# Energy in Ukraine

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Gas pipeline in [Dniester Canyon National Nature Park](/source/Dniester_Canyon_National_Nature_Park)

[Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) mostly uses [energy](/source/Primary_energy) from [gas](/source/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine), followed by [nuclear](/source/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine), [oil](/source/Oil_in_Ukraine) and [coal](/source/Coal_in_Ukraine). The country has a diversified [energy mix](/source/Energy_mix). Most gas and oil is imported, and [energy policy](/source/Energy_policy) prioritises [energy security](/source/Energy_security) and diversifying [energy supply](/source/Energy_supply).[1] Integration with [EU energy](/source/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union) is in the [energy strategy](/source/Energy_strategy) to 2050, and [resilience](/source/Resilience_(power_system)) and [net zero carbon emissions](/source/Net-zero_emissions).[2] The energy and [climate](/source/Climate_change_in_Ukraine) plan to 2030 includes [efficiency](/source/Efficient_energy_use).[3]

[Ukraine’s gas network](/source/Natural_gas_transmission_system_of_Ukraine) has much storage, which can be useful for storing Europe's gas to even out supply and demand,[4] and in the first quarter of the 21st century it transited much [Russian natural gas](/source/Natural_gas_in_Russia) to Europe.[5] Energy infrastructure is much changed due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war)[6]—some has been [destroyed by Russian attacks](/source/Ukrainian_energy_crisis),[7][8] but [wind farms](/source/Wind_power_in_Ukraine) and [solar power](/source/Solar_power_in_Ukraine) are thought to be resilient because they are distributed.[9] The coal industry has been disrupted by the war,[10] and most [electricity generation](/source/Electricity_in_Ukraine) is nuclear.[11]

## Policy

[Energy policy](/source/Energy_policy) includes aligning with the [Energy policy of the European Union](/source/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union).[12]

Energy consumption declined in the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union and in the 2010s and 2020s during war with Russia

## History

When Ukraine was part of the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union), large energy systems were constructed to meet the needs of industry and to provide redundancy in case of a war with [NATO](/source/NATO), and after independence it relied on cheap energy from Russia.[12] But since the fall of [Yanukovych](/source/Viktor_Yanukovych) governments have tried to integrate with [energy in the EU](/source/Energy_in_the_EU), before the full scale invasion there were mostly monopolies.[12]

In 2011, Ukraine joined the [European Energy Community](/source/European_Energy_Community), however there has been slow progress on implementing European energy regulations.[13] Energy infrastructure is somewhat resilient due to overbuilding by the Soviet Union.[14]

[Fossil fuel subsidies](/source/Fossil_fuel_subsidies) were USD 1.6 billion in 2021.[15]

## Gas

This section is an excerpt from [Natural gas in Ukraine](/source/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas_in_Ukraine&action=edit)]

[Ternopil](/source/Ternopil_Oblast)

Gas is an important part of energy in Ukraine. About 20 billion cubic meters of [fossil gas](/source/Fossil_gas) is extracted each year, and since 2022 this has almost met demand,[16] which in winter can reach 150 mcm a day.[17] Ukraine has the largest gas storage in Europe.[18]

## Oil

These paragraphs are an excerpt from [Oil in Ukraine](/source/Oil_in_Ukraine).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_in_Ukraine&action=edit)]

In 2022 almost a fifth of total energy supply in Ukraine was from [oil](/source/Petroleum), and most energy imports were oil products such as [gasoline](/source/Gasoline) and [diesel](/source/Diesel_fuel).[19] The country used to produce and refine its own oil.[20] [Strategic reserves](/source/Global_strategic_petroleum_reserves#Ukraine) of oil and products were set up after 2023 to help with [energy security](/source/Energy_security).[21]

Products from [Lukoil](/source/Lukoil) have been banned from transiting the country,[22] except to [Hungary](/source/Hungary).[23] This goes through the [Druzhba pipeline](/source/Druzhba_pipeline).[24] [Excise duty](/source/Excise) on [diesel](/source/Diesel_fuel) and [gasoline](/source/Gasoline) was increased in 2024.[25] The [Odesa–Brody pipeline](/source/Odesa%E2%80%93Brody_pipeline) is not being used as of 2023.[26] [Refineries](/source/Oil_refinery), such as [Kremenchuk](/source/Kremenchuk_Oil_Refinery) were destroyed or shutdown in 2022 in the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war).[27]

Formerly supplied from Russia and Belarus, gasoline and diesel now come from ports in Poland and Romania.[28]

## Coal

This section is an excerpt from [Coal in Ukraine](/source/Coal_in_Ukraine).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_in_Ukraine&action=edit)]

[Samarska Coal Mine](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samarska_Coal_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1) [[uk](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB)], near [Ternivka](/source/Ternivka)

[Coal mining](/source/Coal_mining) has historically been an important industry in [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine). Although the industry is often associated with the coal-rich [Donets basin](/source/Donets_basin) in the [east of the country](/source/Eastern_Ukraine), other coal mining regions include the Lviv-Volhynian basin and the Dnieper brown coal mining basin. The Donets basin is Ukraine's most developed and largest coal mining region.

In 2013, Ukraine was the third largest coal producer in Europe. In 1976, national production was 218 million metric tonnes. By 2016, production had dropped to 41 million metric tonnes. The [Donets Black Coal Basin](/source/Donets_Black_Coal_Basin) in eastern Ukraine, with 90% of the nation's reserves, suffers from three connected problems: (1) mines are not profitable enough to sustain capital investment, resulting in aging mining equipment and processes, (2) the government, taking advice from the [International Monetary Fund](/source/International_Monetary_Fund), has discontinued $600 million annual mining subsidies, and (3) the Ukrainian government refuses to buy from mines controlled by [Russia](/source/Russia).

## Electricity

This section is an excerpt from [Electricity in Ukraine](/source/Electricity_in_Ukraine).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electricity_in_Ukraine&action=edit)]

[Rivne Nuclear Power Plant](/source/Rivne_Nuclear_Power_Plant) in Western Ukraine

Electricity generation by source

Electricity is an important part of energy in Ukraine. Most [electricity generation](/source/Electricity_generation) is [nuclear](/source/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine),[29] and the system is inflexible.[30] The bulk of [Energoatom](/source/Energoatom) output is sold to the government's "guaranteed buyer" to keep prices more stable for domestic customers.[31][32] Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not.[33]

Some electricity infrastructure was destroyed in the [Russo-Ukrainian War](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_War),[34][35] but [wind farms](/source/Wind_power_in_Ukraine), [solar power](/source/Solar_power_in_Ukraine) and [batteries](/source/Battery_energy_storage_system) are thought to be resilient because they are [distributed](/source/Distributed_generation).[36] As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Ukraine&action=edit) there is about a third of pre-invasion installed capacity.[37] As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Ukraine&action=edit) just over 2 GW can be imported from other European countries,[37] but that is not enough to cover peak demand.[29][38] Better [air defence](/source/Air_defence) is needed,[39]: 5 and many small gas-turbine generators are being installed to [generate flexibly](/source/Dispatchable_generation) to reduce the [blackouts](/source/Power_outage) being caused by [Russian attacks](/source/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%E2%80%93present)).[38] As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Ukraine&action=edit) the [Energy Ministry](/source/Ministry_of_Energy_(Ukraine)) is prioritising decentralisation for [energy security](/source/Energy_security), such as [rooftop solar](/source/Rooftop_solar_power) with batteries.[37]

### Renewable energy

This section is an excerpt from [Renewable energy in Ukraine](/source/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine&action=edit)]

[Perovo Solar Park](/source/Perovo_Solar_Park)

Less than 10% of energy in Ukraine is [renewables](/source/Renewable_energy).[40][a] [Biomass](/source/Biomass_(energy)) provides renewable heat.[41]: 35 There is a National Renewable Energy Action Plan to 2030.[42]

[Decentralized electricity generation](/source/Distributed_generation), such as [rooftop solar](/source/Rooftop_solar_power), improves [energy security](/source/Energy_security).[43]

## Heating

[District heating](/source/District_heating) has been attacked and significantly damaged.[44][45] In 2024 the [International Energy Agency](/source/International_Energy_Agency) (IEA) wrote about heat supply to Ukraine’s major cities. “Most attacks on heating infrastructure have occurred in regions close to the front lines. The Kharkiv region is now without large-scale heat generating capacity and other frontline regions – particularly Chernihiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Sumy and Mykolaiv – have suffered severe damage to their heat generation capacities. Heat supply is also at risk in Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv.”[46]

## Efficiency and demand response

As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Ukraine&action=edit) it is much less [energy efficient](/source/Efficient_energy_use) than the EU.[12] In 2024 the IEA recommended engaging consumers in [energy saving](/source/Energy_conservation) and [demand response](/source/Demand_response), while continuing investments in energy efficiency. They said that “a social tariff that safeguards a certain volume of consumption at subsidised rates, after which consumers pay a higher price, would help to incentivise efficient practices and investments, supported by public information campaigns that advise on energy efficiency measures for immediate impact as well as longer-term gains. Lowering the default temperature for district heating can also provide quick savings.”[46]

## Personnel and finance

Ukraine signed a loan agreement in-principle for $3.65 billion with the [China Development Bank](/source/China_Development_Bank) in 2012, during President [Viktor Yanukovich](/source/Viktor_Yanukovich)'s term of office, contingent on the development of agreed projects in the coal and gas sectors. However, by 2017 Ukraine had not agreed any suitable projects due to a "lack of convergence in the positions of [Uglesintezgaz] and the energy ministry".[47] Elementum Energy Ltd owns the most power plants.[48] In 2025 financial assistance is needed for emergency repairs.[45] As of 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Ukraine&action=edit) households were still paying less than the market price.[12]

The [European Investment Bank](/source/European_Investment_Bank) is financing municipal district heating and energy efficiency projects.[49] Although by 2024 more women were working in the energy sector than before they were still underrepresented in leadership positions.[50]

## External links

- [Dashboard: State of the Ukrainian Energy System](https://greendealukraina.org/gd-tracker/state-of-the-ukrainian-energy-system)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** excluding traditional biomass such as wood

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Winter Heating Crisis: An Assessment of Ukraine's District Heating Needs and Damages, July 2024 - Ukraine"](https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/winter-heating-crisis-assessment-ukraines-district-heating-needs-and-damages-july-2024). *ReliefWeb*. 2024-09-18. Retrieved 2024-11-26.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_46-1) Odarchenko, Kateryna (2025-12-02). ["A Rebirth in Flame: Ukraine's Beleaguered Energy System"](https://cepa.org/article/a-rebirth-in-flame-ukraines-beleaguered-energy-system/). *CEPA*. Retrieved 2025-12-14.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_47-1) [Ukraine's Energy Security and the Coming Winter – Analysis](https://www.iea.org/reports/ukraines-energy-security-and-the-coming-winter). *[International Energy Agency](/source/International_Energy_Agency)* (Report). September 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-reuters-20170414_48-0)** Karin Strohecker, Pavel Polityuk (14 April 2017). ["Ukraine could miss out on up to $3.65 billion of China energy loans"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-china-loan-exclusive-idUSKBN17G16A). Reuters. Retrieved 18 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Ukraine's energy security landscape mapped: where are the country's power plants located?"](https://www.power-technology.com/features/ukraine-power-plants/). *Power Technology*. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-09. The company with the largest ownership of power plants in country is Elementum Energy Ltd, which owns 12% of the power plants across Ukraine.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["UKRAINE DISTRICT HEATING"](https://www.eib.org/en/projects/pipelines/all/20240526). *www.eib.org*. Retrieved 2024-11-26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Gender Equality and Resilience in Ukraine's Energy Sector: Pathways to Transformative Employment and Leadership Amidst War"](https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-11/undp_gender_equality_and_resilience_in_ukraines_energy_sector.pdf) (PDF).

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