# Elater

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{{Short description|Biological spring device}}
{{hatnote|For the Elateridae family of beetles, see [Click beetle](/source/Click_beetle), and the genus [Elater (beetle)](/source/Elater_(beetle)).}}

An '''elater''' is a [cell](/source/cell_(biology)) (or structure attached to a cell) that is [hygroscopic](/source/hygroscopic), and therefore will change shape in response to changes in [moisture](/source/humidity) in the [environment](/source/ecosystem). Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with [plant](/source/plant) [spore](/source/spore)s. In many plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. [Mosses](/source/Moss) do not have elaters, but [peristome](/source/peristome)s which change shape with changes in humidity or moisture to allow for a gradual release of spores.

== Horsetail elaters ==

In the [horsetail](/source/horsetail)s, elaters are four ribbon-like appendages attached to the spores.  These appendages develop from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall. At maturity, the four strips peel away from the inner wall, except at a single point on the spore where all four strips are attached.

Under moist conditions, the elaters curl tightly around the spore. The wet spores tend to stick to each other and to nearby surfaces because of [surface tension](/source/surface_tension). When conditions are dry, the spores no longer stick to each other and are more easily dispersed. At that time, the elaters uncoil to extend out from the spore and will catch air currents. The fact that they are extended only when conditions are dry means that successful spore dispersal is more likely.

[[Image:Equisetum arvense strobili.jpg|150px|thumb|left|The mature strobili of a horsetail (''[Equisetum arvense](/source/Equisetum_arvense)'').]]
270px|thumb|left|A cross section through a horsetail strobilus, showing spores with elaters.
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== Liverwort elaters ==

In the [liverwort](/source/liverwort)s, also known as Marchantiophyta [example ''Riccia'', ''Marchantia''], elaters are cells that develop in the [sporophyte](/source/sporophyte) alongside the [spore](/source/spore)s.  They are complete cells, usually  with [helical](/source/Helix) thickenings at maturity that respond to moisture content.

In most liverworts, the elaters are unattached, but in some leafy species (such as ''[Frullania](/source/Frullania)'') a few elaters will remain attached to the inside of the [sporangium](/source/sporangium) (spore capsule).

[[File:Ptilidium pulcherrimum Sporen.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Spores and two elaters of the liverwort ''[Ptilidium](/source/Ptilidium)''.]]
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== Hornwort pseudo-elaters ==

In the [hornwort](/source/hornwort)s, elaters are branched clusters of cells that develop in the [sporophyte](/source/sporophyte) alongside the [spore](/source/spore)s.  They are complete cells, usually  without [helical](/source/Helix) thickenings (except in the [Dendrocerotaceae](/source/Dendrocerotaceae)).

== References ==
* Bold, Harold C., Alexopoulos, Constantine J., & Delevoryas, Theodore. (1987). ''Morphology of Plants and Fungi'', (5th ed.). New York: Harper & Row. {{ISBN|0-06-040839-1}}.
* Campbell, Douglas Houghton. (1918). ''The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns'', (3rd ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company.
* Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997). ''The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study''. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. {{ISBN|1-56098-730-8}}.
* Smith, Gilbert M. (1938). ''Cryptogamic Botany, Volume II: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes''. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Category:Plant anatomy

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Elater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elater) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elater?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.