# Emil Knauer

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**Emil Knauer** (27 February 1867 – 14 May 1935) was an [Austrian](/source/Austrians) [gynecologist](/source/Gynecologist) and [obstetrician](/source/Obstetrician).

## Career

Knauer was born in 1867 as the son of baker Georg Knauer (1822–1878) and his wife Karoline (1829–1905).[1] After completing his schooling in his hometown, he studied medicine at the [University of Vienna](/source/University_of_Vienna) from autumn 1885 onwards. In [Vienna](/source/Vienna) he completed training in [pathological anatomy](/source/Pathology) under [Johann Kundrat](/source/Johann_Kundrat) and in [internal medicine](/source/Internal_medicine) under [Hermann Nothnagel](/source/Hermann_Nothnagel). In 1891 Knauer got his [doctorate](/source/Doctorate) and worked from October 1891 at the [surgical](/source/Surgery) clinic of [Theodor Billroth](/source/Theodor_Billroth). In April 1893 he went to II. University Women's Hospital under [Rudolf Chrobak](/source/Rudolf_Chrobak), where he qualified in July 1901 for obstetrics and gynaecology [habilitation](/source/Habilitation). Knauer had already published his first experimental work on hormonal control of sexual functions as an assistant.[2] They led to the revision of the previous theory of a nerval reflex effect between [ovulation](/source/Ovulation) and [menstruation](/source/Menstruation). By transplanting ovaries in [rabbits](/source/Rabbits) he suspected the existence of a chemical substance produced in the [ovaries](/source/Ovary) and an internal secretion of the organ. His findings were soon confirmed by experiments of the young [Josef Halban](/source/Josef_von_Halban) at the I. University Women's Hospital Vienna. Knauer, Halban and [Ludwig Fraenkel](/source/Ludwig_Fraenkel), who proved the endocrinological function of the [corpus luteum](/source/Corpus_luteum), are regarded today as the founders of gynaecological [endocrinology](/source/Endocrinology).[3] In April 1903 he succeeded [Alfons von Rosthorn](/source/Alfons_von_Rosthorn), who moved to the [University Heidelberg](/source/Ruprecht-Karls-Universit%C3%A4t_Heidelberg), as [professor](/source/Professor) at the [University of Graz](/source/University_of_Graz). Here he mainly dedicated himself to the extension of the clinic, which was rebuilt in 1912 according to his plans. He was the academic teacher of [Paul Mathes](/source/Paul_Mathes), [Hermann Knaus](/source/Hermann_Knaus) and [Hans Zacherl](/source/Hans_Zacherl).[1] He managed the university women's clinic for almost 32 years until his death in 1935. He rejected several calls to other universities. He was also a member of the [Academic Senate](/source/Academic_Senate) for 17 years.[2] Emil Knauer was married and father of 8 children.

## Selected publications

- Knauer, Emil (1896). "Some experiments on ovarian transplantation in rabbits". *Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie*. **20**: 524–8.
- Emil Knauer: *For ovarian transplantation (birth at the normal end of pregnancy after ovarian transplantation in rabbits).* Zentralbl Gynäkol 22 (1898), pp. 201–203
- Emil Knauer: *Ovarian Transplantation (Experimental Study).* Arch Gynecol 60 (1900), pp. 322–376

## Literature

- Hans Zacherl: *In memoriam Hofrat Prof. Dr. Emil Knauer.* Monatsschr Geburtshilfe Gynäkol 99 (1935), pp. 379–380
- Hermann Knaus: *Emil Knauer, Graz †.* Arch Gynäk 159 (1935), p. 429, [10.1007/BF02280559](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02280559)
- Victor Cornelius Medvei: *The birth of endocrinology Part III.* In: *The History of Clinical Endocrinology: A Comprehensive Account of Endocrinology from Earliest Times to the Present Day.* CRC Press, 1993, ISBN 9781850704270, p. 203
- Otto Weininger: *Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna.* In: Chandak Sengoopta: *The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society.* [University of Chicago Press](/source/University_of_Chicago_Press), 2000, ISBN 9780226748672, p. 77

## References

1. Hellmuth Pickel: *Emil Knauer (1867-1935) Ein früher Pionier der gynäkologischen Endokrinologie.* Gynäkologe 49 (2016), p. 294-296, [10.1007/s00129-016-3845-x](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00129-016-3845-x)

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