).[24]

Main article: [Wacker process](/source/Wacker_process)

Ethylene oxidation in the presence of a palladium catalyst can form [acetaldehyde](/source/Acetaldehyde). This conversion remains a major industrial process (10M kg/y).[25] The process proceeds via the initial complexation of ethylene to a Pd(II) center.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Halogenation and hydrohalogenation

Major intermediates from the [halogenation](/source/Halogenation) and [hydrohalogenation](/source/Hydrohalogenation) of ethylene include [ethylene dichloride](/source/Ethylene_dichloride), [ethyl chloride](/source/Ethyl_chloride), and [ethylene dibromide](/source/Ethylene_dibromide). The addition of chlorine entails "[oxychlorination](/source/Oxychlorination)", i.e. chlorine itself is not used. Some products derived from this group are [polyvinyl chloride](/source/Polyvinyl_chloride), [trichloroethylene](/source/Trichloroethylene), [perchloroethylene](/source/Perchloroethylene), [methyl chloroform](/source/Methyl_chloroform), [polyvinylidene chloride](/source/Polyvinylidene_chloride) and [copolymers](/source/Copolymer), and [ethyl bromide](/source/Ethyl_bromide).[17]

### Alkylation

Major chemical intermediates from the [alkylation](/source/Alkylation) with ethylene is [ethylbenzene](/source/Ethylbenzene), precursor to [styrene](/source/Styrene). Styrene is used principally in [polystyrene](/source/Polystyrene) for packaging and insulation, as well as in [styrene-butadiene](/source/Styrene-butadiene) rubber for tires and footwear. On a smaller scale, [ethyltoluene](/source/Ethyltoluene), ethylanilines, 1,4-hexadiene, and [aluminium](/source/Aluminium) alkyls. Products of these intermediates include [polystyrene](/source/Polystyrene), [unsaturated](/source/Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds) [polyesters](/source/Polyester) and ethylene-propylene [terpolymers](/source/Copolymer).[17]

### Oxo reaction

The [hydroformylation](/source/Hydroformylation) (oxo reaction) of ethylene results in [propionaldehyde](/source/Propionaldehyde), a precursor to [propionic acid](/source/Propionic_acid) and [n-propyl alcohol](/source/N-propyl_alcohol).[17]

### Hydration

Ethylene has long represented the major non-fermentative precursor to [ethanol](/source/Ethanol). The original method entailed its conversion to [diethyl sulfate](/source/Diethyl_sulfate), followed by hydrolysis. The main method practiced since the mid-1990s is the direct hydration of ethylene catalyzed by [solid acid catalysts](/source/Solid_acid_catalyst):[26]

- C2H4 + H2O → CH3CH2OH

### Dimerization to butenes

Ethylene is [dimerized](/source/Dimer_(chemistry)) by [hydrovinylation](/source/Hydrovinylation) to give *n*-butenes using processes licensed by Lummus or [IFP](/source/French_Institute_of_Petroleum). The Lummus process produces mixed *n*-butenes (primarily [2-butenes](/source/2-butene)) while the IFP process produces [1-butene](/source/1-butene). 1-Butene is used as a [comonomer](/source/Comonomer) in the production of certain kinds of [polyethylene](/source/Polyethylene).[27]

### Fruit and flowering

Main article: [Ethylene (plant hormone)](/source/Ethylene_(plant_hormone))

Ethylene is a hormone that affects the ripening and flowering of many plants. It is widely used to control freshness in [horticulture](/source/Horticulture) and [fruits](/source/Fruit).[28] The scrubbing of naturally occurring ethylene delays ripening.[29]

### Niche uses

An example of a niche use is as an [anesthetic agent](/source/Anesthesiology) (in an 85% ethylene/15% oxygen ratio).[30] It is also used as a [refrigerant](/source/Refrigerant) gas for low temperature applications under the name R-1150.[31] Ethylene has been employed in the production of various pharmaceuticals. Most noteworthy are: [EXP-561](/source/EXP-561), [maprotiline](/source/Maprotiline), [oxaprotiline](/source/Oxaprotiline), [benzoctamine](/source/Benzoctamine), [trazitiline](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trazitiline&action=edit&redlink=1) & even for [alifedrine](/source/Alifedrine) synthesis.

## Ligand

[Chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium dimer](/source/Chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium_dimer) is a well-studied complex of ethylene.[32]

Ethylene is a fundamental [ligand](/source/Ligand) in [transition metal alkene complexes](/source/Transition_metal_alkene_complexes). One of the first organometallic compounds, [Zeise's salt](/source/Zeise's_salt) is a complex of ethylene. Useful reagents containing ethylene include Pt(PPh3)2(C2H4) and Rh2Cl2(C2H4)4. The Rh-catalysed [hydroformylation](/source/Hydroformylation) of ethylene is conducted on an industrial scale to provide [propionaldehyde](/source/Propionaldehyde).[33]

## History

Some geologists and scholars think that the famous Greek [Oracle of Delphi](/source/Delphi#Oracle_of_Delphi) (the [Pythia](/source/Pythia)) went into her trance-like state as an effect of ethylene rising from ground faults.[34]

Ethylene appears to have been discovered by [Johann Joachim Becher](/source/Johann_Joachim_Becher), who obtained it by heating [ethanol](/source/Ethanol) with sulfuric acid;[35] he mentioned the gas in his *Physica Subterranea* (1669).[36] [Joseph Priestley](/source/Joseph_Priestley) also mentions the gas in his *Experiments and observations relating to the various branches of natural philosophy: with a continuation of the observations on air* (1779), where he reports that [Jan Ingenhousz](/source/Jan_Ingenhousz) saw ethylene synthesized in the same way by a Mr. Enée in Amsterdam in 1777 and that Ingenhousz subsequently produced the gas himself.[37] The properties of ethylene were studied in 1795 by four [Dutch](/source/Netherlands) chemists, Johann Rudolph Deimann, Adrien Paets van Troostwyck, Anthoni Lauwerenburgh and Nicolas Bondt, who found that it differed from [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen) gas and that it contained both carbon and hydrogen.[38] This group also discovered that ethylene could be combined with [chlorine](/source/Chlorine) to produce the *Dutch oil*, [1,2-dichloroethane](/source/1%2C2-Dichloroethane); this discovery gave ethylene the name used for it at that time, *olefiant gas* (oil-making gas.)[39] The term olefiant gas is in turn the etymological origin of the modern word "olefin", the class of hydrocarbons in which ethylene is the first member.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In the mid-19th century, the suffix *-ene* (an Ancient Greek root added to the end of female names meaning "daughter of") was widely used to refer to a molecule or part thereof that contained one fewer hydrogen atoms than the molecule being modified. Thus, *ethylene* (C 2H 4) was the "daughter of [ethyl](/source/Ethyl_group)" (C 2H 5).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]. The name ethylene was used in this sense as early as 1852.[40]

In 1866, the [German](/source/Germany) chemist [August Wilhelm von Hofmann](/source/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann) proposed a system of hydrocarbon nomenclature in which the suffixes -ane, -ene, -ine, -one, and -une were used to denote the hydrocarbons with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 fewer hydrogens than their parent [alkane](/source/Alkane).[41] In this system, ethylene became *ethene*. Hofmann's system eventually became the basis for the Geneva nomenclature approved by the International Congress of Chemists in 1892, which remains at the core of the [IUPAC](/source/IUPAC) nomenclature. However, by that time, the name ethylene was deeply entrenched, and it remains in wide use today, especially in the chemical industry.

Following experimentation by Luckhardt, Crocker, and Carter at the University of Chicago,[42] ethylene was used as an anesthetic.[43][7] It remained in use through the 1940s, even while chloroform was being phased out. Its pungent odor and its explosive nature limit its use today.[44]

### Nomenclature

The 1979 IUPAC nomenclature rules made an exception for retaining the non-systematic name *ethylene*;[45] however, this decision was reversed in the 1993 rules,[46] and it remains unchanged in the newest 2013 recommendations,[47] so the IUPAC name is now *ethene*. In the IUPAC system, the name *ethylene* is reserved for the [divalent](/source/Divalent) group -CH2CH2-. Hence, names like *ethylene oxide* and *ethylene dibromide* are permitted, but the use of the name *ethylene* for the two-carbon alkene is not. Nevertheless, use of the name *ethylene* for H2C=CH2 (and propylene for H2C=CHCH3) is still prevalent among chemists in North America.[48]

## Safety

Like all hydrocarbons, ethylene is a combustible [asphyxiant](/source/Asphyxiant_gas). It is listed as an [IARC](/source/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer) [group 3 agent](/source/IARC_Group_3), since there is no current evidence that it causes cancer in humans.[49]

## See also

- [RediRipe](/source/RediRipe), an ethylene detector for fruits.

## References

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Keystone_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Keystone_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Keystone_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Keystone_17-3) Kniel L, Winter O, Stork K (1980). *Ethylene, keystone to the petrochemical industry*. New York: M. Dekker. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8247-6914-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-6914-7).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Amghizar I, Vandewalle LA, Van Geem KM, Marin GB (2017). ["New Trends in Olefin Production"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.02.006). *Engineering*. **3** (2): 171–178. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017Engin...3..171A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Engin...3..171A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/J.ENG.2017.02.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.ENG.2017.02.006).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Crimmins MT, Kim-Meade AS (2001). "Ethylene". In Paquette, L. (ed.). *Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis*. New York: Wiley. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/047084289X.re066](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047084289X.re066). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0471936235](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471936235).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Cohen JB (1930). *Practical Organic Chemistry (preparation 4)*. Macmillan.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-inchem_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-inchem_23-1) ["OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Profile — Ethylene"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051942/http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/74851.pdf) (PDF). inchem.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/74851.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-05-21.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Kosaric N, Duvnjak Z, Farkas A, Sahm H, Bringer-Meyer S, Goebel O, Mayer D (2011). "Ethanol". *Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry*. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–72. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/14356007.a09_587.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a09_587.pub2). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783527306732](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527306732).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["1-Butene - Major Uses"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211116165807/https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=474&identifier=1-Butene&identifierType=name&menuItemId=22&catId=24). *WISER*. Archived from [the original](https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=474&identifier=1-Butene&identifierType=name&menuItemId=22&catId=24) on Nov 16, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Arshad, Muhammad; Frankenberger, William (2002). [*Ethylene*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7U-4TU0ryoAC&pg=PA289). Boston, MA: Springer. p. 289. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-306-46666-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46666-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Melton, Laurence; Shahidi, Fereidoon; Varelis, Peter (2019). [*Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MTV8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114). Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 114. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-12-814045-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814045-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Trout HH (August 1927). ["Blood Changes Under Ethylene Anæsthesia"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1399426). *Annals of Surgery*. **86** (2): 260–7. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1097/00000658-192708000-00013](https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-192708000-00013). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1399426](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1399426). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17865725](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17865725).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["R-1150 ETHYLENE Safety Data Sheet"](https://www.arma.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SDS-R1150-Ethylene.pdf) (PDF). *Australian Refrigeration Mechanics Association*. April 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230701104846/https://www.arma.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SDS-R1150-Ethylene.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Neely, Jamie M. (2014). "chlorobis(ethylene)rhodium(I) dimer". *E-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis*. pp. 1–6. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/047084289X.rn01715](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047084289X.rn01715). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780470842898](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470842898).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Wiley-VCH, ed. (2003-03-11). [*Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry*](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/14356007) (1 ed.). Wiley. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/14356007.a22_157.pub3](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a22_157.pub3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-527-30385-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30385-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180305044518/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/14356007) from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2023-10-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Roach_34-0)** Roach J (2001-08-14). ["Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010924070805/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0814_delphioracle.html). *[National Geographic](/source/National_Geographic)*. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0814_delphioracle.html) on September 24, 2001. Retrieved March 8, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Roscoe HE, Schorlemmer C (1878). [*A treatise on chemistry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=o7gtAAAAYAAJ). Vol. 1. D. Appleton. p. 611.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Brown JC (July 2006). [*A History of Chemistry: From the Earliest Times Till the Present Day*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pEhCyILvi8cC). Kessinger. p. 225. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4286-3831-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-3831-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Appendix, §VIII, pp. 474 ff., [*Experiments and observations relating to the various branches of natural philosophy: with a continuation of the observations on air*](https://archive.org/stream/experimentsobser00prie#page/474/mode/2up), Joseph Priestley, London: printed for J. Johnson, 1779, vol. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Roscoe & Schorlemmer 1878](#CITEREFRoscoeSchorlemmer1878), p. 612

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [Roscoe & Schorlemmer 1878](#CITEREFRoscoeSchorlemmer1878), p. 613 Gregory W (1857). [*Handbook of organic chemistry*](https://archive.org/details/handbookorganic00greggoog) (4th American ed.). A.S. Barnes & Co. p. [157](https://archive.org/details/handbookorganic00greggoog/page/n167).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["ethylene | Etymology, origin and meaning of ethylene"](https://www.etymonline.com/word/ethylene). *etymonline*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220719133429/https://www.etymonline.com/word/ethylene) from the original on 2022-07-19. Retrieved 2022-07-19.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Hofmann AW. ["Hofmann's Proposal for Systematic Nomenclature of the Hydrocarbons"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060903081507/http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/125/history99/5Valence/Nomenclature/Hofmannaeiou.html). www.chem.yale.edu. Archived from [the original](http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/125/history99/5Valence/Nomenclature/Hofmannaeiou.html) on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2007-01-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Luckhardt A, Carter JB (1 December 1923). "Ethylene as a gas anesthetic". *Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia*. **2** (6): 221–229. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1213/00000539-192312000-00004](https://doi.org/10.1213%2F00000539-192312000-00004). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [71058633](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71058633).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Johnstone GA (August 1927). ["Advantages of Ethylene-Oxygen as a General Anesthetic"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1655579). *California and Western Medicine*. **27** (2): 216–8. [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1655579](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1655579). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18740435](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18740435).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Whalen FX, Bacon DR, Smith HM (September 2005). "Inhaled anesthetics: an historical overview". *Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology*. **19** (3): 323–30. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.bpa.2005.02.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpa.2005.02.001). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16013684](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16013684).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** [IUPAC nomenclature rule A-3.1 (1979)](http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_53.htm#a_3__1) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20001010202833/http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_53.htm#a_3__1) 2000-10-10 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Acdlabs.com. Retrieved on 2016-04-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [Footnote to IUPAC nomenclature rule R-9.1, table 19(b)](http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_684.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071219101601/http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_684.htm) 2007-12-19 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Acdlabs.com. Retrieved on 2016-04-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H., eds. (2014). *Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013*. Cambridge: [Royal Society of Chemistry](/source/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781849733069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849733069). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [865143943](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865143943).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Vollhardt, K. Peter C.; Schore, Neil Eric (2018). *Organic chemistry : structure and function* (8 ed.). New York: Macmillan Learning. p. 470. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-319-07945-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-319-07945-1). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1007924903](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1007924903).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Ethylene (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 60, 1994)"](http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol60/m60-01.html). *www.inchem.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232534/http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol60/m60-01.html) from the original on 2019-01-13. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Ethylene](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethylene).

- [International Chemical Safety Card 0475](http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0475.htm)

- [MSDS](https://web.archive.org/web/20061113092037/http://www.novachem.com/ProductServices/docs/Ethylene_MSDS_EN.pdf)

v t e Alkenes Alkenes Ethene (C2H4) Propene (C3H6) Butene (C4H8) Pentene (C5H10) Hexene (C6H12) Heptene (C7H14) Octene (C8H16) Nonene (C9H18) Decene (C10H20) Polyenes Preparations Dehydrohalogenation from haloalkane Dehydration reaction from alcohol Semihydrogenation from alkyne Bamford–Stevens reaction Barton–Kellogg reaction Boord olefin synthesis Chugaev elimination Cope reaction Corey–Winter olefin synthesis Grieco elimination Hofmann elimination Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction Hydrazone iodination Julia olefination Kauffmann olefination McMurry reaction Peterson olefination Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction Shapiro reaction Takai olefination Wittig reaction Olefin metathesis Ene reaction Cope rearrangement Reactions Hydrogenation Halogenation Hydration Electrophilic addition Oxymercuration reaction Hydroboration Cyclopropanation Epoxidation Dihydroxylation Ozonolysis Hydrohalogenation Polymerization Diels–Alder reaction Wacker process Dehydrogenation Ene reaction Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

v t e Functional groups Hydrocarbons (only C and H) Alkyl Methyl Ethyl Propyl Cyclopropyl Butyl Pentyl Methylene Bridge Methine Alkene Vinyl Allyl 1-Propenyl Crotyl Allene Cumulene Aryl Phenyl Benzyl Alkyne Carbene Only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (only C, H and O) R-O-R Acetal Alcohol Alkoxy Methoxy Ether Enol ether Epoxide Peroxy Hydroperoxy Dioxiranes Ethylenedioxy Methylenedioxy carbonyl Acyl Acetyl Acryloyl Benzoyl Aldehyde Ketene Ketone Ynone Reductone carboxy Carboxyl Acetoxy Anhydride Ester Orthoester Only one element, not being carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen (one element, not C, H or O) Nitrogen Amine Enamine Ammonium Hydrazo Nitrene Imine Oxime Hydrazone Azo Amide Imidate Amidine Carbamate Imide Nitrile Isonitrile Cyanate Isocyanate Nitrate Nitrite Nitro Nitroso NONOate Triazole Tetrazole Silicon Silane Hydrosilane Chlorosilane Silene Silanol Siloxide Siloxane Silanone Silether Silole Silatrane Silicate Phosphorus Phosphate Phosphodiester Phosphonate Phosphite Phosphonous Phosphinate Phosphine oxide Phosphine Phosphonium Phosphaalkene Phosphaalkyne Phosphaallene Arsenic Arsinic acid Arsonic acid Arsole Sulfur Thiol Thioether Sulfonium Thia-crown ether Persulfide Disulfide Sulfenic acid Thiosulfinate Sulfoxide Thiosulfonate Sulfinic acid Sulfone Sulfonic acid Thioketone Thial Thioester Thionoester Thioxanthate Xanthate Boron Boronic acid Borinic acid Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Selone Selenoether Tellurium Tellurol Telluroketone telluroether Polonium Polonol Polonoether Halo Haloalkane Fluoroethyl Trifluoromethyl Trichloromethyl Trifluoromethoxy Hypervalent iodine Vinyl halide Iodide Acyl halide Chloride Perchlorate Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramides Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate Sulfinylamines See also chemical classification chemical nomenclature inorganic organic

v t e Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium(II) oxide Argonium Carbon cation Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Cyano radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Helium hydride ion Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen (molecular) Hydroxyl radical Imidogen Iron(II) oxide Magnesium monohydride Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen (molecular) Oxygen (molecular) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfanyl Sulfur mononitride Sulfur monoxide Titanium(II) oxide Triatomic Aluminium(I) hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene Methylidynephosphane N2H+ Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Potassium cyanide Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c-Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Trihydrogen cation Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanoethynyl Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methyl cation Methyl radical Methylene amidogen Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thiocyanic acid Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monosulfide Tricarbon monoxide Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon-carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical Cyclopropenone Diacetylene E-Cyanomethanimine Ethylene Formamide HC4N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Glycolonitrile Hexatriynyl radical Methyl isocyanate Methylamine Propyne Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Acrolein Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Hexapentaenylidene Methyl formate Methylcyanoacetylene Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Dimethyl ether Ethanethiol Ethanol Methyldiacetylene N-Methylformamide Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball) Butyronitrile C70 fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyclopentindene Ethyl formate Ethylene glycol Heptatrienyl radical Methyl acetate Methyl-cyano-diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propionaldehyde Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide N2D+ Propyne Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Glycine Graphene H2NCO+ Hemolithin Linear C5 Methoxyethane Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidyne Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar dust Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Photodissociation region Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) Pseudo-panspermia RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Category:Astrochemistry Outer space portal Astronomy portal Chemistry portal

v t e General anesthetics (N01A) Inhalational Chloroform‡ Cyclopropane‡ Desflurane Diethyl ether‡ Enflurane Ethylene‡ Fluroxene‡ Halothane Isoflurane# Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane‡ Nitrous oxide# Sevoflurane# Trichloroethylene‡ Thiomethoxyflurane§ Vinyl ether‡ Xenon Injection Phenols Cipepofol (ciprofol)† Fospropofol Propofol# Barbiturates Amobarbital Hexobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Thiamylal Thiopental# Thiotetrabarbital Benzodiazepines Midazolam# Diazepam# Lorazepam# Remimazolam Opioids Morphine# Oxycodone Anileridine‡ Embutramide‡ Fentanyl# Alfentanil Phenoperidine Remifentanil÷ Sufentanil Arylcyclohexylamines Esketamine Ketamine# Phencyclidine‡ Tiletamine Neuroactive steroids Alfadolone Alfaxalone Hydroxydione Others Etomidate Propoxate Metomidate Propanidid‡ #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III

v t e Binary compounds of hydrogen Alkali metal (Group 1) hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH Alkaline (Group 2) earth hydrides Monohydrides BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH Dihydrides BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 Group 13 hydrides Boranes BH3 BH B2H6 B2H2 B2H4 B4H10 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B6H12 B10H14 B18H22 Alanes AlH3 Al2H6 Gallanes GaH3 Ga2H6 Indiganes InH3 In2H6 Thallanes TlH3 Tl2H6 Nihonanes (predicted) NhH NhH3 Nh2H6 NhH5 Group 14 hydrides Hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes alkynes Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes Annulenes CH CH2 CH3 C2H Silanes SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4H10 Si5H12 Si6H14 Si7H16 Si8H18 Si9H20 Si10H22 more... Silenes Si2H4 Silynes Si2H2 SiH Germanes GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Ge4H10 Ge5H12 Stannanes SnH4 Sn2H6 Plumbanes PbH4 Flerovanes (predicted) FlH FlH2 FlH4 Pnictogen (Group 15) hydrides Azanes NH3 N2H4 N3H5 N4H6 N5H7 N6H8 N7H9 N8H10 N9H11 N10H12 more... Azenes N2H2 N3H3 N4H4 Phosphanes PH3 P2H4 P3H5 P4H6 P5H7 P6H8 P7H9 P8H10 P9H11 P10H12 more... Phosphenes P2H2 P3H3 P4H4 Arsanes AsH3 As2H4 Stibanes SbH3 Bismuthanes BiH3 Moscovanes McH3 (predicted) HN3 NH HN5 (hypothetical) NH5 (hypothetical) Hydrogen chalcogenides (Group 16 hydrides) Polyoxidanes H2O H2O2 H2O3 H2O4 H2O5 more... Polysulfanes H2S H2S2 H2S3 H2S4 H2S5 H2S6 H2S7 H2S8 H2S9 H2S10 more... Selanes H2Se H2Se2 Tellanes H2Te H2Te2 Polanes PoH2 Livermoranes LvH2 (predicted) HO HO2 HO3 H2O+–O– (hypothetical) H2S+-S- HS HS2 HDO D2O T2O Hydrogen halides (Group 17 hydrides) HF HCl HBr HI HAt HTs (predicted) Transition metal hydrides ScH2 YH2 YH3 YH6 YH9 LuH2 LuH3 LrH3 (predicted) TiH2 TiH4 ZrH2 ZrH4 HfH2 HfH4 VH VH2 NbH NbH2 TaH TaH2 CrH CrH2 CrHx FeH FeH2 FeH5 CoH2 RhH2 IrH3 NiH PdHx (x < 1) PtHx (x< 1) DsH2 (predicted) CuH AgH AuH RgH (predicted) ZnH2 CdH2 HgH Hg2H2 HgH2 CnH2 (predicted) Lanthanide hydrides LaH2 LaH3 LaH10 CeH2 CeH3 PrH2 PrH3 NdH2 NdH3 SmH2 SmH3 EuH2 GdH2 GdH3 TbH2 TbH3 DyH2 DyH3 HoH2 HoH3 ErH2 ErH3 TmH2 TmH3 YbH2 Actinide hydrides AcH2 ThH2 ThH4 Th4H15 PaH3 UH3 UH4 NpH2 NpH3 PuH2 PuH3 AmH2 AmH3 CmH2 BkH2 BkH3 CfH2 CfH3 Exotic matter hydrides PsH

Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX

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