# Eastern Romance languages

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Romance subfamily of Southeast Europe

See also: [Proto-Romance](/source/Proto-Romance) and [Common Romanian](/source/Common_Romanian)

Eastern Romance Geographic distribution Southeast Europe Eastern Europe Linguistic classification Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Eastern Romance Early forms Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Common Romanian Subdivisions Daco-Romanian (Romanian) Aromanian Megleno-Romanian Istro-Romanian Language codes Glottolog east2714 Eastern Romance Geographic distribution of present-day Eastern Romance-speakers

The **Eastern Romance languages**[1] are a group of [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages). The group comprises the [Romanian language](/source/Romanian_language) (Daco-Romanian), the [Aromanian language](/source/Aromanian_language) and two other related minor languages, [Megleno-Romanian](/source/Megleno-Romanian_language) and [Istro-Romanian](/source/Istro-Romanian_language).[2][3][4]

The extinct [Dalmatian language](/source/Dalmatian_language) (otherwise included in the [Central Romance group](/source/Central_Romance_languages)) is sometimes included as part of the Eastern Romance group,[5][6][7] being considered a bridge between [Italian](/source/Italian_language) and Romanian.[8][9] Some classifications of the Romance languages consider Eastern and Central Romance to form a clade (often simply called "Eastern Romance", with "Eastern Romance proper" referred to as **Balkan** or **Daco-Romance**),[1] but nowadays Central Romance are more often grouped with the Western Romance languages as "[Italo-Western](/source/Italo-Western_languages)".

## Languages

Eastern Romance comprises [Romanian](/source/Romanian_language) (or Daco-Romanian), [Aromanian](/source/Aromanian_language), [Megleno-Romanian](/source/Megleno-Romanian_language) and [Istro-Romanian](/source/Istro-Romanian_language), according to the most widely accepted classification of the Romance languages.[1][10][11][12][13] The four languages are sometimes labelled as dialects of Romanian[1] and developed from a common ancestor[13] known as [Common Romanian](/source/Common_Romanian).[14] They are surrounded by non-Romance languages.[15] [Judaeo-Spanish](/source/Judaeo-Spanish) (or Ladino) is also spoken in the Balkan Peninsula, but it is rarely listed among the other Romance languages of the region because it is rather an [Iberian Romance](/source/Iberian_Romance) language that developed as a Jewish dialect of [Old Spanish](/source/Old_Spanish) in the far west of Europe, and it began to be spoken widely in the Balkans only after the influx of Ladino-speaking refugees into the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) in the 16th century.[12]

### Internal classification

Within the [Glottolog](/source/Glottolog) database, the languages are classified as follows:[16]

- Eastern Romance - [Aromanian](/source/Aromanian_language) - Northern Romanian - Eastern Romanian - [Megleno-Romanian](/source/Megleno-Romanian_language) - [Daco-Romanian](/source/Romanian_language) - [Istro-Romanian](/source/Istro-Romanian_language)

Peter R. Petrucci, by contrast, states that Common Romanian had developed into two major dialects by the 10th century, and that Daco-Romanian and Istro-Romanian are descended from the northern dialect, while Megleno-Romanian and Aromanian are descended from the southern dialect.[17]

- Eastern Romance - Northern Romanian - [Daco-Romanian](/source/Romanian_language) - [Istro-Romanian](/source/Istro-Romanian_language) - Southern Romanian - [Aromanian](/source/Aromanian_language) - [Megleno-Romanian](/source/Megleno-Romanian_language)

## Samples of Eastern Romance languages

Note: the lexicon used below is not universally recognized.

Istro-Romanian[18][19][20] Aromanian[21][22] Megleno-Romanian[23] Romanian Italian Spanish Portuguese French Latin source English pićor cicior picior picior gamba (pierna) perna jambe petiolus/gamba leg kľeptu cheptu kľeptu piept petto pecho peito poitrine pectus chest bire ghine bini bine bene bien bem bien bene well, good bľerå azghirari zber zbiera/a rage ruggire rugir rugir rugir bēlāre/rugīre to roar fiľu hilj iľu fiu figlio hijo filho fils filius son fiľa hilje iľe fiică figlia hija filha fille fīlia daughter ficåt hicat ficat fegato hígado fígado foie fīcātum liver fi hire ire a fi essere ser ser être fuī/esse/sum to be fľer heru ieru fier ferro hierro ferro fer ferrum iron vițelu yitsãl vițål vițel vitello (ternero) vitelo veau vitellus calf (g)ľerm iermu ghiarmi vierme verme verme (gusano) verme ver vermis worm viu yiu ghiu viu vivo vivo vivo vif/vivant vīvus/vīvēns alive vipt yiptu vipt cibo (vitto) comida (victo) comida (vitualha) victuaille (archaic) victus food, grain, victuals mľe(lu) njel m'iel miel agnello (cordero), añal (archaic) anho, cordeiro agneau agnellus lamb mľåre njare m'ari miere miele miel mel miel mel honey

## See also

- [Balkan sprachbund](/source/Balkan_sprachbund)

- [Common Romanian](/source/Common_Romanian)

- [Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages](/source/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages)

- [Substrate in Romanian](/source/Substrate_in_Romanian)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte2009230_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte2009230_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte2009230_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte2009230_1-3) [Schulte 2009](#CITEREFSchulte2009), p. 230.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019[httpsglottologorgresourcelanguoidideast2714_2-0)** [Hammarström, Forkel & Haspelmath 2019](#CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019), [\[1\]](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2714).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgard1984250_3-0)** [Agard 1984](#CITEREFAgard1984), p. 250.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall195016_4-0)** [Hall 1950](#CITEREFHall1950), p. 16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011272_5-0)** [Swiggers 2011](#CITEREFSwiggers2011), p. 272.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson1999298_6-0)** [Sampson 1999](#CITEREFSampson1999), p. 298.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall195024_7-0)** [Hall 1950](#CITEREFHall1950), p. 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosner1996195_8-0)** [Posner 1996](#CITEREFPosner1996), p. 195.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199722_9-0)** [Harris 1997](#CITEREFHarris1997), p. 22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson198823_10-0)** [Mallinson 1988](#CITEREFMallinson1988), p. 23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosner1996217–218_11-0)** [Posner 1996](#CITEREFPosner1996), pp. 217–218.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindstedt2014168_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindstedt2014168_12-1) [Lindstedt 2014](#CITEREFLindstedt2014), p. 168.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiden201691_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiden201691_13-1) [Maiden 2016](#CITEREFMaiden2016), p. 91.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Sala, Marius (2012). *De la Latină la Română]* [*From Latin to Romanian*]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-606-647-435-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosner1996217_15-0)** [Posner 1996](#CITEREFPosner1996), p. 217.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Hammarström, Harald](/source/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m); Forkel, Robert; [Haspelmath, Martin](/source/Martin_Haspelmath); Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). ["Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Romance"](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2714). *[Glottolog](/source/Glottolog)*. [Leipzig](/source/Leipzig): [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5281/zenodo.7398962](https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962). Retrieved 2023-11-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_17-0)** [Petrucci 1999](#CITEREFPetrucci1999), p. 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Bărdășan, Gabriel (2011), [*Lexicul Istroromân Moștenit din Latină. Suprapuneri și Diferențieri Interdialectale*](http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/V325/pdf) [*Istro-Romanian vocabulary inherited from Latin. Interdialectal Overlaps and Differentiations*] (in Romanian), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075048/http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/V325/pdf) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Dănilă, Ioan (2007), ["Istroromâna în viziunea lui Traian Cantemir"](http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A23723/pdf), *The Proceedings of the "European Integration – Between Tradition and Modernity" Congress* [*Istro-Romanian in the vision of Traian Cantemir*] (in Romanian), vol. 2, pp. 224–231, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075054/http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A23723/pdf) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Burlacu, Mihai (2010). ["Istro-Romanians: The Legacy of a Culture"](https://www.istro-romanian.net/articles/art100105.html). *The IstroRomanian in Croatia*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda](/source/Matilda_Caragiu_Mario%C8%9Beanu), ["Dialectul Aromân"](http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/matilda_caragiu_marioteanu_dialectul_aroman.pdf) [The Aromanian Dialect] (PDF), *[Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture](/source/Avdhela_Project)* (in Romanian), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181024131828/http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/matilda_caragiu_marioteanu_dialectul_aroman.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24, retrieved 2019-09-01

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Vătășescu, Cătălina (2017), ["Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân, bază pentru cercetarea raporturilor aromâno-albaneze"](http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A27553/pdf) [The linguistic atlas of the Aromanian dialect as a ground for a comparative research with the Albanian language], *Fonetică și dialectologie* (in Romanian), vol. XXXVI, pp. 215–221, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075051/http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A27553/pdf) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [*Dialectul Meglenoromân*](http://old.unibuc.ro/CLASSICA/megleno1/cap1.pdf) (PDF), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075049/http://old.unibuc.ro/CLASSICA/megleno1/cap1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01

## Sources

- Agard, Frederick Browning (1984). *A Course in Romance Linguistics Volume 2: A Diachronic View*. Georgetown University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-87840-074-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-074-5).

- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1950). "The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance". *Language*. **26** (1). Linguistic Society of America: 6–27. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/410406](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F410406). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [410406](https://www.jstor.org/stable/410406).

- Harris, Martin (1997). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). *The Romance Languages*. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–25. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-16417-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16417-7).

- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (2019). ["Catalogue of languages and families"](https://glottolog.org/). Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200502224035/https://glottolog.org/) from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2019-07-15.

- Posner, Rebecca (1996). *The Romance Languages*. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-52-128139-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-128139-3).

- Sampson, Rodney (1999). *Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-823848-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823848-5).

- Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). *Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook*. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 230–259. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-11-021843-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5).

- Swiggers, Pierre (2011). "Mapping the Romance Languages of Europe". In Lameli, Alfred; Kehrein, Roland; Rabanus, Stefan (eds.). *Language Mapping: Part I. Part II: Maps*. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 269–301. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-11-021916-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021916-6).

- Harris, Martin (1988). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). *The Romance Languages*. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–25. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-520829-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520829-0).

- Lindstedt, Jouko (2014). "Balkan Slavic and Balkan Romance: from congruence to convergence". In Besters-Dilger, Juliane; Dermarkar, Cynthia; Pfänder, Stefan; Rabus, Achim (eds.). *Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity*. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 168–183. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-11-033834-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-033834-8).

- [Maiden, Martin](/source/Martin_Maiden) (2016). "Romanian, Istro–Romanian, Megleno–Romanian, and Arumanian". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). *The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages*. Oxford University Press. pp. 91–125. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-967710-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967710-8).

- Mallinson, Graham (1988). "Rumanian". In Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). *The Romance Languages*. Oxford University Press. pp. 391–419. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-520829-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520829-0).

- Sala, Marius (2012). *De la Latină la Română]* [*From Latin to Romanian*]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-606-647-435-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1).

- Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). *Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian*. München: LINCOM Europa. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [38-9586-599-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/38-9586-599-0).

v t e Dialects of the Eastern Romance languages Classical Latin → Vulgar Latin → Common Romanian → Eastern Romance languages Romanian dialects Northern variants Moldavian Moldavian Bukovinian Transylvanian Transylvanian Crișana, divided into several subdialects Maramureș Banat Banat Boyash Southern variants Muntenian Muntenian Oltenian Oltenian †Dician †Dician (original Dobrujan dialect) Romanian-based argots/speech forms* Gumuțeasca Totoiana Aromanian dialects Northern Farsherot Grabovean/Moscopolean Muzachiar Gopeš–Malovište Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica Southern Pindean Olympian Gramostean Megleno-Romanian dialects Northern Northern Southern Southern Istro-Romanian dialects In Istria Northern Northern Southern Southern (variants between villages) †In Krk †Krko-Romanian †Krko-Romanian * = Not strictly dialects; † = extinct

v t e Romance languages (classification) Major branches Eastern Italo-Western Italo-Dalmatian Western Southern Eastern Aromanian Istro-Romanian Megleno-Romanian Daco-Romanian dialects Banat Bukovinian Crișana Maramureș Moldavian Oltenian Transylvanian Wallachian Italo- Dalmatian Central Central Italian Central Marchigiano Ancona Fabriano Macerata Central−Northern Latian Romanesco Sabino Corsican Gallurese Italian Italo-Australian Maltese Italian Regional Italian Swiss Italian Sassarese Tuscan Florentine Southern Extreme Southern Italian Central−Southern Calabrian Salentino Manduriano Sicilian Pantesco Neapolitan–Calabrese Neapolitan Barese Benevento Castelmezzano Cilentan Irpinian Arianese Molisan Southern Latian Tarantino Vastese Northern Calabrian Others Dalmatian Romance Dalmatian Istriot Judeo-Italian Western Gallo-Italic Emilian–Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Ferrarese Judeo-Mantuan Parmigiano Gallo-Picene Romagnol Forlivese Old Romagnol Sammarinese Gallo-Italic of Basilicata Gallo-Italic of Sicily Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Royasc Tabarchino Judeo-Italian Lombard Eastern Bergamasque Cremish Old Lombard Western Brianzöö Canzés Bustocco–Legnanese Legnanese Comasco–Lecchese Comasco Laghée Lecchese Vallassinese Milanese Ossolano Southwestern Cremunés Novarese Pavese Ticinese Varesino Piedmontese Judeo-Piedmontese Gallo- Romance Langues d'oïl Angevin Berrichon Bourbonnais Burgundian Champenois Frainc-Comtou Gallo French Jersey Legal Meridional North American dialects Canadian Acadian Chiac St. Marys Bay French Brayon Newfoundland Quebec Joual Magoua Franco-Ontarian Métis Muskrat New England Frenchville Louisiana Missouri Creoles Lorrain Welche Moselle Romance Norman Anglo-Norman Auregnais Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Law French Augeron Cauchois Cotentinais Orléanais Picard Poitevin–Saintongeais Poitevin Saintongeais Walloon Wisconsin Walloon Franco-Provençal/Arpitan Faetar–Cigliàje Mâconês Savoyard Valdôtain Vâlsoanin Old Gallo-Romance Ibero- Romance (West Iberian) Asturo–Portuguese Asturleonese Asturian Eastern Western Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Bercian Paḷḷuezu Palra Riberan Riunorese Mirandese Old Leonese Galician– Portuguese Fala Galician Eonavian Portuguese dialects African Angolan Asian Brazilian Amazofonia Caipira Florianopolitan Gaúcho Mineiro Northeastern Paulistano European Alentejan Oliventine Estremenho Minderico Northern Uruguayan Creoles Portugis Papiamento Judeo-Portuguese Castilian Judeo-Spanish Haketia Tetuani Spanish dialects Equatoguinean Latin American Argentinian Bolivian Chilean Chilote Colombian Ecuadorian Mexican Paraguayan Peruvian Peruvian Ribereño Rioplatense Uruguayan Venezuelan Peninsular Andalusian Llanito Castilian Castrapo Castúo Murcian Philippine Saharan Creoles Old Spanish Pyrenean–Mozarabic Mozarabian Navarro-Aragonese Aragonese Central Eastern Ribagorçan Benasquese Judeo-Aragonese Southern Somontanés Navalese Western Aisinian Ansó Aragüés Hecho Community of Villages Aragonese Ebro Valley Aragonese Navarrese Old Riojan Valencian Aragonese Others Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish) Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) Occitano- Romance Catalan dialects Eastern Algherese Balearic Menorcan Central Northern Judeo-Catalan Patuet Western Ribagorçan Valencian Occitan Auvergnat Gascon Aranese Béarnese Aas whistled Landese Judeo-Gascon Judeo-Provençal Languedocian Limousin Provençal Niçard Vivaro-Alpine Gardiol Mentonasc Old Occitan Old Catalan Rhaeto- Romance Friulian Fornes Ladin Cadorino Nones Romansh Jauer Putèr Surmiran Sursilvan Tuatschin Sutsilvan Vallader Others Franco-Italian Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin) Venetian (unknown further classification) Chipilo Fiuman Judeo-Venetian Paduan Talian Triestine Southern African Romance Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese Others British Latin Pannonian Latin Dialects of Latin Reconstructed Proto-Romance Proto-Eastern Romance Italics indicate extinct languages Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Authority control databases GND

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