# Escaryus

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***Escaryus*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [soil centipedes](/source/Geophilomorpha) in the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Schendylidae](/source/Schendylidae).[1] These [centipedes](/source/Centipede) are notable as schendylids adapted to colder temperatures and restricted to cool climates and high latitudes.[2] With more than 30 species,[3] this genus is easily the largest group of such centipedes in the family Schendylidae. Most schendylids are limited to [tropical](/source/Tropics) or [subtropical](/source/Subtropics) regions.[2]

## Distribution

These centipedes are found in [subarctic](/source/Subarctic) and [temperate](/source/Temperate_climate) regions of the [Holarctic realm](/source/Holarctic_realm).[3] This genus is distributed in [Eurasia](/source/Eurasia) from [Moldova](/source/Moldova), [Crimea](/source/Crimea), and the [Caucasus mountains](/source/Caucasus_Mountains) to [Siberia](/source/Siberia), the [Russian Far East](/source/Russian_Far_East), [Korea](/source/Korea), and northern [Japan](/source/Japan). In [North America](/source/North_America), these centipedes are found in coastal and central [Alaska](/source/Alaska), the [Yukon](/source/Yukon) territory in [Canada](/source/Canada), [Utah](/source/Utah), and from [Kansas](/source/Kansas) to [Minnesota](/source/Minnesota), [Virginia](/source/Virginia), [New York](/source/New_York_(state)), and [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts).[2] Species in this genus are mostly associated with mountainous regions.[4]

## Taxonomy

This genus was first proposed in 1891 by the American [biologists](/source/Biologist) [Orator F. Cook](/source/Orator_F._Cook) and [Guy N. Collins](/source/Guy_N._Collins).[5] They described this genus to contain two species, including *E. phyllophilus*, which they described as a new species based on specimens collected in [Syracuse](/source/Syracuse,_New_York), New York.[5] The name *Escaryus* is an anagram of Syracuse.[2] Cook would later designate *E. phyllophilus* as the [type species](/source/Type_species) for this genus,[6] but *E. phyllophilus* is now deemed to be a [junior synonym](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) of *[E. urbicus](/source/Escaryus_urbicus)*.[7] When Cook first proposed Schendylidae as a family in 1896, he listed *Escaryus* as one of five genera included in the newly described family.[6]

## Description

Species in this genus feature heads that are slightly longer than wide and [antennae](/source/Antenna_(biology)) that taper gradually. The middle part of the [labrum](/source/Labrum_(arthropod_mouthpart)) features distinct [denticles](/source/Denticle_(tooth_feature)). Lappets project from the lateral margins of the first [maxillae](/source/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)).[8][9] The second maxillae end in claws fringed by two rows of filaments.[3] The [forcipular](/source/Forcipule) [tergite](/source/Tergum) is narrower than the following tergite. The [sternites](/source/Sternum_(arthropod_anatomy)) lack ventral fields of pores. The basal part of the [ultimate legs](/source/Ultimate_legs) features many scattered pores.[8][9] Each of the ultimate legs features seven segments and ends in a claw.[2][9] In both sexes, each [gonopod](/source/Gonopod) features two joints.[8]

Centipedes in this genus range from about 1 cm to about 7 cm in length.[3] These centipedes can have as few as 31 pairs of legs (in the North American species *[E. cryptorobius](/source/Escaryus_cryptorobius)*, with as few as 31 in at least the males)[2] or as many as 67 leg pairs (in the [Central Asian](/source/Central_Asia) species *[E. kusnetzowi](/source/Escaryus_kusnetzowi)*, with as many as 67 in the females).[4][3] The Russian species *[E. molodovae](/source/Escaryus_molodovae)*, which reaches only 14 mm in length,[10][8] and the North American species *[E. paucipes](/source/Escaryus_paucipes)*, which measures only 14 mm in length, are both notable for their small sizes.[2] The North American species *[E. missouriensis](/source/Escaryus_missouriensis)* can reach 73 mm in length and is notable for its large size.[2]

## Species

This genus includes the following species:[1]

- *[Escaryus alatavicus](/source/Escaryus_alatavicus)* Titova, 1972
- *[Escaryus chadaevae](/source/Escaryus_chadaevae)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus chichibuensis](/source/Escaryus_chichibuensis)* Shinohara, 1955
- *[Escaryus cryptorobius](/source/Escaryus_cryptorobius)* Pereira & Hoffman, 1993
- *[Escaryus dentatus](/source/Escaryus_dentatus)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus ethopus](/source/Escaryus_ethopus)* (Chamberlin, 1920)
- *[Escaryus haasei](/source/Escaryus_haasei)* (Sseliwanoff, 1884)
- *[Escaryus hirsutus](/source/Escaryus_hirsutus)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus igarashii](/source/Escaryus_igarashii)* Shinohara, 1955
- *[Escaryus jacoti](/source/Escaryus_jacoti)* Verhoeff, 1934
- *[Escaryus japonicus](/source/Escaryus_japonicus)* Attems, 1927
- *[Escaryus kirgizicus](/source/Escaryus_kirgizicus)* Titova, 1972
- *[Escaryus koreanus](/source/Escaryus_koreanus)* Takakuwa, 1937
- *[Escaryus krivolutskiji](/source/Escaryus_krivolutskiji)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus kusnetzowi](/source/Escaryus_kusnetzowi)* Lignau, 1929
- *[Escaryus latzeli](/source/Escaryus_latzeli)* (Sseliwanoff, 1881)
- *[Escaryus liber](/source/Escaryus_liber)* Cook & Collins, 1891
- *[Escaryus makizimae](/source/Escaryus_makizimae)* Takakuwa, 1935
- *[Escaryus missouriensis](/source/Escaryus_missouriensis)* Chamberlin, 1942
- *[Escaryus molodovae](/source/Escaryus_molodovae)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus monticolens](/source/Escaryus_monticolens)* Chamberlin, 1947
- *[Escaryus oligopus](/source/Escaryus_oligopus)* Attems, 1904
- *[Escaryus orestes](/source/Escaryus_orestes)* Pereira & Hoffman, 1993
- *[Escaryus ornatus](/source/Escaryus_ornatus)* Folkmanová, 1956
- *[Escaryus paucipes](/source/Escaryus_paucipes)* Chamberlin, 1946
- *[Escaryus perelae](/source/Escaryus_perelae)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus polygonatus](/source/Escaryus_polygonatus)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus retusidens](/source/Escaryus_retusidens)* Attems, 1904
- *[Escaryus sachalinus](/source/Escaryus_sachalinus)* Takakuwa, 1935
- *[Escaryus sibiricus](/source/Escaryus_sibiricus)* Cook, 1899
- *[Escaryus urbicus](/source/Escaryus_urbicus)* (Meinert, 1886)
- *[Escaryus vitimicus](/source/Escaryus_vitimicus)* Titova, 1973
- *[Escaryus yacumoensis](/source/Escaryus_yacumoensis)* Takakuwa, 1935

## References

1. Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). ["Escaryus Cook & Collins, 1891"](https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/searches/result_genres/510). *ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda)*. Retrieved 2024-06-08.

1. Pereira, L.A. & Hoffman, R.L. (1993). ["The american species of Escaryus, a genus of holoarctic centipeds (Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)"](https://www.vmnh.net/content/vmnh/uploads/PDFs/research_and_collections/jeffersoniana/jeffersoniana_number_3.pdf). *Jeffersoniana*. **3**: 1–72.

1. Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". *The Myriapoda. Volume 1*. Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [439–440]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. [OCLC 812207443](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812207443)

1. Dyachkov, Y.V. & Tuf, I.H. (2018). ["New data on the genus Escaryus Cook et Collins, 1891 (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae) from Kazakhstan"](https://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/ArthropodaSelecta/27/27_4_293_299_Dyachkov_Tuf_for_Inet.pdf). *Arthropoda Selecta*. **27** (4): 293–299 [293, 295]. [doi:10.15298/arthsel.27.4.04](https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.27.4.04)

1. Cook, O. F. (1890). ["Notes on some North American Myriapoda of the family Geophilidae with descriptions of three genera"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/52064). *Proceedings of the United States National Museum*. **13**: 383–396 [391–395]. [doi:10.5479/si.00963801.13-837.383](https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.13-837.383). – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

1. Cook, O. F. (1896). ["An arrangement of the Geophilidæ, a family of Chilopoda"](https://biostor.org/reference/3994). *Proceedings of the United States National Museum*. **18** (1039): 63–75 [70–71]. [doi:10.5479/si.00963801.18-1039.63](https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.18-1039.63)

1. Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). ["Escaryus phyllophilus Cook & Collins, 1891"](https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/searches/result_species/3918). *ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda)*. Retrieved 2024-06-08.

1. Dyachkov, Yurii V. & Bonato, Lucio (2024-04-23). "An updated synthesis of the Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) of Asian Russia". *ZooKeys*. '***(1198): 17–54 [36–37, 41]. [Bibcode:2024ZooK.1198...17D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ZooK.1198...17D). [doi:10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781](https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781). [ISSN 1313-2970](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970). [PMC 11061560](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11061560). [PMID 38693975](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38693975)***

1. Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18). "A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)". *ZooKeys*. '***(69): 17–51. [Bibcode:2010ZooK...69...17B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ZooK...69...17B). [doi:10.3897/zookeys.69.737](https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.69.737). [ISSN 1313-2970](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970). [PMC 3088443](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088443). [PMID 21594038](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21594038)***

1. Titova, L.P. (1973). "New species of the genus Escaryus Cook et Collins (Schendylidae, Chilopoda)". *Ekologiya pochvennykh bespozvonochnykh* (in Russian). Ghilarov, M.S. (ed.). Moscow: Nauka Publisher. pp. 94–119 [95]

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Escaryus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaryus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escaryus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.