# Electropherogram

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Laboratory technique

Screenshot of a chromatogram inside the program "[Sequencher](/source/Sequencher)"

Capillary Electrophoresis to Electropherogram process (Courtesy of www.biointeractive.org)

Generation of results

An **electropherogram** (also called **electrophoretogram**, **sequencing chromatogram**, **EPG**, and **e-gram**) is a record or chart produced when [electrophoresis](/source/Electrophoresis) is used in an analytical technique, primarily in the fields of [forensic biology](/source/Forensic_biology), [molecular biology](/source/Molecular_biology), and [biochemistry](/source/Biochemistry).[1] The method plots data points that represent a specific time and [fluorescence](/source/Fluorescence) intensity at various wavelengths of light to represent a DNA profile.[2][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*]

In the field of genetics, an electropherogram is a plot of DNA fragment sizes, typically used for [genotyping](/source/Genotyping) such as [DNA sequencing](/source/DNA_sequencing).[3] The data is plotted with time, shown via base pairs (bps), on the x-axis and fluorescence intensity on the y-axis. Such plots are often achieved using an instrument such as an automated [DNA sequencer](/source/DNA_sequencer) paired with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Such electropherograms may be used to determine DNA sequence genotypes, or genotypes that are based on the length of specific DNA fragments or number of short tandem repeats (STR) at a specific locus by comparing the sample to internal size standards and allelic ladder data using the same size standard.[2][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] These genotypes can be used for:

- [genealogical DNA testing](/source/Genealogical_DNA_test)

- [DNA paternity testing](/source/DNA_paternity_testing)

- [DNA profiling](/source/DNA_profiling)

- [phylogenetics](/source/Phylogenetics)

- [population genetics](/source/Population_genetics)

## See also

- [Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids](/source/Gel_electrophoresis_of_nucleic_acids)

- [Chromatography](/source/Chromatography)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Karabiber, F (2013). ["A Peak Alignment Algorithm with Novel Improvements in Application to Electropherogram Analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4529286). *Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology*. **11** (5): 1350011. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1142/S021972001350011X](https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS021972001350011X). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4529286](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4529286). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24131055](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24131055).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Butler_2015_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Butler_2015_2-1) Butler, J. M. (2015). *Advanced Topics in Forensic [DNA](/source/DNA) Typing: Interpretation*. Elsevier..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Schwartz_1995_3-0)** Schwartz, H.; Guttman, A. (1995). *Separation of DNA by Capillary Electrophoresis*. Beckman.

## External links

- [PHPH](https://web.archive.org/web/20040907182023/http://condor.genoma.cenargen.embrapa.br/phph/) — web-based tool for electropherogram quality analysis

- [Systematic differences in electropherogram peak heights reported by different versions of the GeneScan Software](https://web.archive.org/web/20051126184502/http://journalsip.astm.org/jofs/PAGES/4390.htm)

- [DYS464 Electropherogram Interpretation Discrepancy](http://dna.reinyday.com/464/) with images

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Electropherogram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropherogram) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropherogram?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.