# Epukiro

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Epukiro
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Epukiro.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epukiro
> Source revision: 1347289226
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

**Epukiro** is a cluster of populated places in the remote eastern part of the [Omaheke Region](/source/Omaheke_Region) of [Namibia](/source/Namibia), situated along the Epukiro [rivier](/source/Wadi) about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northeast of the regional capital [Gobabis](/source/Gobabis).[1] One of the centres of the populated area is the Catholic mission station with its affiliated school[2], another is Epukiro Post 3, also called Omauezonjanda (or Omawewozonyanda), where the [Constituency office](/source/Epukiro_Constituency) and a police station are located. Other populated places are: Okozondjima, Okozondje, Okasaira, Okombumbi, Okangwindi, [Ezorongondo](/source/Ezorongondo), Ohakavena, Oviujuru, Katuuo, [Otjimanangombe](/source/Otjimanangombe), Ovituua. In total Epukiro had about 3,200 inhabitants in 1997, predominantly ethnic [Tswana](/source/Tswana_people).[3]

Since Namibian independence the larger part of Epukiro belonged to the [Otjinene Constituency](/source/Otjinene_Constituency). This constituency was split in 2004 and the new [Epukiro Constituency](/source/Epukiro_Constituency) was created.[4] The western segment with the Catholic mission always belonged and still belongs to the [Okorukambe Constituency](/source/Okorukambe_Constituency).

## History

The settlement was formed in 1902 when the Roman [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) bought the 30,000 ha farm *Epukiro*. The namesake of the farm and the settlement is the [Epukiro River](/source/Epukiro_River), an [ephemeral](/source/Ephemeral) river which cuts through the farm from west to east.[3]

A mission station was founded in 1904 by the [Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate](/source/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate), a Catholic congregation.[5] It was destroyed one year later during the [Herero and Namaqua War](/source/Herero_and_Namaqua_Genocide). The [German](/source/German_Empire) colonial administration opened a post office in 1905.[6]

The Herero and Nama War of 1904–1908 saw tens of thousands of [Herero people](/source/Herero_people) killed, almost their entire population.[7] Survivors had lost their land and cattle, and the land originally in the hands of the Herero was now farmland in the possession of white settlers. When after [World War I](/source/World_War_I) Germany lost all its colonies and [South-West Africa](/source/South-West_Africa) became mandate territory of [South Africa](/source/South_Africa), the new administration was unable, perhaps unwilling, to undo the land transfer.[8] A South African administrator writes:

"Seeing that the whole [Hereroland](/source/Hereroland) was confiscated by the Germans and cut up into farms and is now settled by Europeans it would be an impossible project ... to place them back on their tribal lands."[8]

To accommodate the Ovaherero, the South African administration created eight "native reserves" for them of which the *Epukiro Reserve* was one.[8] The Epukiro Reserve existed as an administrative structure until the 1970s.

## People

Epukiro is inhabited by Tswana, [Ovambanderu](/source/Ovambanderu), and [San people](/source/San_people). Ovambanderu and Herero people share the same ancestry. Herero see the Mbanderu as one of their clans while Mbanderu regard themselves as a distinct group. This difference is the cause of a decades–old rift between the two, with one faction, the *Ovambanderu Council of Epukiro and [Aminuis](/source/Aminuis)* seeking recognition of the Mbanderu as a distinct tribe. The other faction aims for a strong and united Herero people under the *[Tjamuaha](/source/Tjamuaha)-[Maharero](/source/Maharero) Royal House* and accuses the Mbanderu of artificial division.[9]

Today the Ovambanderu Traditional Authority is the heir of the Ovambanderu Council. Their headquarters is situated at the *Post 3* (hz: *Omauezonjanda*) location at the outskirts of Epukiro, 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of its centre ([21°36′S 19°25′E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=21_36_S_19_25_E)).[2] The royal homestead is located at [Ezorongondo](/source/Ezorongondo).[10]

After the death of Mbanderu paramount [chief](/source/Tribal_chief) [Munjuku Nguvauva II](/source/Munjuku_Nguvauva_II) in 2008 the rift in the Ovambanderu community deepened. One faction calling themselves the "Concerned Group" supported [Keharanjo Nguvauva](/source/Keharanjo_Nguvauva) as successor to the throne. They crowned him in 2008 because he was born in wedlock of Munjuku and his wife Aletta. The other faction of the Ovambanderu Traditional Authority favoured his older half-brother, Deputy Minister of Fisheries [Kilus Nguvauva](/source/Kilus_Nguvauva). A government enquiry commission confirmed Keharanjo as chief in 2009.[2] After the death of Keharanjo, Aletta was elected as the paramount chief to succeed her son Keharanjo.

## Economy and infrastructure

The Epukiro area is underdeveloped with regards to access to safe water and sanitation, and medical care. There are government clinics in Epukiro, Omauezonjanda and Otjimanangombe but no ambulance and no mortuary.[4] The main economic activity is farming with cattle and goats.[3] While the Mbanderu are reasonably well-off, the San live in abject poverty.[1]

Epukiro is situated west of the national road [C22](/source/C22_road_(Namibia)) halfway between [Okakarara](/source/Okakarara) and [Gobabis](/source/Gobabis). It is further connected by the [C44](/source/C44_road_(Namibia)), that goes through the Post 3 settlement and further to [Gam](/source/Gam,_Namibia).[11] These roads are not tarred and used to be in generally bad shape.[4]

## Education

There are several schools in the Epukiro area, among them:

- [Epukiro Post 3 Junior Secondary School](/source/Epukiro_Post_3_Junior_Secondary_School)[12]
- Epukiro Roman Catholic Primary School[13]
- Omuhaturua Primary School (in Otjimanangombe)
- Goeie Hoop Primary School (in Okovimburu Post 10)
- Gqaina Primary School (especially for [San](/source/San_people) children) (in [Du Plessis](/source/Du_Plessis_(Namibia)))
- Morukutu Primary School (in [Otjiyarua](/source/Otjiyarua) north of Epukiro)

## References

1. ["Ein Traum wird wahr: Klinik für Buschleute"](https://archive.today/20130221024624/http://www.az.com.na/soziales/ein-traum-wird-wahr-klinik-fr-buschleute.13142.php) [A dream comes true:Clinic for Bushmen] (in German). *[Allgemeine Zeitung](/source/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia))*. 31 October 2005. Archived from [the original](http://www.az.com.na/soziales/ein-traum-wird-wahr-klinik-fr-buschleute.13142.php) on 21 February 2013.

1. Weidlich, Brigitte (21 June 2010). ["Rift between Mbanderu factions deepens"](https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=67357&page=archive-read). *[The Namibian](/source/The_Namibian)*

1. Witte, Marc (1997). ["Ökologische Bedingungen der kleinbäuerlichen Landwirtschaft in semiariden Gebieten Namibias und das Fallbeispiel Omaheke"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204748/http://www.marcwitte.de/fernreisen/1997-namibia/diplom/diplom.htm) [Ecological conditions of small farmers in semi-arid regions of Namibia, and the case study of Omaheke.] (in German). [University of Osnabrück](/source/University_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck) via www.marcwitte.de. Archived from [the original](http://www.marcwitte.de/fernreisen/1997-namibia/diplom/diplom.htm) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. Tjaronda, Wezi (30 March 2006). ["Epukiro Tired of Waiting"](https://archive.today/20130221033229/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=11077). *[New Era](/source/New_Era_(Namibia))*. Archived from [the original](http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=11077) on February 21, 2013.

1. ["Oblates of Mary Immaculate. 100 years in Namibia. 1896-2005"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071030201908/http://www.rcchurch.na/omi/History.htm). Roman Catholic Church Namibia. Archived from [the original](http://www.rcchurch.na/omi/History.htm) on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2012.

1. Dierks, Klaus. ["Chronology of Namibian History, 1905"](http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/62.htm). klausdierks.com. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

1. [UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10](http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm) Prevent Genocide International

1. Dierks, Klaus. ["Chronology of Namibian History, 1919"](http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/75.htm). klausdierks.com. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

1. Dierks, Klaus. ["Chronology of Namibian History, 1960"](http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/102.htm). klausdierks.com. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

1. Weidlich, Brigitte (23 December 2008). ["Police instruct Chief not to hold Ezorongondo meeting"](http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1725&no_cache=1). *[The Namibian](/source/The_Namibian)*

1. ["Omaheke Roads: Is There A Glimmer Of Hope?"](http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=62150&no_cache=1). *[The Namibian](/source/The_Namibian)*. 24 November 2009.

1. Kangueehi, Kuvee. ["No title"](https://archive.today/20130221072143/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14591). *[New Era](/source/New_Era_(Namibia))*. Archived from [the original](http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14591) on 2013-02-21.

1. Weidlich, Brigitte (10 September 2007). ["170 Epukiro children not at school"](http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41463&no_cache=1). *[The Namibian](/source/The_Namibian)*

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Epukiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epukiro) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epukiro?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.