# ECTFE

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{{short description|Corrosion-resistant polymer}}{{Complex|date=October 2023}}{{chembox
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| IUPACName = poly(1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorobutane-1,4-diyl)
| OtherNames = poly(ethene-co-chlorotrifluoroethene)
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'''ECTFE''' ('''ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene''') is an [alternating copolymer](/source/Copolymer) of [ethylene](/source/ethylene) and [chlorotrifluoroethylene](/source/chlorotrifluoroethylene). It is a [semi-crystalline](/source/semi-crystalline) [fluoropolymer](/source/fluoropolymer) (a partly fluorinated [polymer](/source/polymer)), with chemical corrosion resistance properties.

== Physical and chemical properties ==
ECTFE is resistant to acids at high concentrations and temperatures, caustic media, [oxidizing agent](/source/oxidizing_agent)s, and many [solvent](/source/solvent)s. Its chemical resistance is similar to that of [PTFE](/source/Polytetrafluoroethylene).<ref>{{cite web |title=Halar ECTFE - Precision Fiber Engineering {{!}} Atkins & Pearce |url=http://www.atkinsandpearce.com/manufacturing-solutions/fibers/available-fibers/high-performance-fibers/ectfe/halar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730195332/http://www.atkinsandpearce.com/manufacturing-solutions/fibers/available-fibers/high-performance-fibers/ectfe/halar/ |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=Atkins & Pearce}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Halar ECFTE Fluoropolymer Chemical Resistance Data |url=http://www.integument.com/Portals/34/Files/Chemical-Resistance/ectfe.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212200452/http://www.integument.com/Portals/34/Files/Chemical-Resistance/ectfe.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2013-12-09 |website=integument.com }}</ref> [Permeation](/source/Permeation) of this polymer by large molecules is slow and thus is not relevant in final applications. Small molecules, however, may permeate through the polymer matrix. In lining or coating applications using ECTFE, permeability of certain small molecules determines the lifetime of anti-corrosion protection. Small molecules such as [H<sub>2</sub>O](/source/water), [O<sub>2</sub>](/source/oxygen), [Cl<sub>2</sub>](/source/Chlorine), [H<sub>2</sub>S](/source/Hydrogen_sulfide), [HCl](/source/Hydrogen_chloride), [HF](/source/Hydrogen_fluoride), [HBr](/source/Hydrogen_bromide), [N<sub>2</sub>](/source/Nitrogen), [H<sub>2</sub>](/source/Hydrogen), and [CH<sub>3</sub>OH](/source/methanol) are relatively mobile in the polymer matrix and lead to measurable effects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Charles M |date=2001-09-01 |title=Water transport and condensation in fluoropolymer films |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944001001680 |journal=Progress in Organic Coatings |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00168-0 |issn=0300-9440 |url-access=subscription |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref><ref>Polymer Handbook, J. Brandrup (Editor), E. H. Immergut (Editor), E. A. Grulke (Editor), Publication Date: May 29, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0471479369}}</ref> Permeation resistance of the polymer is critical for lining and coating applications because permeating species may attack the underlying mechanical layers, such as [fibre-reinforced plastic](/source/fibre-reinforced_plastic) (FRP) or [steel](/source/steel). High permeation resistance to small molecules is a consequence of the free volume occupied by the chlorine atoms in the polymer chain.

ECTFE has a continuous usage temperature range between –76°C and +150°C (–105°F to +300°F). It has strong [impact resistance](/source/Toughness) and a [Young's modulus](/source/Young's_modulus) in the range of 1700 [MPa](/source/Pascal_(unit)),<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Halar ECTFE |url=http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/specialty_polymers/Fluoropolymers_Coatings/Pages/Halar_ECTFE.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707052303/http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/specialty_polymers/Fluoropolymers_Coatings/Pages/Halar_ECTFE.aspx |archive-date=2014-07-07 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=[Solvay S.A.](/source/Solvay_S.A.)}}</ref> allowing for self-standing items and pressure piping systems. The polymer maintains high impact strength in [cryogenic](/source/Cryogenics) applications.<ref name="Fplastics">{{cite book |author=Drobny |first=Jiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyulhAiqUqoC&q=ECTFE&pg=PA38 |title=Fluoroplastics |publisher=iSmithers Rapra Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84735-007-7 |page=39}}</ref>

In terms of fire resistance, ECTFE shows a [limiting oxygen index](/source/limiting_oxygen_index) of 52%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Halar 901 Technical Data Sheet |url=http://catalog.ides.com/Datasheet.aspx?I=92041&FMT=PDF&U=0&CULTURE=en-US&E=36357 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Solvay |format=PDF}}</ref> This value places it between the fully fluorinated polymers [PTFE](/source/Polytetrafluoroethylene), [PFA](/source/Perfluoroalkoxy_alkane), and [FEP](/source/Fluorinated_ethylene_propylene) with a limiting oxygen index of 95% and other partially fluorinated polymers like [PVDF](/source/Polyvinylidene_fluoride) with a limiting oxygen index of 44% or [ETFE](/source/ETFE) with a limiting oxygen index of 30%.

ECTFE acts as an [electrical insulator](/source/Insulator_(electricity)), with high [resistivity](/source/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity) and a low [dielectric constant](/source/Relative_permittivity) as well as a low [dissipation factor](/source/dissipation_factor), allowing its use for wire and cable primary and secondary jacketing. ECTFE has good [ultraviolet](/source/ultraviolet) (UV) resistance, in particular against [UV-A](/source/Ultraviolet) and UV-B. Films made of the polymer can be transparent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajedium Films |url=https://www.solvay.com/en/brands/ajedium-films |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.solvay.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HALAR thin gauge films Data Sheet |url=http://www.ajedium.com/A01E004_-_HALAR_films_Data_Sheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213204200/http://www.ajedium.com/A01E004_-_HALAR_films_Data_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=ajedium.com }}</ref>

== Applications ==
ECTFE is applied in several ways:
* By [electrostatic powder coating](/source/electrostatic_coating) on metal surfaces
* By rotolining on metal surfaces rotolining grade Halar 6012F<ref name="ides.com">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-18 |title=Halar 6012F Technical Data Sheet |url=http://catalog.ides.com/Datasheet.aspx?I=92041&FMT=PDF&E=158590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031547/http://catalog.ides.com/Datasheet.aspx?I=92041&FMT=PDF&E=158590 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Solvay |format=PDF}}</ref>
* By sheet lining on metal surface or on FRP ([glass fiber](/source/glass_fiber), [carbon fiber](/source/carbon_fiber)s, etc.)
* By extrusion or injection molding of self-standing items, in particular pressure pipes
* By [rotomolding](/source/Rotational_molding) of self-standing items like tanks or other shapes (rotomolding grade)<ref name="ides.com"/>
* As a protective film using an adequate adhesive

ECTFE powder is most commonly used in [electrostatic powder coating](/source/Powder_coating).<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tP-zoIUikc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/7tP-zoIUikc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Halar, ECTFE, coating applied by Kersten Kunststof(f)coating|date=15 May 2011|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  Such coatings have a typical thickness of 0.8&nbsp;mm but can be applied up to 2&nbsp;mm with a special grade for high build up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oberflächenbeschichtungen – Kunststoffbeschichtungen – Korrosionsschutz und Antihaft :: Hüni GmbH & Co. KG |url=https://www.hueni.de/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=hueni.de |language=de}}</ref><!-- Need specific webpage; title and URL don't match -->{{Incomplete citation|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adelhelm.de/de/kunststoffbeschichtungen.aspx|title=Adelhelm Kunststoffbeschichtungen, Lohnbeschichter für Antihaft, Antihaftung, Korrosionsschutz, Chemikalienschutz, adcoat, PFA, FEP, PTFE, Medizintechnik|work=adelhelm.de|access-date=2013-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208215306/http://www.adelhelm.de/de/kunststoffbeschichtungen.aspx|archive-date=2014-02-08}}</ref>{{Not in citation|date=June 2023|reason=generic product page}}

Extrusion of ECTFE fabric-backed sheets and subsequent fabrication into vessels, pipes or valves is done in the chemical industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=ECTFE Semi Finished Products: Product Catalogue - AGRU |url=http://www.agru.at/en/products/semi-finished-products/product-catalogue/cat/ectfe-semi-finished-products/p/10025%2C100/d/1/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=[AGRU](/source/AGRU_Kunststofftechnik)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=SIMONA, Category: Product group E-CTFE |url=http://products.simona.de/en_GB/$category/25574/Product%20group%20E-CTFE/$menu/automotive_life_science/$root/pvs/$constraint1/38/$hsasr/true/$mainMenu/Umwelttechnik/index.xhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045209/http://products.simona.de/en_GB/$category/25574/Product%20group%20E-CTFE/$menu/automotive_life_science/$root/pvs/$constraint1/38/$hsasr/true/$mainMenu/Umwelttechnik/index.xhtml |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=simona.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Symalit ECTFE - Quadrant |url=http://www.quadrantplastics.com/en/products/machinable-plastics/lining-materials/symalit-R-ectfe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100408/http://www.quadrantplastics.com/en/products/machinable-plastics/lining-materials/symalit-R-ectfe.html |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2013-12-13 |work=quadrantplastics.com}}</ref> Thick sheets are compression molded and can be manufactured to 50&nbsp;mm in thickness. They are used in the semiconductor industry for wet benches or machining other parts.

The most common application of ECTFE is for corrosion protection, for which it is used in industries including:
* [Bleaching towers](/source/chlorine_dioxide) in pulp and paper<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2008 |title=Lining Limits Corrosive Reach of Bleach |url=http://www.ien.com/article/lining-limits-corrosive/3650 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052834/https://www.ien.com/operations/article/21098159/lining-limits-corrosive-reach-of-bleach |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=Industrial Equipment News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Argasinski |first1=J. Karol |last2=Bennett |first2=David |year=2011 |title=Halar ECTFE in Pulp & Paper Applications |url=http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Conference-Papers/2011/2011-PEERS-Conference/11PEERS62.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528201922/http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Conference-Papers/2011/2011-PEERS-Conference/11PEERS62.aspx |archive-date=2012-05-28 |access-date=2013-12-13 |work=[TAPPI](/source/TAPPI)}}</ref>
* [Sulfuric acid](/source/Sulfuric_acid) production and storage<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Case Study: E-CTFE-GK{{snd}}the safe solution for organic solvents |url=http://www.simona.de/static/sites/default/de/assets/Informationsmaterial/englisch/case_study_e/PraxisStudie-7-engl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040931/http://www.simona.de/static/sites/default/de/assets/Informationsmaterial/englisch/case_study_e/PraxisStudie-7-engl.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=simona.de}}</ref>
* [Flue gas](/source/Flue_gas) treatment<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=SIMONA City: SIMONA E-CTFE-GK in Composite System for Chimney Lining |url=http://www.simona-city.de/simona-cases/singleview/article/simonasupRsup-e-ctfe-gk-im-verbundsystem-fuer-eine-kaminauskleidung.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715071656/http://www.simona-city.de/simona-cases/singleview/article/simonasupRsup-e-ctfe-gk-im-verbundsystem-fuer-eine-kaminauskleidung.html |archive-date=2014-07-15 |access-date=2013-12-11 |work=simona-city.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Concrete protected by AGRU SureGrip - AGRU |url=http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/concrete-protection/concrete-protected-by-agru-suregrip/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609022443/http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/concrete-protection/concrete-protected-by-agru-suregrip/ |archive-date=2017-06-09 |work=AGRU}}</ref> in particular in the [SNOX](/source/SNOX_process) and [WSA](/source/Wet_sulfuric_acid_process) processes
* [Electrolysis](/source/Electrolysis) collectors or drying towers in the chlorine industry
* Transport vessels for hazardous goods, in particular [class 8](/source/Truck_classification) trucks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admorcomposites.fi/materials.html|title=Admor Composites Oy|work=admorcomposites.fi|access-date=2013-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212081252/http://www.admorcomposites.fi/materials.html|archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fluoropolymer Lining Case Studies - Electro Chemical |url=http://electrochemical.net/projects/case-studies |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=electrochemical.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Services Offered - Transportation & Logistics - Eldredge Inc. |url=https://www.eldredgeinc.com/services/transportation-logistics/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Eldredge Inc. |language=en}}</ref>
* [Halogen](/source/Halogen)-related industry ([bromine](/source/bromine), [chlorine](/source/chlorine), [fluorine](/source/fluorine))
* Acid handling ([sulfuric acid](/source/sulfuric_acid), [nitric acid](/source/nitric_acid), [phosphoric acid](/source/phosphoric_acid), [hydrogen halide](/source/hydrogen_halide)s, [hydrogen sulfide](/source/hydrogen_sulfide), etc.)
* Mining applications, in particular high pressure [heap leaching](/source/heap_leaching)

ECTFE has been widely used in the semiconductor industry for wet tool and tubing systems for lithographic chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=ECTFE Industrial Piping System: Product Catalogue - AGRU |url=https://www.agru.at/en/products/industrial-piping-systems/product-catalogue/cat/ectfe-industrial-piping-system-5/p/20010%2C200/d/1/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=AGRU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=LAM ECTFE FM 4910 Listed |url=http://www.laminations.com/industry/industry/all_products_assets/SemiconECTFE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100728/http://www.laminations.com/industry/industry/all_products_assets/SemiconECTFE.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2013-12-13 |website=LAMCORR Division of Laminations, Inc }}</ref>

It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete ECTFE piping system in vaccine production - AGRU |url=http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/industrial/complete-ectfe-piping-system-in-vaccine-production/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124193236/http://www.agru.at/en/solutions/industrial/complete-ectfe-piping-system-in-vaccine-production/ |archive-date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2013-12-11 |website=AGRU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Case Study: Pharmaceutical gas scrubbing |url=http://www.ergapc.co.uk/downloads/ERGNovartisCSLowres.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211213/https://www.ergapc.co.uk/downloads/ERGNovartisCSLowres.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |website=ERG Air Pollution Control }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plume suppression, reactor off gases, thermal oxidation, chemical and pharmaceutical case studies |url=http://www.ergapc.co.uk/chem_pharm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506152444/http://www.ergapc.co.uk/chem_pharm.htm |archive-date=2018-05-06 |work=ERG Air Pollution Control}}</ref>

ECTFE is used for primary and secondary jacketing in specialty cables like data cables or self-regulating heating cables, applications where good fire resistance and electrical properties are key properties. It is also used for braiding in that field.<ref>{{cite web |title=Braid Halar (HT) Self Extinguishing 11mm ethylene chlorotriflouroethylene (ECTFE) copolymer monofilament, Nominal 1/8 (3.17mm), Expands 3/32-1/4 (2.38-6.35mm), Colour Black with White tracer |url=http://www.dtl-connectors.co.uk/store/htn013tb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214152125/http://www.dtl-connectors.co.uk/store/htn013tb.html |archive-date=2013-12-14 |access-date=2013-12-10 |work=DTL Connectors Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flexo - Halar |url=https://www.techflex.com/advanced-engineering/flexo-halar |access-date=2023-06-27 |work=techflex.com}}</ref>

ECTFE in the form of a monofilament fiber is used in flue gas treatment and in certain chemical processes.

Unlike PTFE, ECTFE can be crimped,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECTFE - Introduction |url=https://www.swicofil.com/commerce/products/ectfe/306/introduction |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=www.swicofil.com}}</ref> which allows its production in the form of [nonwoven fibers](/source/Nonwoven_fabric) with high [surface area](/source/Specific_surface_area) and [porosity](/source/porosity).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ursino |first1=C. |last2=Ounifi |first2=I. |last3=Di Nicolò |first3=E. |last4=Cheng |first4=X. Q. |last5=Shao |first5=L. |last6=Zhang |first6=Y. |last7=Drioli |first7=E. |last8=Criscuoli |first8=A. |last9=Figoli |first9=A. |date=2021-03-15 |title=Development of non-woven fabric-based ECTFE membranes for direct contact membrane distillation application |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420315575 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=500 |article-number=114879 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114879 |bibcode=2021Desal.50014879U |issn=0011-9164 |s2cid=230599516 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Even though such material has low chemical reactivity, ECTFE in general has somewhat lower chemical resistance compared to PTFE.<ref>https://www.rct-online.de/en/RctBestaendigkeitsliste Retrieved 2024-11-12.</ref>

ECTFE is used for manufacturing gaskets to store [liquid oxygen](/source/liquid_oxygen) and other [propellant](/source/propellant)s for [aerospace](/source/aerospace) applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-01 |title=Understanding ECTFE Industrial Coatings |url=https://toefco.com/understanding-ectfe-coatings/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Toefco |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [BS 4994](/source/BS_4994) ECTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate chemical process plant equipment
* [RTP-1](/source/Fibre-reinforced_plastic_tanks_and_vessels) ECTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate [ASME](/source/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers) stamped vessels

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Category:Plastics
Category:Fluoropolymers
Category:Copolymers
Category:Thermoplastics

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [ECTFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECTFE) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECTFE?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.