# Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

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10-item questionnaire

Medical diagnostic method

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Purpose identify postpartum depression

The **Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale** (**EPDS**) is a 10-item questionnaire that was developed to identify women who have [postpartum depression](/source/Postpartum_depression).[1] Items of the scale correspond to various [clinical depression](/source/Clinical_depression) [symptoms](/source/Symptom), such as guilt feeling, sleep disturbance, low energy, [anhedonia](/source/Anhedonia), and [suicidal ideation](/source/Suicide). Overall assessment is done by total score, which is determined by adding together the scores for each of the 10 items. Higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms.[1] The EPDS may be used within 8 weeks postpartum and it also can be applied for depression screening during [pregnancy](/source/Pregnancy).[2]

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a widely used depression [screening](/source/Screening_(medicine)) tool, which has been adapted and validated in many languages.[3][4][5]

## History

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was first developed (1987) by Scottish health centres in [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh) and [Livingston](/source/Livingston%2C_West_Lothian).[6]

## See also

- [Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry](/source/Diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_1-1) Cox J.L.; Holden J.M.; Sagovsky R. (1987). "Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale". *Br J Psychiatry*. **150**: 782–786. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1192/bjp.150.6.782](https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.150.6.782). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [3651732](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3651732). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [13841634](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13841634).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Bergink V, Kooistra L; Lambregtse-van, den Berg MP; Wijnen H; Bunevicius R; van Baar A; Pop V (Apr 2011). "Validation of the Edinburgh Depression Scale during pregnancy". *J Psychosom Res*. **70** (4): 385–389. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.07.008](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2010.07.008). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21414460](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21414460).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Garcia-Esteve L, Ascaso C, Ojuel J, Navarro P (Jun 2003). "Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in Spanish mothers". *J Affect Disord*. **75** (1): 71–76. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00020-4](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0165-0327%2802%2900020-4). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12781353](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12781353).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Bergant AM, Nguyen T, Heim K, Ulmer H, Dapunt O (Jan 1998). "German language version and validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale". *Dtsch Med Wochenschr*. **123** (3): 35–40. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1055/s-2007-1023895](https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-1023895). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9472218](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9472218). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [58227985](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58227985).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Vivilaki VG, Dafermos V, Kogevinas M, Bitsios P, Lionis C (Sep 2009). ["The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: translation and validation for a Greek sample"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748079). *BMC Public Health*. **9**: 329. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/1471-2458-9-329](https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-9-329). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2748079](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748079). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19740443](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19740443).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [http://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalProvider/MaternalandChildHealthPromotion/Pages/Edinburgh.aspx](http://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalProvider/MaternalandChildHealthPromotion/Pages/Edinburgh.aspx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150615133003/http://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalProvider/MaternalandChildHealthPromotion/Pages/Edinburgh.aspx) 2015-06-15 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine),

v t e Rating scales for depression Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Burns Depression Checklist (BDC) Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11) M3 Checklist:Depression Major Depression Inventory (MDI) MINI Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) Raskin Depression Rating Scale Wechsler Depression Rating Scale Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Postnatal_Depression_Scale) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Postnatal_Depression_Scale?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.