# Equivalent input

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**Equivalent input** (also **input-referred**, **referred-to-input** (**RTI**), or **input-related**), is a method of referring to the signal or noise level at the output of a system as if it were due to an input to the same system. This input's value is called the **Equivalent input**. This is accomplished by removing all signal changes (e.g. [amplifier](/source/Amplifier) [gain](/source/Gain_(electronics)), [transducer](/source/Transducer) [sensitivity](/source/Sensitivity_(electronics)), etc.) to get the units to match the input.[1][2]

## Examples

### Equivalent input noise

A [microphone](/source/Microphone) converts [acoustical](/source/Acoustical) [energy](/source/Energy) to [electrical](/source/Electrical) energy. Microphones have some level of electrical [noise](/source/Noise) at their output. This noise may have contributions from random [diaphragm](/source/Diaphragm_(acoustics)) movement, [thermal noise](/source/Thermal_noise), or a dozen other sources, but those can all be thought of as an imaginary acoustic noise source injecting sound into the (now noiseless) microphone. The units on this noise are no longer [volts](/source/Volt), but units of sound pressure ([pascals](/source/Pascal_(unit)) or [dBSPL](/source/DBSPL)), which can be directly compared to the desired sound pressure inputs. This is called *equivalent input noise* (EIN), or *input-referred noise* (IRN), or *referred-to-input* (RTI) *noise*.

### Input-related interference level

A device which uses a [microphone](/source/Microphone) may be susceptible to [electromagnetic interference](/source/Electromagnetic_interference) which causes [sonic artifacts](/source/Sonic_artifact). The problem is not in the microphone, but the interference level can be *related* back to the input to compare to the level of typical inputs to see how [audible](/source/Hearing) the artifact is. This is called *input-related interference level* (IRIL).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IEC61000-4-3_1-0)** [*IEC61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test*](http://webstore.iec.ch/Webstore/webstore.nsf/Artnum_PK/39224)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AES_2-0)** ["AES Pro Audio Reference - EIN"](http://www.aes.org/par/e/#ein). *www.aes.org*. Retrieved 2018-02-25.

## Further reading

- Lizon, Bryan; Hall, Christopher; Andrews, Ryan; Wuerker, Joachim, eds. (September 2020). ["Fundamentals of Precision ADC Noise Analysis: Design tips and tricks to reduce noise with delta-sigma ADCs"](https://www.ti.com/lit/eb/slyy192/slyy192.pdf?ts=1657911020831) (PDF). [Texas Instruments](/source/Texas_Instruments). Retrieved 2022-07-17. (67 pages)

- ["RTI vs. RTO - Noise calculation"](https://ez.analog.com/precision-technology-signal-chains/precision-low-power-signal-chains/f/q-a/550069/rti-vs-rto---noise-calculation). 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2022-07-17.

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