# Echinoderma

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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{About|the fungus|the phylum including starfish and sea urchins|Echinoderm}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Echinoderma asperum a1 (1).JPG
| image_caption = ''Echinoderma asperum''
| taxon = Echinoderma
| authority = ([Locq.](/source/Locq.) ex [Bon](/source/Marcel_Bon)) Bon (1991) 
| type_species = ''Echinoderma asperum''
| type_species_authority = ([Pers.](/source/Pers.)) Bon (1991)
| subdivision_ranks = [Species](/source/Species)
| subdivision =
| synonyms = *''Cystolepiota'' subgen. ''Echinoderma'' <small>Locq. ex Bon (1981)</small>
}}

'''''Echinoderma''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [fungi](/source/fungi) in the family [Agaricaceae](/source/Agaricaceae). Its members were for a long time considered to belong to genus ''[Lepiota](/source/Lepiota)'' and the group was then [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by French mycologist [Marcel Bon](/source/Marcel_Bon) in 1981 as a [subgenus](/source/subgenus) of ''[Cystolepiota](/source/Cystolepiota)''<ref name="Bon 1981"/> before he raised it to generic status in 1991.<ref name="Bon 1991"/>

==General info==
This genus belongs to a group of genera allied to ''[Lepiota](/source/Lepiota)'' with a white spore print, free (or almost free) gills, stipe easily separable from the cap and having a [partial veil](/source/partial_veil).<ref name=Courtecuisse/>  Amongst the [Agaricaceae](/source/Agaricaceae) it is characterized by the white spore powder, cap skin microscopically an [epithelium](/source/Pileipellis) with rounded cells, and a brownish cap and stipe, with brown scales.<ref name=FN/>

The name comes from the Greek "echinos" (ἐχῖνος) meaning a hedgehog or sea-urchin<ref name=Liddell1/> and "derma" (δέρμα) meaning skin,<ref name=Liddell2/> referring to the spiny cap surface.  The noun "derma" is neuter and therefore if the species name is an adjective, it needs to take the neuter ending (example: ''Echinoderma asperum'').

All of the species in the genus reproduce by means of spores and are [unicellular](/source/Unicellular_organism).<ref>https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/tede/4123 (Parts of the PDF linked on the website contains info not here on this genus)</ref>

==Species==
*''[Echinoderma asperum](/source/Echinoderma_asperum)'' (Pers.) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma boertmannii](/source/Echinoderma_boertmannii)'' (Knudsen) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma bonii](/source/Echinoderma_bonii)'' C.E.Hermos. & Jul.Sánchez 1999
*''[Echinoderma calcicola](/source/Echinoderma_calcicola)'' (Knudsen) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma carinii](/source/Echinoderma_carinii)'' (Bres.) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma echinaceum](/source/Echinoderma_echinaceum)'' (J.E.Lange) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma efibulis](/source/Echinoderma_efibulis)'' (Knudsen) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma hystrix](/source/Echinoderma_hystrix)'' (F.H.Møller & J.E.Lange) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma jacobi](/source/Echinoderma_jacobi)'' (Vellinga & Knudsen) Gminder 2003
*''[Echinoderma perplexum](/source/Echinoderma_perplexum)'' (Knudsen) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma pseudoasperulum](/source/Echinoderma_pseudoasperulum)'' (Knudsen) Bon 1991
*''[Echinoderma rubellum](/source/Echinoderma_rubellum)'' (Bres.) Migl. 2000

==See also==
*[List of Agaricaceae genera](/source/List_of_Agaricaceae_genera)
*[List of Agaricales genera](/source/List_of_Agaricales_genera)
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73609 A Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries: (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms)] (1901), British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology et al.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Bon 1981">{{cite journal |author=Bon M. |title=Clé monographique des Lépiotes d'Europe (Agaricaceae, Tribus Lepioteae et Leucocoprineae) |journal=Documents Mycologiques |year=1981 |volume=11 |issue=43 |pages=1–77 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="Bon 1991">{{cite journal |author=Bon M. |title=Les genres ''Echinoderma'' (Locq. ex Bon) st. nov. et ''Rugosomyces'' Raithelhuber ss lato |journal=Documents Mycologiques |year=1991 |volume=21 |issue=82 |pages=61–66 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name=Courtecuisse>{{cite book |author1=Courtecuisse, R.  |author2=Duhem, B. |title=Champignons de France et d'Europe |language=French |publisher=Delachaux et Niestlé |year=2013 |page=60 |isbn=978-2-603-02038-8 }}  Also available in English.</ref>

<ref name=FN>{{cite book |editor-first1=H. |editor-last1=Knudsen |editor-first2=J. |editor-last2=Vesterholt |title=Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera |publisher=Nordsvamp |location=Copenhagen |year=2008 |page=519 |isbn=978-87-983961-3-0}}</ref>

<ref name=Liddell1>{{cite web |url=http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.27:10:154.LSJ |title=ἐχῖνος |work=A Greek-English Lexicon; Machine readable text |author=Henry George Liddell |author2=Robert Scott |publisher=Tufts University, Oxford |accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref>

<ref name=Liddell2>{{cite web |url=http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.16:1:125.LSJ |title=δέρμα |work=A Greek-English Lexicon; Machine readable text |author=Henry George Liddell |author2=Robert Scott |publisher=Tufts University, Oxford |accessdate=2017-05-25}}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q80469}}

Category:Agaricaceae
Category:Agaricales genera

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Echinoderma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderma) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderma?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.