# Empetrum nigrum

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Species of plant in the heather family

For other shrubs sometimes called "crowberry", see [Bearberry](/source/Bearberry).

Black crowberry Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Empetrum Species: E. nigrum Binomial name Empetrum nigrum L.[1] Synonyms[2] Chamaetaxus nigra (L.) Bubani Empetrum arcticum V.N.Vassil. Empetrum crassifolium Raf. Empetrum eamesii subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) D.Löve Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup Empetrum hermaphroditum var. americanum V.N.Vassil. Empetrum medium Carmich. Empetrum nigrum f. cylindricum Lepage Empetrum nigrum var. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) T.Sørensen Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher Empetrum nigrum f. purpureum (Raf.) Fernald Empetrum nigrum var. purpureum (Raf.) A.DC. Empetrum purpureum Raf.

***Empetrum nigrum***, the **crowberry**,[3] **black crowberry**, **mossberry**, **rockberry**, or, in western Alaska, Labrador, etc., **blackberry**, is a [flowering plant](/source/Flowering_plant) species in the heather family [Ericaceae](/source/Ericaceae) with a near [circumboreal](/source/Circumboreal_Region) distribution in the [Northern Hemisphere](/source/Northern_Hemisphere). The scientific name of the plant comes from the combination of the [Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) for 'upon a rock' (*en* = upon + *petros* = rock) and the Latin for black (*niger*).[4] North American Indigenous names for this species include *asiavik* ([Iñupiaq](/source/I%C3%B1upiaq_language)),[5] *dineechʼúh* ([Gwichʼin](/source/Gwich%CA%BCin_language)),[6] *paurngaq* ([Inuktut](/source/Inuktut)),[7] *xéelʼi* ([Tlingít](/source/Tlingit_language)),[8] *xa skáawaa* ([Haida](/source/Haida_language)),[9] and *ts'nełt'ida* ([Dena’ina](/source/Dena%CA%BCina_language)).[10]

## Description

*Empetrum nigrum* is a low growing, [evergreen](/source/Evergreen) shrub with a creeping habit.[11] The [leaves](/source/Leaves) are 3–6 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 inch) long, [arranged](/source/Phyllotaxis) alternately along the stem. The stems are red when young and then fade to brown; they grow slowly, around 7 **–** 15 cm (3 **–** 6 inches) per year[12][13]. This plant can form thick, clonal mats than prevent other plants from overgrowing it.[12]

*Empetrum nigrum* is usually [dioecious](/source/Dioecious), though a few individuals are [bisexual](/source/Plant_reproductive_morphology) and have perfect flowers[14]. Because this species is highly clonal, an entire patch may be of a single sex. *Empetrum nigrum* flower buds start to develop the summer before they open[13]**,** blooming the following year between May and June.[15] The flowers are small (3 **–** 6 mm**),** have little or no scent and are not very noticeable,[11] Flowers consist of 3 greenish-pink sepals that turn reddish purple[16], 3 petals, 3 stamens (males) or a pistil with an ovary that contains 6 **–** 9 ovules (females).[17]

The round [fruits](/source/Fruit) are [berries](/source/Berry), 4–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) wide, usually black or purplish-black but occasionally red[18] and contain an average of 7.8 seeds per fruit. The fruits are well-protected against pathogens[19] and as a result can [persist](/source/Persistence_(botany)) throughout the winter.[20] Fruits average 86.5% water, and their [dry weight](/source/Dry_matter) includes 14.4% [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrate) and 12.2% [lipids](/source/Lipid), which is possibly the highest lipid content of any fleshy fruit in Europe.[21]

## Subspecies

- [*Empetrum nigrum* subsp. *asiaticum*](/source/Empetrum_nigrum_subsp._asiaticum) (Nakai ex H.Ito) Kuvaev – Korean crowberry[22]

- *Empetrum nigrum* subsp. *subholarcticum* (V.N.Vassil.) Kuvaev (synonym: *Empetrum subholarcticum* V.N.Vassil.)[23]

## Distribution and habitat

The species has a near [circumboreal](/source/Circumboreal_Region) distribution in the [Northern Hemisphere](/source/Northern_Hemisphere).[24]

*Empetrum nigrum* grows in [bogs](/source/Bog)[25] and other [acidic soils](/source/Soil_pH) in shady, moist areas; it also grows in subalpine and alpine habitats in the [Pacific Northwest](/source/Pacific_Northwest). It can grow in soils with a pH as low as 2.5, but it does not grow in basic soils (pH > 8).[26]

## Ecology

*Empetrum nigrum* flowers are likely pollinated by a combination of generalist insects (e.g., flies, beetles) and wind.[4][12] Animals that regularly consume this species and act as seed dispersers include rodents,[27] foxes, bears,[28] caribou[29] and many bird species.[30] Because it retains its fruit throughout the winter and into the spring, it is an important food for species such as red-backed voles at a time of year when few other foods are available.[20]

The moth species *[Glacies coracina](/source/Glacies_coracina)*, *[Zygaena exulans](/source/Zygaena_exulans)*, and *[Hadula melanopa](/source/Hadula_melanopa)* feed on the plant.[15]

The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of *Empetrum* can be altered in winter-warming experiments.[31]

*Empetrum nigrum* has [allelopathic](/source/Allelopathy) properties (e.g. hampering seed germination and root extension of other plants) but the strength of these are dependent on the soil type.[32]

*Empetrum nigrum* roots host [ericoid mycorrhizal](/source/Ericoid_mycorrhiza) species (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), which increase access to nitrogen and phosphorus.[33]

## Uses

The fruit is edible and can be dried,[34] and may have an acidic taste. In the Alaskan tundra, it is known to have a sweet and slightly tart flavor. It is often mixed with other berries in dishes like pies and puddings.[25]

It is abundant in [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia) and treasured for its ability to make liqueur, wine, juice, or jelly. In [subarctic](/source/Subarctic) areas, the plant has been a vital addition to the diet of the [Inuit](/source/Inuit) and the [Sami](/source/Sami_people).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] It is used to make [Alaskan ice cream](/source/Alaskan_ice_cream).[25] The [Dena'ina](/source/Dena'ina) (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, sometimes mixed with lard or oil.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In the Canadian province of [Newfoundland and Labrador](/source/Newfoundland_and_Labrador), the berries (known locally as “blackberries”) are used in jams, jellies, and baked goods, such as buns, or puddings.[35] In Labrador and northern regions of Newfoundland, entire plants are harvested and the sods used to impart flavour to smoked fish.[36]

The species can also be grown as a [ground cover](/source/Ground_cover),[37] or as an [ornamental plant](/source/Ornamental_plant) in [rock gardens](/source/Rock_garden), notably the yellow-foliaged [cultivar](/source/Cultivar) 'Lucia'. The fruit is high in [anthocyanin](/source/Anthocyanin) pigment and can be used to make a natural dye.[37]

## In culture

The Scottish Highlands [Clan Maclean](/source/Clan_Maclean)'s badge is believed to be *E. nigrum*.[38]

## Gallery

		- The yellow-leaved cultivar *Empetrum nigrum* 'Lucia'

		- *[Vaccinium vitis-idaea](/source/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea)* and *Empetrum nigrum* in [Denali](/source/Denali_National_Park)

		- Alaskan crowberry

## References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Empetrum nigrum](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Empetrum_nigrum).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ipni_1-0)** *Sp. Pl.* 2: 1022. 1753 [1 May 1753] ["Plant Name Details for *Empetrum nigrum*"](http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F2CFBFD7E35FC281DC585FFC6C2465B8?id=324780-1). [IPNI](/source/International_Plant_Names_Index). Retrieved 1 December 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["*Empetrum nigrum* L."](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30371508-2) *Plants of the World Online*. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). ["Crowberry"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crowberry). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [United States Department of the Army](/source/United_States_Department_of_the_Army) (2009). *The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants*. New York: [Skyhorse Publishing](/source/Skyhorse_Publishing). p. 47. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-60239-692-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-692-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [277203364](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-A_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_take_on_‘blackberry’_pudding_35-0)** Sulley, Erin (2021-08-26). ["A Newfoundland and Labrador take on 'blackberry' pudding"](https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/erin-sulley-a-newfoundland-and-labrador-take-on-blackberry-pudding-100627643). *PNI Atlantic News*. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Where_to_find_fresh_fish_36-0)** ["Where to Find Fresh Fish - Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada"](https://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/trip-ideas/travel-stories/where-to-find-fresh-fish.). *Where to find fresh fish*. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pfaf_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pfaf_37-1) ["Empetrum nigrum - L."](http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Empetrum+nigrum) *Plants for a Future*. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Adam; Innes of Learney (1970), pp. 541–543.

## Bibliography

- Ehrlén, Johan; Eriksson, Ove (1991). "Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants". *Oecologia*. **86** (4): 463–470. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1991Oecol..86..463E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Oecol..86..463E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF00318311](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00318311). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0029-8549](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-8549). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28313326](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28313326).

- [Forest Service Fire Ecology](http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/empnig/all.html)

Taxon identifiers Empetrum nigrum Wikidata: Q202305 Wikispecies: Empetrum nigrum BioLib: 39000 Calflora: 2959 CoL: 39HL9 CNPS: 591 EoL: 586630 EPPO: EMPHI EUNIS: 169449 FEIS: empnig FNA: 200012671 GBIF: 2888370 GRIN: 15127 iNaturalist: 76812 IPNI: 30371508-2 IRMNG: 10897614 ITIS: 23743 MichiganFlora: 1213 NatureServe: 2.154886 NBN: NBNSYS0000004598 NCBI: 191066 Observation.org: 6730 Open Tree of Life: 760250 PalDat: Empetrum_nigrum Panarctic Flora: 741503 PfaF: Empetrum nigrum PFI: 3741 Plant List: kew-2788473 PLANTS: EMNI POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30371508-2 RHS: 6352 Tropicos: 11900005 VASCAN: 5514 WFO: wfo-0000667231

Authority control databases: National Latvia Israel

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Empetrum nigrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empetrum_nigrum) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empetrum_nigrum?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.