# Eburonian > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Eburonian > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Eburonian.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonian > Source revision: 1287397001 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Glacial complex in the Calabrian age of the Pleistocene epoch This article is about glacial period. For the Eburonian tribe, see [Eburones](/source/Eburones). The **Eburonian** ([German](/source/German_language): *Eburon* or *Eburonium*), or, much less commonly, the **Eburonian Stage**, is a glacial complex in the [Calabrian age](/source/Calabrian_(stage)) of the [Pleistocene](/source/Pleistocene) [epoch](/source/Epoch_(geology)) and lies between the [Tegelen](/source/Tiglian) and the [Waalian interglacial](/source/Waalian_interglacial). The transition from the Tegelen to the Eburonian started about 1.78 million years ago, lasted 480,000 years (to 1.3 million years ago). In geologic strata, at its base, from its startpoint, the [Neogene](/source/Neogene) underlies different [Gelasian](/source/Gelasian) deposits starkly in much of the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands).[1] ## Discovery As early as the 1920s, the names of the three well known glaciations - the [Elster](/source/Elster_glaciation), the [Saale](/source/Saale_glaciation) and the [Weichselian](/source/Weichselian_glaciation) - had become established at the recommendation of Konrad Keilhack and Paul Woldstedt. After Penck & Brückner successfully identified a fourth glaciation in the [Alps](/source/Alps), there were many attempts to find traces of this ice age in the northern Central Europe. Investigations in the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands), into both [sedimentology](/source/Sedimentology) and [vegetation](/source/Vegetation), revealed that the number of cold and warm periods must have been considerably greater. In 1957 Zagwijn expanded the hitherto known [glacials](/source/Glacial) and [interglacials](/source/Interglacial) (the [Weichselian](/source/Weichselian_glaciation), [Eemian](/source/Eemian_interglacial), [Saalian](/source/Saale_complex), [Holstein](/source/Holstein_interglacial), [Elster](/source/Elster_cold_period) and [Cromer](/source/Cromerian_Complex)) by the [Menapian glacial](/source/Menapian_glaciation), [Waalian interglacial](/source/Waalian_interglacial), Eburonian glacial, Tegelen interglacial and Pre-Tegelen glacial. After the initial view that there had been continuous warm or cold periods, it quickly became clear that we were looking at "complexes" that included both warm and cold periods. The Eburonian was subdivided into four cold periods, each separated from one another by warmer periods. ## Climate & vegetation Very little is known about the development of the climate and vegetation during the Eburonian. The cold period is subdivided into 7 climatic sections, which differ in their average temperatures. As in the cold periods of the Menapian glacial and the Tegelen interglacial, the average temperature of the Eburonian in summer was about ca. 10 °C and the average annual temperature was -6 to -4 °C. During the warmer sections of the Eburonian, the land was covered by cool coniferous forests; during the cold periods the vegetation was open and treeless. ## See also - [Pleistocene](/source/Pleistocene), which covers: Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions. Region Glacial 1 Glacial 2 Glacial 3 Glacial 4 Alps Günz Mindel Riss Würm North Europe Eburonian Elsterian Saalian Weichselian British Isles Beestonian Anglian Wolstonian Devensian Midwest U.S. Nebraskan Kansan Illinoian Wisconsinan Historical names of interglacials. Region Interglacial 1 Interglacial 2 Interglacial 3 Alps Günz-Mindel Mindel-Riss Riss-Würm North Europe Waalian Holsteinian Eemian British Isles Cromerian Hoxnian Ipswichian Midwest U.S. Aftonian Yarmouthian Sangamonian ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Hey, R. W. *The Plio-Pleistocene of England and Iceland* in Van Couvering, John A. (editor), (1997) *The Pleistocene Boundary and the Beginning of the Quaternary*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 183. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-61702-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-61702-2). ## Literature - Ehlers, Jürgen: Allgemeine und historische Quartärgeologie / Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1994 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-432-25911-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-432-25911-5) - Liedtke, Herbert: Eiszeitforschung / Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-534-05063-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-05063-0) ## External links - [Synoptisches Profil durch das Quartär von Sachsen Anhalt](http://www.lgb-rlp.de/fileadmin/extern/stratigraphie/san/litho/quart/san_quartaer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lgb-rlp.de/fileadmin/extern/stratigraphie/san/litho/quart/all-strat.html&h=2835&w=1787&sz=349&tbnid=hVRhKniq-N9lCM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=57&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dstratigraphische%2Bgliederung%2Bquart%25C3%25A4r%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=stratigraphische+gliederung+quartär&usg=__szETwfnq-96rbgvgTYGHF632Keo=&docid=Z9ggrcMLXfrYhM&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i55hUKqtIoTdtAa6rYGoCw&ved=0CCsQ9QEwAw&dur=5600)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*] (Litt und Wansa 1996) v t e The cold and warm periods of the Quaternary in North Germany Pre-Tiglian Tiglian Eburonian Waalian Menapian Bavelian Cromerian Elster Saale Weichselian Holstein Last Interglacial --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Eburonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonian) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburonian?action=history)). 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