# Emotion classification

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Contrast of one emotion from another

Colored [intaglio](/source/Intaglio_(printmaking)) [prints](/source/Printmaking) by [Charles Le Brun](/source/Charles_Le_Brun) and J. Pass depicting the [facial expressions](/source/Facial_expression) of sixteen emotions

Part of a series on Emotions Affect Alexithymia Classification In animals Emotional intelligence Mood Self-regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Belongingness Boredom Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Determination Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Dysphoria Ecstasy Elevation Embarrassment Emotional detachment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Faith Fear Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Hubris Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Kindness Limerence Loneliness Love Lust Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Self-pity Shame Shock Shyness Social connection Sorrow Suffering Surprise Suspicion Trust Wonder Worry v t e

**Emotion classification** is the means by which one may distinguish or contrast one [emotion](/source/Emotion) from another. It is a contested issue in emotion research and in [affective science](/source/Affective_science).

## Emotions as discrete categories

In [discrete emotion theory](/source/Discrete_emotion_theory), all humans are thought to have an innate set of basic emotions that are cross-culturally recognizable. These basic emotions are described as "discrete" because they are believed to be distinguishable by an individual's facial expression and biological processes.[1] Theorists have conducted studies to determine which emotions are basic. A popular example is [Paul Ekman](/source/Paul_Ekman) and his colleagues' cross-cultural study of 1992, in which they concluded that the six basic emotions are [anger](/source/Anger), [disgust](/source/Disgust), [fear](/source/Fear), [happiness](/source/Happiness), [sadness](/source/Sadness), and [surprise](/source/Surprise_(emotion)).[2] Ekman explains that there are particular characteristics attached to each of these emotions, allowing them to be expressed in varying degrees in a non-verbal manner.[3][4] Each emotion acts as a discrete category rather than an individual emotional state.[5]

### Simplicity debate

Humans' subjective experience is that emotions are clearly recognizable in ourselves and others. This apparent ease of recognition has led to the identification of a number of emotions that are said to be basic, and universal among all people. However, a debate among experts has questioned this understanding of what emotions are. There has been recent discussion of the progression on the different views of emotion over the years.[6]

On "basic emotion" accounts, activation of an emotion, such as anger, sadness, or fear, is "triggered" by the brain's appraisal of a stimulus or event with respect to the perceiver's goals or survival. In particular, the function, expression, and meaning of different emotions are hypothesized to be biologically distinct from one another. A theme common to many basic emotions theories is that there should be functional signatures that distinguish different emotions: we should be able to tell what emotion a person is feeling by looking at his or her brain activity and/or physiology. Furthermore, knowledge of what the person is seeing or the larger context of the eliciting event should not be necessary to deduce what the person is feeling from observing the biological signatures.[5]

On "constructionist" accounts, the emotion a person feels in response to a stimulus or event is "constructed" from more elemental biological and psychological ingredients. Two hypothesized ingredients are "core affect" (characterized by, e.g., hedonic [valence](/source/Valence_(psychology)) and physiological arousal) and conceptual knowledge (such as the semantic meaning of the emotion labels themselves, e.g., the word "anger"). A theme common to many constructionist theories is that different emotions do not have specific locations in the nervous system or distinct physiological signatures, and that context is central to the emotion a person feels because of the accessibility of different concepts afforded by different contexts.[7]

## Dimensional models of emotion

For both theoretical and practical reasons, researchers define emotions according to one or more dimensions. In his 1649 philosophical treatise, [The Passions of the Soul](/source/The_Passions_of_the_Soul), Descartes defines and investigates the six primary passions ([Wonder](/source/Wonder_(emotion)), [love](/source/Love), [hate](/source/Hate), [desire](/source/Desire), [joy](/source/Joy), and sadness). In 1897, [Wilhelm Max Wundt](/source/Wilhelm_Wundt), the father of modern psychology, proposed that emotions can be described by three dimensions: "pleasurable versus unpleasurable", "arousing or subduing", and "strain or [relaxation](/source/Relaxation_(psychology))".[8] In 1954, [Harold Schlosberg](/source/Harold_H._Schlosberg) named three dimensions of emotion: "pleasantness–unpleasantness", "attention–rejection" and "level of activation".[9]

Dimensional models of emotion attempt to conceptualize human emotions by defining where they lie in two or three dimensions. Most dimensional models incorporate [valence](/source/Valence_(psychology)) and [arousal](/source/Arousal) or intensity dimensions. Dimensional models of emotion suggest that a common and interconnected neurophysiological system is responsible for all affective states.[10] These models contrast theories of basic emotion, which propose that different emotions arise from separate neural systems.[10] Several dimensional models of emotion have been developed, though there are just a few that remain as the dominant models currently accepted by most.[11] The two-dimensional models that are most prominent are the circumplex model, the vector model, and the Positive Activation – Negative Activation (PANA) model.[11]

### Circumplex model

Circumplex model of emotion has two axes: Valence and Arousal

The circumplex model of emotion was developed by James Russell.[12] This model suggests that emotions are distributed in a two-dimensional circular space, containing arousal and valence dimensions. Arousal represents the vertical axis and valence represents the horizontal axis, while the center of the circle represents a neutral valence and a medium level of arousal.[11] In this model, emotional states can be represented at any level of valence and arousal, or at a neutral level of one or both of these factors. Circumplex models have been used most commonly to test stimuli of emotion words, emotional facial expressions, and [affective](/source/Affect_(psychology)) states.[13]

Russell and [Lisa Feldman Barrett](/source/Lisa_Feldman_Barrett) describe their modified circumplex model as representative of core affect, or the most elementary feelings that are not necessarily directed toward anything. Different prototypical emotional episodes, or clear emotions that are evoked or directed by specific objects, can be plotted on the circumplex, according to their levels of arousal and [pleasure](/source/Pleasure).[14]

### Vector model

The vector model of emotion suggests that emotions are structured in terms of arousal and valence. A positive valence represents appetitive motivation and negative valence represents defensive motivation.[15]

The vector model of emotion appeared in 1992.[16] This two-dimensional model consists of [vectors](/source/Vector_space) that point in two directions, representing a "boomerang" shape. The model assumes that there is always an underlying arousal dimension, and that valence determines the direction in which a particular emotion lies. For example, a positive valence would shift the emotion up the top vector and a negative valence would shift the emotion down the bottom vector.[11] In this model, high arousal states are differentiated by their valence, whereas low arousal states are more neutral and are represented near the meeting point of the vectors. Vector models have been most widely used in the testing of word and picture stimuli.[13]

### Positive activation – negative activation (P.A.N.A.) model

The positive activation – negative activation (P.A.N.A.) or "consensual" model of emotion, originally created by Watson and Tellegen in 1985,[17] suggests that [positive affect](/source/Positive_affectivity) and [negative affect](/source/Negative_affectivity) are two separate systems. Similar to the vector model, states of higher arousal tend to be defined by their valence, and states of lower arousal tend to be more neutral in terms of valence.[11] In the P.A.N.A. model, the vertical axis represents low to high positive affect and the horizontal axis represents low to high negative affect. The dimensions of valence and arousal lay at a 45-degree rotation over these axes.[17]

### Plutchik's model

[Robert Plutchik](/source/Robert_Plutchik) offers a three-dimensional model that is a hybrid of both basic-complex categories and dimensional theories. It arranges emotions in concentric circles where inner circles are more basic and outer circles more complex. Notably, outer circles are also formed by blending the inner circle emotions. Plutchik's model, as Russell's, emanates from a circumplex representation, where emotional words were plotted based on similarity.[18] There are numerous emotions, which appear in several intensities and can be combined in various ways to form emotional "dyads".[19][20][21][22][23]

### PAD emotional state model

Main article: [PAD emotional state model](/source/PAD_emotional_state_model)

The PAD emotional state model is a psychological model developed by [Albert Mehrabian](/source/Albert_Mehrabian) and [James A. Russell](/source/James_A._Russell) to describe and measure emotional states. PAD uses three numerical dimensions to represent all emotions.[24][25] The PAD dimensions are *Pleasure*, *Arousal* and *Dominance*.

- The Pleasure-Displeasure Scale measures how pleasant an emotion may be. For instance, both anger and fear are unpleasant emotions, and score high on the displeasure scale. However, joy is a pleasant emotion.[24]

- The Arousal-Nonarousal Scale measures how energized or soporific one feels. It is not the intensity of the emotion—for [grief](/source/Grief) and [depression](/source/Depression_(mood)) can be low arousal intense feelings. While both anger and [rage](/source/Rage_(emotion)) are unpleasant emotions, rage has a higher intensity or a higher arousal state. However [boredom](/source/Boredom), which is also an unpleasant state, has a low arousal value.[24]

- The Dominance-Submissiveness Scale represents the controlling and dominant nature of the emotion. For instance, while both fear and anger are unpleasant emotions, anger is a dominant emotion, while fear is a submissive emotion.[24]

## Criticisms

### Cultural considerations

Ethnographic and cross-cultural studies of emotions have shown the variety of ways in which emotions differ with cultures. Because of these differences, many cross-cultural psychologists and anthropologists challenge the idea of universal classifications of emotions altogether. Cultural differences have been observed in the way in which emotions are valued, expressed, and regulated. The social norms for emotions, such as the frequency with or circumstances in which they are expressed, also vary drastically.[26][27] For example, the demonstration of anger is encouraged by [Kaluli people](/source/Kaluli_people), but condemned by Utku Inuit.[28]

The largest piece of evidence that disputes the universality of emotions is language. Differences within languages directly correlate to differences in emotion taxonomy. Languages differ in that they categorize emotions based on different components. Some may categorize by event types, whereas others categorize by action readiness. Furthermore, emotion taxonomies vary due to the differing implications emotions have in different languages.[26] That being said, not all English words have equivalents in all other languages and vice versa, indicating that there are words for emotions present in some languages but not in others.[29] Emotions such as the [schadenfreude](/source/Schadenfreude) in German and [saudade](/source/Saudade) in Portuguese are commonly expressed in emotions in their respective languages, but lack an English equivalent.

Some languages do not differentiate between emotions that are considered to be the basic emotions in English. For instance, certain African languages have one word for both anger and sadness, and others for [shame](/source/Shame) and fear. There is ethnographic evidence that even challenges the universality of the category "emotions" because certain cultures lack a specific word relating to the English word "emotions".[27]

## Lists of emotions

Emotions are categorized into various affects, which correspond to the current situation.[30] An affect is the range of feeling experienced.[31] Both positive and negative emotions are needed in our daily lives.[32] Many theories of emotion have been proposed,[33] with contrasting views.[34]

### Basic emotions

- [William James](/source/William_James) in 1890 proposed four basic emotions: fear, grief, love, and rage, based on bodily involvement.[35]

- [Paul Ekman](/source/Paul_Ekman) identified six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.[36] Wallace V. Friesen and [Phoebe C. Ellsworth](/source/Phoebe_C._Ellsworth) worked with him on the same basic structure.[37] The emotions can be linked to facial expressions. In the 1990s, Ekman proposed an expanded list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions that are not all encoded in facial muscles.[38] The newly included emotions are: [amusement](/source/Amusement), [contempt](/source/Contempt), [contentment](/source/Contentment), [embarrassment](/source/Embarrassment), excitement, [guilt](/source/Guilt_(emotion)), pride in achievement, [relief](/source/Relief_(emotion)), satisfaction, sensory pleasure, and shame.[38]

- [Richard and Bernice Lazarus](/source/Richard_Lazarus) in 1996 expanded the list to 15 emotions: aesthetic experience, anger, [anxiety](/source/Anxiety), [compassion](/source/Compassion), depression, [envy](/source/Envy), fright, [gratitude](/source/Gratitude), guilt, happiness, [hope](/source/Hope), [jealousy](/source/Jealousy), love, [pride](/source/Pride), relief, sadness, and shame, in the book *Passion and Reason*.[39][40]

- Researchers[41] at [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley) identified 27 categories of emotion: [admiration](/source/Admiration), [adoration](/source/Adoration), aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, [awe](/source/Awe), awkwardness, boredom, [calmness](/source/Calmness), [confusion](/source/Confusion), craving, disgust, [empathic pain](/source/Empathy), entrancement, excitement, fear, [horror](/source/Fear), [interest](/source/Interest_(emotion)), joy, [nostalgia](/source/Nostalgia), relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.[42] This was based on 2185 short videos intended to elicit a certain emotion. These were then modeled onto a "map" of emotions.[43]

### Contrasting basic emotions

A 2009 review[44] of theories of emotion identifies and contrasts fundamental emotions according to three key criteria for mental experiences that:

1. have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;

1. are a response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;

1. motivate particular kinds of behavior.

The combination of these attributes distinguishes emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.

Kind of emotion Positive emotions Negative emotions Related to object properties Interest, curiosity, enthusiasm Alarm, panic Attraction, desire, admiration Aversion, disgust, revulsion Surprise, amusement Indifference, habituation, boredom Future appraisal Hope, excitement Fear, anxiety, dread Event-related Gratitude, thankfulness Anger, rage Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation Sorrow, grief Patience Frustration, restlessness Contentment Discontentment, disappointment Depression Self-appraisal Humility, modesty, confidence Pride, arrogance Social Charity Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy Sympathy Cruelty Cathected Love Hate

### Emotion dynamics

Researchers distinguish several emotion dynamics, most commonly how intense (mean level), variable (fluctuations), inert (temporal dependency), instable (magnitude of moment-to-moment fluctuations), or differentiated someone's emotions are (the specificity of granularity of emotions), and whether and how an emotion augments or blunts other emotions.[45] Meta-analytic reviews show systematic developmental changes in emotion dynamics throughout childhood and adolescence and substantial between-person differences.[45]

### HUMAINE's proposal for EARL

The *emotion annotation and representation language* (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 49 emotions.[46]

- Negative and forceful - Anger - [Annoyance](/source/Annoyance) - Contempt - Disgust - [Irritation](/source/Irritability)

- Negative and not in control - Anxiety - Embarrassment - Fear - [Helplessness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/helplessness) - [Powerlessness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/powerlessness) - [Worry](/source/Worry)

- Negative thoughts - [Doubt](/source/Doubt) - Envy - Frustration - Guilt - Shame

- Negative and passive - Boredom - [Despair](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/despair) - Disappointment - [Hurt](/source/Suffering) - Sadness

- Agitation - [Stress](/source/Stress_(biology)) - [Shock](/source/Acute_stress_reaction) - [Tension](/source/Stress_(biology))

- Positive and lively - Amusement - [Delight](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delight) - Elation - Excitement - Happiness - Joy - Pleasure

- Caring - [Affection](/source/Affection) - [Empathy](/source/Empathy) - Friendliness - Love

- Positive thoughts - Pride - [Courage](/source/Courage) - Hope - [Humility](/source/Humility) - [Satisfaction](/source/Contentment) - [Trust](/source/Trust_(social_sciences))

- Quiet positive - Calmness - Contentment - Relaxation - Relief - [Serenity](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serenity)

- Reactive - Interest - [Politeness](/source/Politeness) - Surprise

### Parrott's emotions by groups

A [tree-structured](/source/Tree_structure) list of emotions was described in Shaver et al. (1987),[47] and also featured in Parrott (2001).[48]

Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotion Love Affection Adoration · Fondness · Liking · Attraction · Caring · Tenderness · Compassion · Sentimentality Lust/Sexual desire Desire · Passion · Infatuation Longing Longing Joy Cheerfulness Amusement · Bliss · Gaiety · Glee · Jolliness · Joviality · Joy · Delight · Enjoyment · Gladness · Happiness · Jubilation · Elation · Satisfaction · Ecstasy · Euphoria Zest Enthusiasm · Zeal · Excitement · Thrill · Exhilaration Contentment Pleasure Pride Triumph Optimism Eagerness · Hope Enthrallment Enthrallment · Rapture Relief Relief Surprise Surprise Amazement · Astonishment Anger Irritability Aggravation · Agitation · Annoyance · Grouchy · Grumpy · Crosspatch Exasperation Frustration Rage Anger · Outrage · Fury · Wrath · Hostility · Ferocity · Bitterness · Hatred · Scorn · Spite · Vengefulness · Dislike · Resentment Disgust Revulsion · Contempt · Loathing Envy Jealousy Torment Torment Sadness Suffering Agony · Anguish · Hurt Sadness Depression · Despair · Gloom · Glumness · Unhappiness · Grief · Sorrow · Woe · Misery · Melancholy Disappointment Dismay · Displeasure Shame Guilt · Regret · Remorse Neglect Alienation · Defeatism · Dejection · Embarrassment · Homesickness · Humiliation · Insecurity · Insult · Isolation · Loneliness · Rejection Sympathy Pity · Mono no aware · Sympathy Fear Horror Alarm · Shock · Fear · Fright · Horror · Terror · Panic · Hysteria · Mortification Nervousness Anxiety · Suspense · Uneasiness · Apprehension (fear) · Worry · Distress · Dread

### Plutchik's wheel of emotions

Plutchik's original emotion wheel

A diagram depicting the primary, secondary, and tertiary dyads

In 1980, [Robert Plutchik](/source/Robert_Plutchik) diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and [anticipation](/source/Anticipation_(emotion)), inspired by his *Ten Postulates*.[49][50] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

- Primary dyad = one petal apart = **Love** = *Joy* + *Trust*

- Secondary dyad = two petals apart = **Envy** = *Sadness* + *Anger*

- Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = **Shame** = *Fear* + *Disgust*

- Opposite emotions = four petals apart = *Anticipation* ∉ *Surprise*

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions, though Plutchik never describes in any detail what the triads might be.[58] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.[59] Emotions can be mild or intense;[60] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite Serenity Pensiveness, Gloominess Joy, Cheerfulness Sadness, Dejection Ecstasy, Elation Grief, Sorrow Acceptance, Tolerance Boredom, Dislike Trust Disgust, Aversion Admiration, Adoration Loathing, Revulsion Apprehension, Dismay Annoyance, Irritation Fear, Fright Anger, Hostility Terror, Panic Rage, Fury Distraction, Uncertainty Interest, Attentiveness Surprise Anticipation, Expectancy Amazement, Astonishment Vigilance

Dyads (Combinations) Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions Optimism, Courage Anticipation + Joy Disapproval, Disappointment Surprise + Sadness Hope, Fatalism Anticipation + Trust Unbelief, Shock Surprise + Disgust Anxiety, Dread Anticipation + Fear Outrage, Hate Surprise + Anger Love, Friendliness Joy + Trust Remorse, Misery Sadness + Disgust Guilt, Excitement Joy + Fear Envy, Sullenness Sadness + Anger Delight, Doom Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation Submission, Modesty Trust + Fear Contempt, Scorn Disgust + Anger Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation Sentimentality, Resignation Trust + Sadness Morbidness, Derisiveness Disgust + Joy Awe, Alarm Fear + Surprise Aggressiveness, Vengeance Anger + Anticipation Despair Fear + Sadness Pride, Victory Anger + Joy Shame, Prudishness Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust

Opposite combinations[54] Human feelings Emotions Bittersweetness Joy + Sadness Ambivalence Trust + Disgust Frozenness Fear + Anger Confusion Surprise + Anticipation

Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.[61] Anger, [Anticipation](/source/Anticipation), Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal,[62] while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.[63] The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:[64]

Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness + Sadness Joy Anticipation Pessimism Optimism Surprise Disapproval Delight

Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust + Disgust Trust Joy Morbidness Love Sadness Remorse Sentimentality

Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger + Fear Anger Trust Submission Dominance Disgust Shame Contempt

Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation + Surprise Anticipation Anger Outrage Aggressiveness Fear Awe Anxiety

Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation + Surprise Anticipation Trust Curiosity Hope Disgust Unbelief Cynicism

Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger + Fear Anger Joy Guilt Pride Sadness Despair Envy

### Six emotion axes

[MIT](/source/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology) researchers [65] published a paper titled "An Affective Model of Interplay Between Emotions and Learning: Reengineering Educational Pedagogy—Building a Learning Companion" that lists six axes of emotions with different opposite emotions, and different emotions coming from ranges.[65]

Emotional flow Axis -1.0 -0.5 0 0 +0.5 +1.0 Anxiety – Confidence Anxiety Worry Discomfort Comfort Hopeful Confident Boredom – Fascination Ennui Boredom Indifference Interest Curiosity Intrigue Frustration – Euphoria Frustration Puzzlement Confusion Insight Enlightenment Epiphany Dispirited – Encouraged Dispirited Disappointed Dissatisfied Satisfied Thrilled Enthusiastic Terror – Enchantment Terror Dread Apprehension Calm Anticipatory Excited Humiliation – Pride Humiliated Embarrassed Self-conscious Pleased Satisfied Proud

They also made a model labeling phases of learning emotions.[65]

Negative Affect Positive Affect Constructive Learning Disappointment, Puzzlement, Confusion Awe, Satisfaction, Curiosity Un-learning Frustration, Discard, Misconceptions Hopefulness, Fresh research

### *The Book of Human Emotions*

Tiffany Watt Smith listed 154 different worldwide emotions and feelings.[66]

- A - *[Abhiman](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)* - [Acedia](/source/Acedia) - *[Amae](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%BE%E3%81%88)* - Ambiguphobia - Anger - Anticipation - Anxiety - [Apathy](/source/Apathy) - *[L'appel du vide](/source/L'appel_du_vide)* - *[Awumbuk](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/awumbuk)*

- B - [Bafflement](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bafflement) - [Basorexia](/source/Basorexia) - [Befuddlement](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/befuddlement) - [Bewilderment](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bewilderment) - Boredom - [Brabant](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brabant) - [Broodiness](/source/Broodiness)

- C - Calm - [Carefree](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carefree) - Cheerfulness - [Cheesed](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cheesed) (off) - [Claustrophobia](/source/Claustrophobia) - [Collywobbles](/source/Collywobbles), the - Comfort - Compassion - [Compersion](/source/Compersion) - Confidence - Contempt - Contentment - Courage - Curiosity - [Cyberchondria](/source/Cyberchondria)

- D - Delight - *[Dépaysement](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A9paysement)* - Desire - Despair - [Depression](/source/Depression_(mood)) - [Disappear](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disappear), the desire to - Disappointment - [Disgruntlement](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disgruntlement) - Disgust - [Dismay](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dismay) - *[Dolce far niente](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dolce_far_niente)* - Dread

- E - Ecstasy - Embarrassment - [Empathy](/source/Empathy) - Envy - Euphoria - Exasperation - Excitement

- F - Fago - Fear - [Feeling good](/source/Contentment) (about yourself) - [Formal feeling](/source/Formality), a - [Fraud](/source/Fraud), feeling like a - Frustration

- G - *[Gezelligheid](/source/Gezelligheid)* - [Gladsomeness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gladsomeness) - Glee - Gratitude - *[Greng jai](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88)* - Grief - Guilt

- H - *[Han](/source/Han_(cultural))* - Happiness - Hatred - [Heebie-Jeebies](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heebie-jeebies), the - *[Hiraeth](/source/Hiraeth)* - [Hoard](/source/Hoard), the urge to - [Homefulness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homefulness) - Homesickness - Hopefulness - [Huff](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huff), in a - [Humble](/source/Humility), feeling - Humiliation - [Hunger](/source/Hunger) - [Hwyl](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hwyl)

- I - *[Ijirashi](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%98%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%84)* - Ikstuarpok - *[Ilinx](/source/Ilinx)* - [Impatience](/source/Impatience) - [Indignation](/source/Indignation) - [Inhabitiveness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inhabitiveness) - Insulted, feeling - Irritation

- J - Jealousy - Joy

- K - *[Kaukokaipuu](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaukokaipuu)*

- L - *Liget*[67] - *[Litost](/source/Litost)* - [Loneliness](/source/Loneliness) - Love

- M - *[Malu](/source/Malu)* - *[Man](/source/Man)* - Matutolypea - *[Mehameha](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mehameha)* - Melancholy - [Miffed](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/miffed), a bit - *[Mono no aware](/source/Mono_no_aware)* - [Morbid curiosity](/source/Morbid_curiosity) - Mudita

- N - *[Nakhes](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naches)* - Nginyiwarrarringu - Nostalgia

- O - *[Oime](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E3%81%84%E7%9B%AE)* - [Overwhelmed](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overwhelmed), feeling

- P - Panic - [Paranoia](/source/Paranoia) - [Perversity](/source/Perversion) - *[Peur](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peur) [des](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/des) [espaces](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/espace)* - [Philoprogenitiveness](/source/Philoprogenitiveness) - [Pique](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pique), a fit of - [Pity](/source/Pity) - [Postal](/source/Going_postal), going - Pride - [Pronoia](/source/Pronoia_(psychology))

- R - Rage - Regret - Relief - [Reluctance](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reluctance) - Remorse - [Reproachfulness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reproachfulness) - Resentment - [Ringxiety](/source/Ringxiety) - [Rivalry](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rivalry) - [Road rage](/source/Road_rage) - *[Ruinenlust](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ruinenlust)*

- S - Sadness - Satisfaction - *[Saudade](/source/Saudade)* - Schadenfreude - [Self-pity](/source/Self-pity) - Shame - Shock - [Smugness](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smugness) - *[Song](/source/Song)* - Surprise - [Suspicion](/source/Suspicion_(emotion))

- T - [Technostress](/source/Technostress) - Terror - *[Torschlusspanik](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Torschlusspanik)* - *[Toska](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0#Russian)* - Triumph

- U - Umpty - Uncertainty

- V - Vengefulness - *[Vergüenza ajena](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verg%C3%BCenza_ajena)* - *[Viraha](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)* - [Vulnerability](/source/Vulnerability)

- W - [Wanderlust](/source/Wanderlust) - [Warm glow](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/warm_glow) - Wonder - Worry

- Z - [Żal](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCal)

## Mapping facial expressions

Scientists map twenty-one different facial emotions[68][69] expanded from Paul Ekman's six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise:

Fearful Angry Surprised Disgusted Happy Happily Surprised Happily Disgusted Sad Sadly Fearful Sadly Angry Sadly Surprised Sadly Disgusted Appalled Fearfully Angry Fearfully Surprised Fearfully Disgusted Awed Angrily Surprised Angrily Disgusted Hatred Disgustedly Surprised

## See also

- [Aesthetic emotions](/source/Aesthetic_emotions)

- [Affect measures](/source/Affect_measures)

- [Affective neuroscience](/source/Affective_neuroscience)

- [Alexithymia](/source/Alexithymia)

- [Emotion and memory](/source/Emotion_and_memory)

- [Emotional granularity](/source/Emotional_granularity)

- [List of virtues](/source/List_of_virtues)

- [Mood (psychology)](/source/Mood_(psychology))

- [Moral emotions](/source/Moral_emotions)

- [Social emotions](/source/Social_emotions)

- [Unipolar emotions](/source/Unipolar_emotions)

## Bibliography

- Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), *Nebraska Symposium on Motivation*. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press: pp. 207–283.

- Ekman, P. (1992). "An argument for basic emotions". *Cognition and Emotion*. **6** (3): 169–200. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.454.1984](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.454.1984). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/02699939208411068](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699939208411068).

- Ekman, P. (1999). Basic Emotions. In T. Dalgleish and T. Power (Eds.) *The Handbook of Cognition and Emotion* Pp. 45–60. Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

- Fontaine, J.; Scherer, KR; Roesch, EB; Ellsworth, PC (2007). "The world of emotions is not two-dimensional". *Psychological Science*. **18** (12): 1050–1057. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.1031.3706](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1031.3706). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2007.02024.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18031411](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18031411). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [1779061](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1779061).

- Koelsch, S.; Jacobs, AM.; Menninghaus, W.; Liebal, K.; Klann-Delius, G.; von Scheve, C.; Gebauer, G. (2015). "The quartet theory of human emotions: An integrative and neurofunctional model". *Phys Life Rev*. **13**: 1–27. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015PhLRv..13....1K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhLRv..13....1K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.plrev.2015.03.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2015.03.001). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25891321](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25891321).

- [Prinz, J.](/source/Jesse_Prinz) (2004). *Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotions*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195309362](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309362)

- Sugu, Dana; Chaterjee, Amita (2010). ["Flashback: Reshuffling Emotions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110430041037/https://sites.google.com/site/sugudana/articles-1). *International Journal on Humanistic Ideology*. **3** (1). Archived from [the original](https://sites.google.com/site/sugudana/articles-1) on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2010-11-11.

- Russell, J.A. (1979). "Affective space is bipolar". *[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology](/source/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology)*. **37** (3): 345–356. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.345](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.37.3.345). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [17557962](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17557962).

- Russell, J.A. (1991). ["Culture and the categorization of emotions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190605/https://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/psyc-bull1991.pdf) (PDF). *[Psychological Bulletin](/source/Psychological_Bulletin)*. **110** (3): 426–50. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.110.3.426). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1758918](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1758918). Archived from [the original](https://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/psyc-bull1991.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 15 December 2015.

## Notes and references

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Colombetti, Giovanna (August 2009). "From affect programs to dynamical discrete emotions". *Philosophical Psychology*. **22** (4): 407–425. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.728.9666](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.728.9666). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/09515080903153600](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09515080903153600). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [40157414](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40157414).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Ekman, Paul (January 1992). "Facial Expressions of Emotion: New Findings, New Questions". *Psychological Science*. **3** (1): 34–38. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00253.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.1992.tb00253.x). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [9274447](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9274447).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Bąk, Halszka (2023-12-01). ["Issues in the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amper.2023.100128). *Ampersand*. **11** 100128. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.amper.2023.100128](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amper.2023.100128). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2215-0390](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0390).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (2003-10-01). ["Universals and Cultural Differences in Recognizing Emotions"](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8721.01252). *Current Directions in Psychological Science*. **12** (5): 159–164. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1467-8721.01252](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.01252). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0963-7214](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-7214). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [262438746](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:262438746).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ekman_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ekman_5-1) Ekman, Paul (1992). "An Argument for Basic Emotions". *Cognition and Emotion*. **6** (3/4): 169–200. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.454.1984](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.454.1984). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/02699939208411068](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699939208411068).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Gendron, Maria; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (October 2009). ["Reconstructing the Past: A Century of Ideas About Emotion in Psychology"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835158). *Emotion Review*. **1** (4): 316–339. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/1754073909338877](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754073909338877). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2835158](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835158). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20221412](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20221412).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-paradox_7-0)** Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2006). "Solving the Emotion Paradox: Categorization and the Experience of Emotion". *Personality and Social Psychology Review*. **10** (1): 20–46. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2](https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327957pspr1001_2). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16430327](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16430327). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [7750265](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7750265).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Outlines of Psychology. (1897). In: Classics in the history of psychology"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010224041216/http://psychclassics.asu.edu/index.htm). Archived from [the original](http://psychclassics.asu.edu/index.htm) on 2001-02-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Schlosberg, H. (1954). "Three dimensions of emotion". *[Psychological Review](/source/Psychological_Review)*. **61** (2): 81–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/h0054570](https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0054570). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [13155714](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13155714). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [27914497](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27914497).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Posner_Russell_Peterson_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Posner_Russell_Peterson_10-1) Posner, Jonathan; Russell, J.A.; Peterson, B. S. (2005). ["The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367156). *Development and Psychopathology*. **17** (3): 715–734. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/s0954579405050340](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0954579405050340). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2367156](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367156). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16262989](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16262989).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rubin_Telerico_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rubin_Telerico_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Rubin_Telerico_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Rubin_Telerico_11-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Rubin_Telerico_11-4) Rubin, D. C.; Talerico, J.M. (2009). ["A comparison of dimensional models of emotion"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784275). *Memory*. **17** (8): 802–808. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/09658210903130764](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09658210903130764). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2784275](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784275). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19691001](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19691001).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Russell1980_12-0)** Russell, James (1980). "A circumplex model of affect". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **39** (6): 1161–1178. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/h0077714](https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0077714). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10983/22919](https://hdl.handle.net/10983%2F22919).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Remington_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Remington_13-1) Remington, N. A.; Fabrigar, L. R.; Visser, P. S. (2000). "Re-examining the circumplex model of affect". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **79** (2): 286–300. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.286](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.79.2.286). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10948981](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10948981).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Russell, James; Feldman Barrett, Lisa (1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **76** (5): 805–819. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.76.5.805). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10353204](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10353204).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Wilson, Graham; Dobrev, Dobromir; Brewster, Stephen A. (2016-05-07). ["Hot Under the Collar: Mapping Thermal Feedback to Dimensional Models of Emotion"](https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/120199/1/120199.pdf) (PDF). *Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*. pp. 4838–4849. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1145/2858036.2858205](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2858036.2858205). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4503-3362-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-3362-7). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [13051231](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13051231).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bradley_16-0)** Bradley, M. M.; Greenwald, M. K.; Petry, M.C.; Lang, P. J. (1992). "Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory". *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition*. **18** (2): 379–390. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.379](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0278-7393.18.2.379). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1532823](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1532823).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Watson_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Watson_17-1) Watson, D.; Tellegen, A. (1985). "Toward a consensual structure of mood". *Psychological Bulletin*. **98** (2): 219–235. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.98.2.219). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [3901060](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3901060).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Plutchik, R](/source/Robert_Plutchik). ["The Nature of Emotions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010716082847/http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html). American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). [*The Emotions*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JaQauznPoiEC&q=robert+plutchik's+the+nature+of+emotions&pg=PA34). University Press of America. p. 110. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8191-8286-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-8286-9). Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Plutchik, R](/source/Robert_Plutchik). ["The Nature of Emotions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010716082847/http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html). American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions"](http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf) (PDF). *Adliterate.com*. Retrieved 2017-06-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Turner2000_22-0)** Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). [*On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect*](https://books.google.com/books?id=aEeSmDRsXkcC&pg=PA76). Stanford University Press. p. 76. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8047-6436-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6436-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). ["A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents"](http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html). *International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research*. **2** (6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mehrabian1_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mehrabian1_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Mehrabian1_24-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Mehrabian1_24-3) Mehrabian, Albert (1980). [*Basic dimensions for a general psychological theory*](https://archive.org/details/basicdimensionsf0000mehr/page/39). Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain. pp. [39–53](https://archive.org/details/basicdimensionsf0000mehr/page/39). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89946-004-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89946-004-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Bales, Robert Freed (2001). *Social interaction systems: theory and measurement*. Transaction Publishers. pp. 139–140. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7658-0872-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0872-1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mesquita_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mesquita_26-1) Mesquita, Batja; Nico Frijda (September 1992). "Cultural variations in emotions: a review". *Psychological Bulletin*. **112** (2): 179–204. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.179](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.112.2.179). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1454891](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1454891).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Russell1991_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Russell1991_27-1) Russell, James (1991). ["Culture and Categorization of Emotions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190605/https://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/psyc-bull1991.pdf) (PDF). *Psychological Bulletin*. **110** (3): 426–450. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.110.3.426). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [1758918](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1758918). Archived from [the original](https://www2.bc.edu/~russeljm/publications/psyc-bull1991.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 15 December 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Eid_28-0)** Eid, Michael; Ed Diener (November 2001). "Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **81** (5): 869–885. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.869](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.81.5.869). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11708563](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11708563).(subscription required)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wierzbicka_29-0)** Wierzbicka, Anna (September 1986). "Human Emotions: Universal or Culture-Specific?". *American Anthropologist*. **88** (3): 584–594. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1525/aa.1986.88.3.02a00030](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1986.88.3.02a00030). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [679478](https://www.jstor.org/stable/679478).(subscription required)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Lisa Feldman Barrett (2006). "Solving the Emotion Paradox: Categorization and the Experience of Emotion". *Personality and Social Psychology Review*. **10** (1): 20–46. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2](https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327957pspr1001_2). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16430327](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16430327). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [7750265](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7750265).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Emotions and Moods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200108054918/http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/samplechapter/0132431564.pdf) (PDF). *Catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk*. Archived from [the original](http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/samplechapter/0132431564.pdf) (PDF) on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Parrott, W. Gerrod (27 January 2014). [*The Positive Side of Negative Emotions*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PYKmAgAAQBAJ&q=positive+vs+negative+emotions). Guilford Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4625-1333-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1333-8). Retrieved 19 December 2018 – via Google Books.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Candland, Douglas (23 November 2017). [*Emotion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ExILFpIhgpAC&q=contrasting+theories+on+emotion&pg=PA10). iUniverse. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-595-27026-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27026-2). Retrieved 23 November 2017 – via Google Books.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Reitsema,_A.M._2022_374–396_45-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Reitsema,_A.M._2022_374–396_45-1) Reitsema, A.M. (2022). ["Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review"](https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/157627760/2021_Reitsema_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Children_and_Adolescents.pdf) (PDF). *Emotion*. **22** (2): 374–396. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/emo0000970](https://doi.org/10.1037%2Femo0000970). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34843305](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843305). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [244748515](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244748515).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["HUMAINE Emotion Annotation and Representation Language"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080411092724/http://emotion-research.net/projects/humaine/earl). Emotion-research.net. Archived from [the original](http://emotion-research.net/projects/humaine/earl) on April 11, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2006.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Basic Emotions—Plutchik"](http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html). *Personalityresearch.org*. Retrieved 1 September 2017.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions"](http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf) (PDF). *Adliterate.com*. Retrieved 2017-06-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Turner20002_52-0)** Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). [*On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect*](https://books.google.com/books?id=aEeSmDRsXkcC&pg=PA76). Stanford University Press. p. 76. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8047-6436-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6436-0).

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_54-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_54-1) TenHouten, Warren D. (1 December 2016). [*Alienation and Affect*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yUAlDwAAQBAJ&q=plutchik+dyads&pg=PA67). Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-317-67853-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67853-3). Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** Tiffany Watt Smith. ["The Book of Human Emotions: An Encyclopedia of Feeling from Anger to Wanderlust"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210418032350/http://anarchiveforemotions.com/files/DisOrder_uploads/images/TheBookOfHumanEmotions.pdf) (PDF). *Anarchiveforemotions.com*. Archived from [the original](http://anarchiveforemotions.com/files/DisOrder_uploads/images/TheBookOfHumanEmotions.pdf) (PDF) on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 2017-05-28.

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v t e Emotions (list) Emotions Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Antipathy Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Belongingness Boredom Calmness Comfort Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Dysphoria Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Emotion work Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Fun Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Joie de vivre Hatred self-hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Ikigai (sense of purpose) Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Insignificance Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love at first sight limerence obsessive parental passionate and companionate Lust Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relaxation Relief Remorse Resentment Revenge Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Solitude Social connection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Suspense Suspicion Sympathy Trust Wonder sense of wonder Worry Zest Worldviews Cynicism Defeatism Fatalism Misanthropy Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Related Affect consciousness in education measures in psychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appeal to emotion Amygdala hijack Emotion and art and memory and music and sex and sleep classification circumplex EmojiGrid Lövheim PAD Plutchik evolution expressed functional accounts group homeostatic in animals perception recognition in conversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression and gender intelligence and bullying Empathy quotient intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security symbiosis thought method well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions and culture history in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Vocabulary of emotions Feeling Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Jealousy in art Mental state Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect affect as information appraisal Cannon–Bard constructed emotion discrete emotion Emotion regime James–Lange somatic somatic marker two-factor Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages Category

v t e Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective neuroscience Affective science Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Art Assessment Aviation Biography of famous people Clinical Coaching Color Community Consumer Counseling Critical Crowd Educational Ergonomics Fashion Feminist Food Forensic police Health History Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Peace and war Political Positive Photography Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sex differences Space Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Trading Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitative research Quantitative research Self-report inventory Statistical surveys Concepts Behavior Behavioral engineering Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Cognition Competence Consciousness Consumer behavior Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Maslow's hierarchy of needs Mental state Mind Psychology of religion Psychometrics Sex differences Terror management theory Psychologists Wilhelm Wundt William James Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud Edward Thorndike Carl Jung John B. Watson Clark L. Hull Kurt Lewin Jean Piaget Gordon Allport J. P. Guilford Carl Rogers Erik Erikson B. F. Skinner Donald O. Hebb Ernest Hilgard Harry Harlow Raymond Cattell Abraham Maslow Neal E. Miller Jerome Bruner Donald T. Campbell Hans Eysenck Herbert A. Simon David McClelland Leon Festinger George A. Miller Richard Lazarus Stanley Schachter Robert Zajonc Albert Bandura Roger Brown Endel Tulving Lawrence Kohlberg Noam Chomsky Ulric Neisser Jerome Kagan Walter Mischel Elliot Aronson Daniel Kahneman Paul Ekman Michael Posner Amos Tversky Bruce McEwen Larry Squire Richard E. Nisbett Martin Seligman Ed Diener Shelley E. Taylor John Anderson Ronald C. Kessler Joseph E. LeDoux Richard Davidson Susan Fiske Roy Baumeister Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Category Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Emotion classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_classification) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_classification?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.