# Dynode

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Two horizontal rows of arc-shaped dynodes in a photomultiplier tube.

A **dynode** is an [electrode](/source/Electrode) in a [vacuum tube](/source/Vacuum_tube) that serves as an incident charge multiplier through [secondary emission](/source/Secondary_emission). The first tube to incorporate a dynode was the [dynatron](/source/Dynatron_oscillator), an ancestor of the [magnetron](/source/Magnetron), which used a single dynode.[1] [Photomultiplier](/source/Photomultiplier) and [video camera tubes](/source/Video_camera_tube) generally include a series of dynodes, each at a more positive [electrical potential](/source/Electrical_potential) than its predecessor. [Secondary emission](/source/Secondary_emission) occurs at the surface of each dynode. Such an arrangement is able to amplify the tiny current emitted by the [photocathode](/source/Photocathode), typically by a factor of one million.[1]

## Operation

The [electrons](/source/Electron) emitted from the [cathode](/source/Cathode) are accelerated toward the first dynode, which is maintained 90 to 100 V positive concerning the cathode. Each accelerated [photoelectron](/source/Photoelectron) that strikes the dynode surface produces several electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward the second dynode, held 90 to 100 V more positive than the first dynode. Each electron that strikes the surface of the second dynode produces several more electrons, which are then accelerated toward the third dynode, and so on. By the time this process has been repeated at each of the dynodes, 105 to 107 electrons have been produced for each incident photon, dependent on the number of dynodes. For conventional dynode materials, such as [BeO](/source/BeO) and MgO, a multiplication factor of 10 can normally be achieved by each dynode stage.[2]

## Naming

The dynode takes its name from the [dynatron](/source/Dynatron_oscillator). [Albert Hull](/source/Albert_Hull) did not use the term dynode in his 1918 paper on the dynatron,[3] but used the term extensively in his 1922 paper.[1] In the latter paper, he defined a dynode as a "plate that emits impact electrons ... when it is part of a dynatron."

## See also

- [Microchannel plate detector](/source/Microchannel_plate_detector)

- [Photoelectric effect](/source/Photoelectric_effect)

- [Particle detector](/source/Particle_detector)

- [Photodetector](/source/Photodetector)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hull_1922_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hull_1922_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hull_1922_1-2) Albert W. Hull, E. F. Hennelly and F. R. Elder, The Dynatron Detector -- a new heterodyne receiver for continuous and modulated waves, [Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers](https://books.google.com/books?id=pwZEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA320) Vol. 10, No. 5 (Oct. 1922), pages 320-343

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Glenn F Knoll - *Radiation Detection and Measurement 3rd ed*, 1999, P270, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-471-07338-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-07338-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Albert W. Hull, The Dynatron -- A vacuum tube possessing negative electric resistance, [Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers](https://archive.org/stream/proceedings06inst#page/n13/mode/1up), Vol. 6, No. 1 (Feb. 1918); pages 5-35.

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