# Dwarves in Middle-earth

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Humanoid race in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium

"Durin" redirects here. For the dwarf in Norse mythology, see [Durinn](/source/Durinn). For the *Genshin Impact* character, see [List of Genshin Impact characters § Durin](/source/List_of_Genshin_Impact_characters#Durin).

"Khazad" redirects here. For the block cipher, see [KHAZAD](/source/KHAZAD).

Dwarves Middle-earth race Detail of Dwarves marching from a 1936[1] pencil and black ink[2] drawing by J.R.R. Tolkien First appearance The Hobbit Created by J. R. R. Tolkien In-universe information Other names Khazad, Naugrim Created by Aulë Home world Middle-earth Language Khuzdul, Westron Notable members Thorin II Oakenshield Balin Gimli

In the [fantasy](/source/Tolkien's_legendarium) of [J. R. R. Tolkien](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien), the **Dwarves** are a race inhabiting [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth), the central continent of [Arda](/source/Arda_(Middle-earth)) in an imagined mythological past. They are based on the [dwarfs of Germanic myths](/source/Dwarf_(mythology)) who were small humanoids that lived in mountains, practising [mining](/source/Mining), [metallurgy](/source/Metallurgy), [blacksmithing](/source/Blacksmithing) and [jewellery](/source/Jewellery). Tolkien described them as tough, warlike, and lovers of stone and craftsmanship.

The origins of Tolkien's Dwarves can be traced to Norse mythology; Tolkien also mentioned a connection with Jewish history and language. Dwarves appear in his books *[The Hobbit](/source/The_Hobbit)* (1937), *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)* (1954–55), and the posthumously published *[The Silmarillion](/source/The_Silmarillion)* (1977), *[Unfinished Tales](/source/Unfinished_Tales)* (1980), and *[The History of Middle-earth](/source/The_History_of_Middle-earth)* series (1983–96), the last three edited by his son [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien).

## Characteristics

Tolkien found dwarves in [Norse mythology](/source/Norse_mythology).[3] Here the god [Thor](/source/Thor) talks to the [dwarf](/source/Dwarf_(mythology)) [Alviss](/source/Alviss) to prevent him from marrying his daughter [Þrúðr](/source/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r); at dawn Alviss turns to stone. Drawing by [W. G. Collingwood](/source/W._G._Collingwood), 1908

The [medievalist](/source/Medievalist) [Charles Moseley](/source/Charles_Moseley_(writer)) described the dwarves of Tolkien's legendarium as "[Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse)" in their names, their feuds, and their revenges.[4] In the appendix on "Durin's Folk" in *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*, Tolkien describes dwarves as:

a tough, thrawn race for the most part, secretive, laborious, retentive of the memory of injuries (and of benefits), lovers of stone, of gems, of things that take shape under the hands of the craftsmen rather than things that live by their own life. But they are not evil by nature, and few ever served [the Enemy](/source/Sauron) of free will, whatever the tales of [Men](/source/Men_(Middle-earth)) alleged. For Men of old lusted after their wealth and the work of their hands, and there has been enmity between the races.[T 1]

*[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)* considers Tolkien's use of the adjective "[thrawn](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thrawn)", noting its similarity with *Þráinn*, a noun meaning "obstinate person", and a name found in the [Norse](/source/Norse_mythology) list of Dwarf-names, the [*Dvergatal* in the *Völuspá*](/source/Dvergatal). Tolkien took it for the name, Thráin, of two of [Thorin Oakenshield](/source/Thorin_Oakenshield)'s ancestors. It suggests this may have been a [philological](/source/Philology) joke on Tolkien's part.[3]

Dwarves were long-lived, with a lifespan of some 250 years.[T 1] They breed slowly, for no more than a third of them are female, not all marry, and they have children only late in life. Tolkien names only one female, Dís, Thorin's sister.[T 2] They are still considered children in their 20s, as Thorin was at age 24;[T 3] and as "striplings" in their 30s. Despite his young age, [Dáin Ironfoot](/source/D%C3%A1in_Ironfoot) was 32 when he killed [Azog](/source/Azog), the [orc](/source/Orc_(Middle-earth)) chieftain of [Moria](/source/Moria_(Middle-earth)).[T 1] They had children starting in their 90s.[T 1]

Durin's Folk, showing the Dwarvish tendency to have few children (and fewer daughters)[T 1][a] Durin I Dwarves of Moria Durin VI Náin I Thráin I Thorin I Glóin Óin Náin II Dáin I Borin Frór Thrór Grór Farin Thráin II Náin Fundin Gróin Dís (♀) Thorin II Oakenshield Dáin II Ironfoot Dwalin, Balin Glóin Óin Ori, Dori, Nori Bifur, Bofur, Bombur Fili, Kili Thorin III Stonehelm Gimli Durin VII

The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"[T 4] – a warlike race who fought fiercely against their enemies, including other Dwarves.[T 5] Highly skilled in the making of [weapons and armour](/source/Middle-earth_weapons_and_armour), their main weapon was the [battle axe](/source/Battle_axe), but they also used [bows](/source/Bow_and_arrow), [swords](/source/Sword), [shields](/source/Shield) and [mattocks](/source/Mattock), and wore armour.[T 6]

[Sauron](/source/Sauron) gave [seven Rings of Power](/source/Rings_of_Power#The_Seven) to Dwarf lords. The Rings caused them to be wrathful and greedy for gold, but they were not brought under Sauron's domination,[T 7] nor did they gain longer life.[T 1] Eventually all seven Rings were destroyed or reclaimed by Sauron.[T 7] One of the rings was given to Durin III, and passed down to [Thrór](/source/Thorin_Oakenshield#Family_tree), who gave it to his son Thráin II, father of [Thorin Oakenshield](/source/Thorin_Oakenshield). Sauron captured Thráin and took the ring from him in the dungeons of [Dol Guldur](/source/Dol_Guldur).[T 1]

## In-fiction origins

Further information: [The Silmarillion](/source/The_Silmarillion)

The Dwarves are portrayed in *[The Silmarillion](/source/The_Silmarillion)* as an ancient people who awake during the [Years of the Trees](/source/Years_of_the_Trees), after the [Elves](/source/Elf_(Middle-earth)) at the start of the [First Age](/source/First_Age), but before [Men](/source/Men_(Middle-earth)) when the Sun and Moon are created. The [Vala](/source/Vala_(Middle-earth)) [Aulë](/source/Aul%C3%AB), impatient for the arising of the [Children of Ilúvatar](/source/Children_of_Il%C3%BAvatar), creates the seven Fathers of the Dwarves in secret, intending them to be his children to whom he could teach his crafts. He teaches them [Khuzdul](/source/Khuzdul), a language he had devised for them. [Ilúvatar](/source/Il%C3%BAvatar), creator of [Arda](/source/Arda_(Middle-earth)), is aware of the Dwarves' creation and sanctifies them. Because they had been made by a Vala, Dwarves lacked souls until granted them by Ilúvatar.[5] Aulë sealed the seven Fathers of the Dwarves in stone chambers in far-flung regions of Middle-earth to await their awakening.[3][T 8]

The petty-dwarf Mîm may derive from the shrunken figure of [Mime](/source/Regin),[4] here shown cowering behind the celebrating [Siegfried](/source/Sigurd) in [Wagner](/source/Richard_Wagner)'s opera *[Der Ring des Nibelungen](/source/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen)*. Illustration by [Arthur Rackham](/source/Arthur_Rackham), 1911

Each of the Seven Fathers founds one of the seven Dwarf clans. Durin I is the eldest, and the first of his kind to awake in Middle-earth. He awakens in [Mount Gundabad](/source/Mount_Gundabad), in the northern [Misty Mountains](/source/Misty_Mountains), and founds the clan of Longbeards (Durin's Folk); they found the city of [Khazad-dûm](/source/Khazad-d%C3%BBm) below the Misty Mountains, and later realms in the [Grey Mountains](/source/Ered_Mithrin) and [Erebor](/source/Erebor) (the Lonely Mountain). Two others lie in sleep in the north of the *[Ered Luin](/source/Ered_Luin)* (Blue Mountains), and they found the lines of the Broadbeams and the Firebeards. The remaining four clans, the Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots come from the East.[T 4] After the end of the First Age, the Dwarves spoken of are almost exclusively of Durin's line.[T 9]

A further division, the even shorter Petty-dwarves, appears in *The Silmarillion*[T 10][6] and *[The Children of Húrin](/source/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin)*.[T 11] Moseley likens Mîm, the last known Petty-dwarf, to the similarly named [Mime](/source/Alberich) from the *[Nibelungenlied](/source/Nibelungenlied)*.[4]

## Artefacts

### Mining, masonry, and metalwork

Further information: [Named weapons in Middle-earth](/source/Named_weapons_in_Middle-earth)

As creations of Aulë, they are attracted to the substances of Arda. They mine and work precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They are unrivalled in smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even among the [Elves](/source/Elf_(Middle-earth)). The Dwarf-smith Telchar is the greatest in renown.[T 12] They build immense halls under mountains for their cities. They build many famed halls including the [Menegroth](/source/Menegroth), [Khazad-dûm](/source/Khazad-d%C3%BBm), and [Erebor](/source/Erebor).[T 5] Among the many treasures they forge are the [named weapons](/source/Named_weapons_in_Middle-earth) [Narsil](/source/Narsil), the sword of [Elendil](/source/Elendil), the [Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin](/source/Dragon-helm_of_Dor-l%C3%B3min) and the necklace Nauglamír, the most prized treasure in [Nargothrond](/source/Nargothrond) and the most famed Dwarven work of the Elder Days.[T 13] In *The Hobbit*, Thorin gives Bilbo a [Mithril](/source/Mithril) coat of linked rings of [mail](/source/Mail_armour).[T 14]

## Language and names

Main articles: [Khuzdul](/source/Khuzdul) and [Cirth](/source/Cirth)

Tolkien invented parts of [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth) to resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created by using different European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium.[7][T 15]

In [Sindarin](/source/Sindarin) (Grey-elvish) the Dwarves are called *Naugrim* ("Stunted People"), *Gonnhirrim* ("Stone-lords"), and *Dornhoth* ("Thrawn Folk"), and *Hadhodrim*. In [Quenya](/source/Quenya) they are the *Casári*. The Dwarves call themselves *Khazâd* in their own language, [Khuzdul](/source/Khuzdul).[T 16] [Khuzdul](/source/Khuzdul) is created for them by Aulë, rather than being descended from an Elvish language, as most of the languages of [Men](/source/Man_(Middle-earth)) are. They write it using [Cirth](/source/Cirth) [runes](/source/Rune), a writing system originally created by Elves in Beleriand to write Sindarin, and later more fully developed by Daeron, an Elf of Doriath. The Cirth runes are adapted by Dwarves for writing Khuzdul.[8] The Dwarves keep their language secret and do not normally teach it to others, so they learn both [Quenya](/source/Quenya) and [Sindarin](/source/Sindarin) to communicate with the Elves, especially the [Noldor](/source/Noldor) and [Sindar](/source/Sindar). By the [Third Age](/source/Third_Age) the Dwarves are estranged from the Elves and no longer routinely learn their language. Instead, they mostly use [Westron](/source/Westron) (Common Speech), a Mannish tongue, in communicating with other races.[T 5][T 17]

Each Dwarf has two personal names, a secret, "inner" name in Khuzdul, which is used only among other Dwarves and is never revealed to outsiders, and a public, "outer" name for use with other races, taken from the language of the people amongst whom the Dwarf lives. For example, the Dwarves of Moria and the Lonely Mountain use outer names taken from the language of the Men of the north where they lived.[T 16]

In reality, Tolkien took the names of 12 of the 13 dwarves – excluding [Balin](/source/Balin_(Middle-earth)) – that he used in *The Hobbit* from the Old Norse *Völuspá*, long before the idea of Khuzdul arose.[3][9] When he came to write *The Lord of the Rings*, in order to explain why the Dwarves had Norse names, he created an elaborate fiction that many of the languages used in the book were "translated" into real-life languages for the benefit of the reader, roughly retaining the relationships of the languages among themselves. Thus, Westron was translated into English, the related but more archaic language of the Rohirrim was translated into Anglo-Saxon ([Old English](/source/Old_English)), and the even more distantly related language of Dale was translated into Norse. It is possible that the problem of explaining the Dwarves' Norse names was the origin of the entire structure of the Mannish languages in Middle-earth along with the fiction of "translation".[10]

### Calendar

Tolkien's only mention of the Dwarves' calendar is in *[The Hobbit](/source/The_Hobbit)*, regarding the "dwarves' New Year" (*[Durin](/source/Durin)'s Day*), which occurs on the day of the last new moon of autumn.[T 18] However, in his first drafts of the book, Durin's Day was the *first* new moon of autumn. After he had finished writing the book, Tolkien went back and changed all occurrences of the date to the last new moon, more in keeping with the real-world [Celtic calendar](/source/Celtic_calendar), but overlooked one mention in Chapter IV, which still named the date as the first new moon.[T 19] Tolkien never noticed this inconsistency, and it was not corrected until the 1995 edition of the book.[11] The astronomer [Bradley E. Schaefer](/source/Bradley_E._Schaefer) has analysed the astronomical determinants of Durin's Day. He concluded that – as with many real-world [lunar calendars](/source/Lunar_calendar) – the date of Durin's Day is observational, dependent on the first visible crescent moon.[12]

## Analysis

### Norse myth

Further information: [Tolkien and the Norse](/source/Tolkien_and_the_Norse)

In Tolkien's *[The Book of Lost Tales](/source/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales)*, the very few Dwarves who appear are portrayed as evil beings, employers of [Orc](/source/Orc_(Middle-earth)) mercenaries and in conflict with the [Elves](/source/Elf_(Middle-earth))—who are the imagined "authors" of the myths, and are therefore biased against Dwarves.[3][T 20][T 21] Tolkien was inspired by the [dwarves of Norse myths](/source/Norse_dwarves)[13][14] and of later Germanic folklore (such as that of the [Brothers Grimm](/source/Brothers_Grimm)), from whom his Dwarves take their characteristic affinity with mining, metalworking, and crafting.[15][16]

### Jewish history

In *The Hobbit*, Dwarves are portrayed as occasionally comedic and bumbling, but largely as honourable, serious-minded, and proud. Tolkien was influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts regarding [Jewish](/source/Jewish) people and their history.[17] The dwarves' characteristics of being dispossessed of their homeland in [Erebor](/source/Erebor), and living among other groups but retaining their own culture, are derived from the medieval image of Jews,[17] while, according to the Tolkien scholar [John D. Rateliff](/source/John_D._Rateliff), their warlike nature stems from accounts in the [Hebrew Bible](/source/Hebrew_Bible).[17][18] Medieval views of Jews also saw them as having a propensity for making well-crafted and beautiful things,[17] a trait shared with Norse dwarves.[14][19] The Dwarf calendar invented for *The Hobbit* reflects the [Jewish calendar](/source/Jewish_calendar)'s [Rosh Hashanah](/source/Rosh_Hashanah) in beginning in late autumn.[17][20]

Tolkien's use of Jewish history for his Dwarves[17] Aspect Historical element Application to Dwarves Dispossession of homeland Jewish diaspora Living in exile from Moria and Erebor, retaining own culture Warlike nature Medieval image of Jews Warlike Dwarves Skill Medieval image of Jews Propensity for making well-crafted, beautiful things (like Norse Dwarves, too) Jewish calendar Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year (September/October) Dwarves' new year is in late autumn Private language Medieval Jews spoke Hebrew-derived language alongside local languages Dwarves spoke "Semitic"[21] Khuzdul amongst themselves, shared language (Westron) to others[T 22]

### Semitic-style language

Further information: [Khuzdul](/source/Khuzdul)

In *The Lord of the Rings*, Tolkien continued the themes of *The Hobbit*. When giving Dwarves their own language, [Khuzdul](/source/Khuzdul), Tolkien decided to create an analogue of a [Semitic language](/source/Semitic_language) influenced by [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language) [phonology](/source/Phonology). Like medieval Jewish groups, the Dwarves used their own language only among themselves, and adopted the languages of those they live amongst for the most part, for example taking public names from the cultures they lived within, whilst keeping their "true-names" and true language a secret.[17] Tolkien further underlined the [diaspora](/source/Diaspora) of the Dwarves with the lost stronghold of the Mines of [Moria](/source/Moria_(Middle-earth)). Tolkien elaborated on Jewish influence on his Dwarves in a letter: "I do think of the 'Dwarves' like Jews: at once native and alien in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue..."[T 22][18] In the last interview before his death, Tolkien said "The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say, that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic, obviously, constructed to be Semitic."[21] This raises the question, examined by Rebecca Brackmann in *[Mythlore](/source/Mythlore)*, of whether there was an [element of antisemitism](/source/Tolkien_and_race), however deeply buried, in Tolkien's account of the Dwarves, inherited from English attitudes of his time. Brackman notes that Tolkien himself attempted to work through the issue in his Middle-earth writings.[22] It has been suggested that the formation of the deep friendship between the dwarf [Gimli](/source/Gimli_(Middle-earth)) and elf [Legolas](/source/Legolas) in the *Lord of the Rings*, overcoming longtime mutual suspicion, can be seen as Tolkien's reply toward "Gentile anti-Semitism and Jewish exclusiveness".[23]

The philologist [Helge Fauskanger](/source/Helge_Fauskanger) analyses Khuzdul, finding in it features of [Semitic languages](/source/Semitic_languages).[24]

Helge Fauskanger's analysis of Semitic features of the Dwarves' language, Khuzdul[24] Element Description Example Word stems Not pronounceable words, only consonants R-Kh-S "Orc-" Parts of speech Nouns, verbs etc formed by inserting vowels into word stems; sometimes with doubling of a consonant Rukhs "Orc"; Rakhâs "Orcs" Construct state Word before noun taken as genitival, i.e. X Y = "The X of Y", "Y's X" Baruk Khazâd! "Axes of the Dwarves!" Nominal sentence Verb "to be" can be implicit Khazâd ai-mênu! "The Dwarves [are] upon you!"

### Spelling

The original editor of *The Hobbit* "corrected" Tolkien's plural "dwarves" to "dwarfs", as did the editor of the [Puffin](/source/Puffin_Books) paperback edition.[T 23] According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical' plural" of "dwarf" is "dwarrows" or "dwerrows".[25] He described the word "dwarves" as "a piece of private bad grammar".[T 24] In Appendix F of *The Lord of the Rings*, Tolkien explained that if people still spoke of "dwarves" regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word "dwarf", as with the irregular plural of "goose", "geese".[T 16] Despite his fondness for it,[T 16] the form "dwarrow" only appears in his writing as "Dwarrowdelf" ("Dwarf-digging"), a name for Moria. He used "Dwarves", instead, corresponding to his "Elves" as a plural for "Elf". Tolkien used "dwarvish"[T 25] and "dwarf(-)" (e.g. "[Dwarf-lords](/source/Rings_of_Power#Ring_Verse)", "Old Dwarf Road") as adjectives for the people he created.[T 16]

## Adaptations

### Films

[Gimli](/source/Gimli_(Middle-earth)) in [Ralph Bakshi](/source/Ralph_Bakshi)'s [*The Lord of the Rings*](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)) (1978) voiced by [David Buck](/source/David_Buck)

In [Rankin-Bass](/source/Rankin-Bass)' [1977 animated film adaptation](/source/The_Hobbit_(1977_film)) of *The Hobbit*, Thorin was voiced by [Hans Conried](/source/Hans_Conried), with [Don Messick](/source/Don_Messick) voicing [Balin](/source/Balin_(Middle-earth)), [John Stephenson](/source/John_Stephenson_(actor)) voicing [Dori](/source/Dori_(Middle-earth)), [Jack DeLeon](/source/Jack_DeLeon) voicing [Dwalin](/source/Dwalin), [Fíli](/source/F%C3%ADli), [Kíli](/source/K%C3%ADli), [Óin](/source/%C3%93in%2C_son_of_Gr%C3%B3in), [Glóin](/source/Gl%C3%B3in), [Ori](/source/Ori_(Middle-earth)), [Nori](/source/Nori_(Middle-earth)), [Bifur](/source/Bifur), and [Bofur](/source/Bofur), and [Paul Frees](/source/Paul_Frees) voicing [Bombur](/source/Bombur_(Middle-earth)).[26]

In [Ralph Bakshi](/source/Ralph_Bakshi)'s 1978 animated film [*The Lord of the Rings*](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)), the part of the Dwarf [Gimli](/source/Gimli_(Middle-earth)) was voiced by [David Buck](/source/David_Buck).[27]

In [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s [live action](/source/Live_action) adaptation of [*The Lord of the Rings* film trilogy](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)), Gimli's character is from time to time used as comic relief, whether with jokes about his height or his rivalry with the elf [Legolas](/source/Legolas).[28][29] Gimli is played by [John Rhys-Davies](/source/John_Rhys-Davies), who gave the character a "Welsh-derived" accent.[30]

In Jackson's [three-film adaptation](/source/The_Hobbit_(film_trilogy)) of *The Hobbit*, Thorin is portrayed by [Richard Armitage](/source/Richard_Armitage_(actor)), with [Ken Stott](/source/Ken_Stott) as Balin, [Graham McTavish](/source/Graham_McTavish) as Dwalin, [Aidan Turner](/source/Aidan_Turner) as Kíli, [Dean O'Gorman](/source/Dean_O'Gorman) as Fíli, [Mark Hadlow](/source/Mark_Hadlow) as Dori, [Jed Brophy](/source/Jed_Brophy) as Nori, [Adam Brown](/source/Adam_Brown_(actor)) as Ori, [John Callen](/source/John_Callen) as Óin, [Peter Hambleton](/source/Peter_Hambleton) as Glóin, [William Kircher](/source/William_Kircher) as Bifur, [James Nesbitt](/source/James_Nesbitt) as Bofur, and [Stephen Hunter](/source/Stephen_Hunter) as Bombur. Jackson's films introduce a story arc not found in the original novel, in which Kili and the Elf [Tauriel](/source/Tauriel) (a character also invented for the films) fall in love.[31]

### Role-playing games

Dwarves at the [Council of Elrond](/source/Council_of_Elrond) in [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s *[The Fellowship of the Ring](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring)*

In [Iron Crown Enterprises](/source/Iron_Crown_Enterprises)' *[Middle-earth Role Playing](/source/Middle-earth_Role_Playing)* (1986), Dwarf player-characters receive statistical bonuses to Strength and Constitution, and subtractions from Presence, Agility and Intelligence. Seven "Dwarven Kindreds", named after each of the founding fathers—Durin, Bávor, Dwálin, Thrár, Druin, Thelór and Bárin—are given in *The Lords of Middle-earth—Volume III* (1989).[32]

In [Decipher Inc.](/source/Decipher_Inc.)'s *[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game)* (2001), based on the Jackson films, Dwarf player-characters get bonuses to Vitality and Strength attributes and must be given craft skills.[33]

In the real-time strategy game *[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II)*, and its [expansion](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II%3A_The_Rise_of_the_Witch-king), both based on the Jackson films, Dwarves are heavily influenced by classical military practice, and use throwing axes, war hammers, spears, and circular shields. One dwarf unit is the ["Phalanx"](/source/Phalanx_formation), similar to its [Greek](/source/Ancient_Greece) counterpart.[34]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Names in italics in the family tree are [Thorin and his company](/source/List_of_The_Hobbit_characters#Thorin's_company) from *[The Hobbit](/source/The_Hobbit)*.

## References

### Primary

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Durin's_Folk_5-6) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), Appendix A, part 3, "Durin's Folk"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996), "The Making of Appendix A": (iv) "Durin's Folk"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Tolkien 1937](#CITEREFTolkien1937), ch. 1 "An Unexpected Party"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Of_Dwarves_and_Men_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Of_Dwarves_and_Men_9-1) [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996), part 2, ch. 10 "Of Dwarves and Men"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Of_the_Sindar_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Of_the_Sindar_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Of_the_Sindar_10-2) [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), ch. 10 "Of the Sindar"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Tolkien 1937](#CITEREFTolkien1937), ch. 15 "The Gathering of the Clouds"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rings_of_Power_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rings_of_Power_12-1) [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Silmarillion_Creation_Myth_14-0)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), ch. 2 "Of Aulë and Yavanna"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-R._Tolkien_1954_pp._52/53_15-0)** [Tolkien 1954a](#CITEREFTolkien1954a), book 1, ch. 2 "[The Shadow of the Past](/source/The_Shadow_of_the_Past)"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), ch. 21 "Of Túrin Turambar"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Tolkien 2007](#CITEREFTolkien2007), ch. 8 "The Land of Bow and helm"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), ch. 2 "Of Aulë and Yavanna"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977), ch. 22 "Of the Ruin of Doriath"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Tolkien 1937](#CITEREFTolkien1937), ch. 13, "Not at Home"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Letters_Languages_23-0)** [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #144, to [Naomi Mitchison](/source/Naomi_Mitchison), 25 April 1954

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-On_Translation_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-On_Translation_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-On_Translation_24-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-On_Translation_24-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-On_Translation_24-4) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), *Appendix F*, "On Translation"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Of_Other_Races_26-0)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), *Appendix F*, "Of Other Races"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Tolkien 1937](#CITEREFTolkien1937), ch. 3 "A Short Rest"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [Tolkien 1937](#CITEREFTolkien1937), ch. 4 "Over Hill and Under Hill": "They had thought of coming to the secret door in the Lonely Mountain, perhaps that very next first moon of Autumn 'and perhaps it will be Durin's Day' they had said."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** [Tolkien 1984](#CITEREFTolkien1984), "Gilfanon's Tale"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [Tolkien 1984](#CITEREFTolkien1984), "The Nauglafring"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Letter_176_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Letter_176_44-1) [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #176 to [Naomi Mitchison](/source/Naomi_Mitchison), 8 December 1955

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #138 to [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien), 4 August 1953

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #17 to [Stanley Unwin](/source/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)), 15 October 1937

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** [Tolkien 1937](#CITEREFTolkien1937), Preface

### Secondary

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Tolkien: Voyage en Terre du Milieu Exhibition Map and Guide"](https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wiwimod/index.php?page=BnF+Exhibition+Map). TolkienGuide.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull1995112_(plate_103)_2-0)** [Hammond & Scull 1995](#CITEREFHammondScull1995), pp. 112 (plate 103).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Evans_2013_(Drout)_3-4) [Evans, Jonathan](/source/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)) (2013) [2007]. "Dwarves". In [Drout, Michael D. C.](/source/Michael_D._C._Drout) (ed.). *[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)*. Abingdon, England: [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 134–135. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-86511-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Moseley_1997_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Moseley_1997_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Moseley_1997_4-2) [Moseley, Charles](/source/Charles_Moseley_(writer)) (1997). *J. R. R. Tolkien*. Oxford, England: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). p. 32. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-746-30763-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-746-30763-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:Reinders_13-0)** Reinders, Eric (2024). *Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation*. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: [Bloomsbury](/source/Bloomsbury_Publishing) Academic. p. 98. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781350374645](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350374645).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Rateliff 2007](#CITEREFRateliff2007), Volume One *Mr. Baggins*, p. 78

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shippey_22-0)** [Shippey, Thomas](/source/Thomas_Shippey) (1982). *[The Road to Middle-Earth](/source/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth)*. New York City: [Grafton](/source/Grafton_(publisher)) (HarperCollins). pp. 131–133. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0261102753](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0261102753).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Noel, Ruth S. (1980). *The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth*. Boston, Massachusetts: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt). Part 1, ch. 5, "The Languages of Rhovanion", pp. 30–34. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0395291306](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395291306).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Rateliff 2007](#CITEREFRateliff2007), Volume 2 *Return to Bag-End*, Appendix 3

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996), p.71

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [Rateliff 2007](#CITEREFRateliff2007), Volume 1 *Mr. Baggins*, p.124

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Schaefer, Bradley E.](/source/Bradley_E._Schaefer) (1994). "The Hobbit and Durin's Day". *The Griffith Observer*. **58** (11). Los Angeles, California: [Griffith Observatory](/source/Griffith_Observatory): 12–17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Shippey, Thomas](/source/Thomas_Shippey) (2001) [2000]. *[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century](/source/J.R.R._Tolkien%3A_Author_of_the_Century)*. London, England: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). pp. 14–17. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-262-10401-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-10401-2).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-chance_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-chance_36-1) [Burns, Marjorie J.](/source/Marjorie_Burns) (2004). "Norse and Christian Gods: The Integrative Theology of J.R.R. Tolkien". In [Chance, Jane](/source/Jane_Chance) (ed.). *Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader*. Lexington, Kentucky: [University Press of Kentucky](/source/University_Press_of_Kentucky). pp. 163–178. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8131-2301-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2301-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Ashliman, D. L. ["Grimm Brothers' Home Page"](http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm.html). *www.pitt.edu*. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** McCoy, Daniel. ["Dwarves"](https://norse-mythology.org/gods-and-creatures/dwarves/). *Norse Mythology*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-HotH_39-6) [Rateliff 2007](#CITEREFRateliff2007), Part One *Mr. Baggins*, pp. 79–80

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-The_Secret_Jews_of_The_Hobbit_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-The_Secret_Jews_of_The_Hobbit_40-1) ["The Secret Jews of The Hobbit"](https://www.commentary.org/articles/meir-soloveichik/the-secret-jews-of-the-hobbit/). *Commentary Magazine*. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-names_41-0)** *[Poetic Edda](/source/Poetic_Edda)*, translated by [Henry Adams Bellows](/source/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Eden2014_42-0)** [Eden, Bradford Lee](/source/Bradford_Lee_Eden) (2014). [*The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology: Essays on Revisions and Influences*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ariQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40). Jefferson, North Carolina: [McFarland](/source/McFarland_(publisher)). p. 40. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-7960-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7960-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lebovic_2013_43-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lebovic_2013_43-1) Lebovic, Matt (11 December 2013). ["Are Tolkien's dwarves an allegory for the Jews?"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/are-tolkiens-dwarves-an-allegory-for-the-jews/). *[The Times of Israel](/source/The_Times_of_Israel)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131213083919/https://www.timesofisrael.com/are-tolkiens-dwarves-an-allegory-for-the-jews/) from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2023. Tolkien spoke about the Jewish-dwarvish connection during a BBC interview. 'I didn't intend it, but when you've got these people on your hands, you've got to make them different, haven't you?' said Tolkien during the 1971 interview. 'The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic, obviously, constructed to be Semitic.'

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Brackmann, Rebecca (2010). [""Dwarves are Not Heroes": Antisemitism and the Dwarves in J.R.R. Tolkien's Writing"](https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol28/iss3/7). *[Mythlore](/source/Mythlore)*. **28** (3/4). [Mythopoeic Society](/source/Mythopoeic_Society). article 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [Edwards, Owen Dudley](/source/Owen_Dudley_Edwards) (2008). *British Children's Fiction in the Second World War*. [Edinburgh University Press](/source/Edinburgh_University_Press). pp. 458–459. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7486-1651-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1651-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFauskanger2018_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFauskanger2018_47-1) [Fauskanger 2018](#CITEREFFauskanger2018).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Dwarf"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=dwarf). *Online Etymology Dictionary*. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["The Hobbit (1977 Movie)"](https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/The-Hobbit/). *Behind the Voice Actors*. Retrieved 17 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Beck2005_53-0)** Beck, Jerry (2005). [*The Animated Movie Guide*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fTI1yeZd-tkC&pg=PA154). Chicago, Illinois: [Chicago Review Press](/source/Chicago_Review_Press). p. 154. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56976-222-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-222-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** [Flieger, Verlyn](/source/Verlyn_Flieger) (2011). ["Sometimes One Word Is Worth a Thousand Pictures"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jNjKrXRP0G8C&pg=PA71). In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.). *[Picturing Tolkien](/source/Picturing_Tolkien)*. Jefferson, North Carolina: [McFarland](/source/McFarland_(publisher)). p. 48. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-8473-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8473-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-croft_55-0)** [Croft, Janet Brennan](/source/Janet_Brennan_Croft) (February 2003). ["The Mines of Moria: 'Anticipation' and 'Flattening' in Peter Jackson's *The Fellowship of the Ring*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111031065417/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/C/Janet.B.Croft-1/anticipationandflattening.htm). *Southwest/Texas Popular Culture Association Conference, Albuquerque*. Norman, Oklahoma: [University of Oklahoma](/source/University_of_Oklahoma). Archived from [the original](http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/C/Janet.B.Croft-1/anticipationandflattening.htm) on 31 October 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** [Sibley, Brian](/source/Brian_Sibley) (2013). [*The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Official Movie Guide*](https://books.google.com/books?id=X_YUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27). [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). p. 27. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0007498079](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007498079). John Rhys-Davies' distinctive Welsh-derived accent for Gimli was adopted by New Zealanders John Callen and Peter Hambleton in portraying characters who are Gimli's father [Gloin] and uncle [Oin].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Sims, Andrew (5 June 2013). ["'The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug': First look at Evangeline Lilly as new character Tauriel"](http://www.hypable.com/2013/06/05/the-hobbit-2-desolation-of-smaug-evangeline-lilly-tauriel/). *Hypable*. Retrieved 20 August 2013.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** *Lords of Middle-earth*. Vol. III. New York City: [Berkley Publishing](/source/Berkley_Publishing). 1989. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55806-052-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55806-052-4). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [948478096](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948478096).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Long_2002_59-0)** Long, Steven (2002). *The Lord of the rings roleplaying game: core book*. Decipher. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58236-951-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58236-951-8). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [51570885](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51570885).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["Battle for Middle-earth II - The Dwarves"](https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/02/21/battle-for-middle-earth-ii-the-dwarves). [IGN](/source/IGN). Retrieved 26 July 2020.

## Sources

- [Carpenter, Humphrey](/source/Humphrey_Carpenter), ed. (2023) [1981]. *[The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien](/source/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien): Revised and Expanded Edition*. New York: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-35-865298-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4).

- [Fauskanger, Helge K.](/source/Helge_Fauskanger) (2018). ["Khuzdul - the secret tongue of the Dwarves"](https://ardalambion.net/khuzdul.htm). *Ardalambion*. [University of Bergen](/source/University_of_Bergen). Retrieved 23 November 2018.

- [Hammond, Wayne G.](/source/Wayne_G._Hammond); [Scull, Christina](/source/Christina_Scull) (1995). *J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator*. London: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-261-10322-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10322-1).

- [Rateliff, John D.](/source/John_D._Rateliff) (2007). *[The History of the Hobbit](/source/The_History_of_the_Hobbit)*. London: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-00-723555-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723555-1).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1937). [Douglas A. Anderson](/source/Douglas_A._Anderson) (ed.). *[The Annotated Hobbit](/source/The_Annotated_Hobbit)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin) (published 2002). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-618-13470-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13470-0). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1954a). *[The Fellowship of the Ring](/source/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [9552942](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1955). *[The Return of the King](/source/The_Return_of_the_King)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [519647821](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1977). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Silmarillion](/source/The_Silmarillion)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-25730-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1996). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Peoples of Middle-earth](/source/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-82760-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1984). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Book of Lost Tales](/source/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales)*. Vol. 1. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-395-35439-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-35439-0).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (2007). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Children of Húrin](/source/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin)*. London: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-007-24622-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-007-24622-6).

v t e Middle-earth J. R. R. Tolkien Bibliography Canon Legendarium Outline Works In Tolkien's lifetime The Hobbit (1937) The Lord of the Rings (1954–55) The Fellowship of the Ring "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" The Two Towers The Return of the King "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) Posthumous The Silmarillion (1977) "Ainulindalë" Unfinished Tales (1980) The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) Bilbo's Last Song (1990) The three "Great Tales" The Children of Húrin (2007) Beren and Lúthien (2017) The Fall of Gondolin (2018) The Fall of Númenor (2022) History of composition History of Middle-earth [1–2] The Book of Lost Tales (1983–84) Ælfwine [3] The Lays of Beleriand (1985) [4] The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986) [5] The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987) The Etymologies Lhammas [6–9] The History of The Lord of the Rings (1988–1992) The Notion Club Papers [10] Morgoth's Ring (1993) [11] The War of the Jewels (1994) [12] The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996) Others John D. Rateliff The History of The Hobbit (2007) Carl F. Hostetter The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) Fictional universe Peoples, monsters Ainur Maiar Balrogs Wizards Valar Dragons Ancalagon Smaug Dwarves Eagles Elves Half-elven Noldor Sundering Ents Hobbits Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Orcs Trolls Characters First and Second Ages Celebrimbor Eärendil and Elwing Elendil Fëanor Fingolfin Finwë and Míriel Gil-galad Húrin Isildur Lúthien and Beren Melian Morgoth Thingol Tuor and Idril Túrin Turambar Ungoliant Third Age Elrond Galadriel Gandalf Glorfindel Goldberry Gollum Saruman Sauron Tom Bombadil Places First and Second Ages Beleriand Númenor Valinor Third Age Bree Esgaroth Gondor Harad Isengard Lonely Mountain Lothlórien Mirkwood Mordor Moria Rivendell Rohan The Shire Bag End Objects Mithril Palantír Red Book of Westmarch Rings of Power One Ring Silmarils Two Trees of Valinor List of weapons and armour Analysis Elements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Adûnaic Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Valarin Westron Maps Tolkien's poetry Scripts Cirth Sarati Tengwar Themes Anachronism Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Cosmology Round World dilemma Death and immortality Decline and fall Dreams and visions Economy England Environmentalism Evil First World War Forests Frame stories Hell Heroism Light Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Modernism Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Old Straight Road Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Sound and language Time Trees Literary Tolkien's impact on fantasy Influences Beowulf Celtic Classical world Finnish language and literature Medieval Modern William Morris Norse Philology Shakespeare Prose style Ambiguity A mythology for England Geographic Geology The Atlas of Middle-earth Journeys of Frodo A Map of Middle-earth Adaptations, legacy Illustrators Pauline Baynes Cor Blok Anke Eißmann Brothers Hildebrandt Jenny Dolfen Mary Fairburn Donato Giancola John Howe Tove Jansson Alexander Korotich Alan Lee Tom Loback Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Composers Bo Hansson Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings Leonard Rosenman Music of The Lord of the Rings, 1978 Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings Howard Shore Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Music of The Hobbit film series Music of The Rings of Power TV series Bear McCreary Music of The Rings of Power TV series Stephen Gallagher Music of The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim Blind Guardian Nightfall in Middle-Earth Settings Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Poems and Songs of Middle Earth The Tolkien Ensemble An Evening in Rivendell A Night in Rivendell At Dawn in Rivendell Leaving Rivendell Other media Impact Middle-earth Enterprises Works inspired by Tolkien Fan fiction Film Calendars Video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Literary criticism The Complete Guide to Middle-earth A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien Interrupted Music Master of Middle-Earth Picturing Tolkien A Question of Time J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion Perilous Realms The Road to Middle-Earth Splintered Light Tolkien and the Invention of Myth Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings A Tolkien Compass Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Tolkien's Legendarium Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

v t e The Hobbit J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit (word) Legendarium frame stories Middle-earth artwork Beowulf maps naming of weapons psychological journeys runes Editions English-language editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Baggins Wizards Gandalf Radagast Dwarves Thorin Oakenshield Balin Goblins Trolls Gollum Eagles Beorn Elves Elrond the Elvenking Smaug Bard the Bowman The Necromancer Wargs Places Eriador The Shire Rivendell Rhovanion Mirkwood Esgaroth Lonely Mountain Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo's Last Song There and Back Again (novel) The Hobbit pinball machine The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game "The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins" Adaptations Radio The Hobbit (1968) Film Gene Deitch's The Hobbit (1967) Rankin/Bass's The Hobbit (1977) Soviet The Hobbit (1985) Peter Jackson's series An Unexpected Journey (2012) The Desolation of Smaug (2013) The Battle of the Five Armies (2014) original characters Music An Unexpected Journey (soundtrack) (2012) The Desolation of Smaug (soundtrack) (2013) The Battle of the Five Armies (soundtrack) (2014) Video games The Hobbit (1982) The Hobbit (2003) Lego The Hobbit (2014) Category

v t e The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien Constructing The Lord of the Rings About Volumes The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Stories "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" Translating list Swedish Reception Impact Literary Fandom Fan fiction Oxonmoot Tolkienmoot Works inspired Tolkien's impact on fantasy Annotation A Reader's Companion Elements Languages Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Westron Poetry A Elbereth Gilthoniel Namárië Song of Eärendil The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Road Goes Ever On A Walking Song Other Artwork Family trees Heraldry Maps Proverbs Scripts Cirth Tengwar Analysis Themes Addiction to power Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Company of the Ring Death and immortality Decline and fall Divination Dreams and visions Economy England Environmentalism Evil Feudal allegiance Forests Geology Hell Heroism Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Paganism Plants Prophecy Psychological journeys Quests Race Sexuality Sound and language Time Trees Women Influences Antiquarianism Beowulf Celtic Christianity Classical world Edwardian adventure stories First World War Norse Medieval Modern sources Modernism William Morris A mythology for England Philology Shakespeare Techniques Anachronism Character pairing Editorial framing Frame stories Pseudotranslation Impression of depth Narrative structure Interlacing Storytelling Prose style Ambiguity Epic Pooh Peoples Maiar Balrogs Sauron Wizards Gandalf Radagast Saruman Free peoples Dwarves Balin Gimli Elves Galadriel Glorfindel Half-elven Arwen Elrond Legolas Thranduil Ents Treebeard Hobbits Bilbo Frodo Merry Pippin Sam Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Aragorn of Gondor Boromir Denethor Faramir of Rohan Éomer Éowyn Théoden Wormtongue Monsters Barrow-wight Gollum Nazgûl Witch-king of Angmar Old Man Willow Orcs Shelob Trolls Wargs Watcher in the Water Other Eagles Goldberry Tom Bombadil World Geography Middle-earth Eriador Bree Old Forest Rivendell The Shire Bag End Gondor Minas Tirith Harad Lothlórien Mirkwood Moria Mordor Rohan Isengard Undying Lands Battles Helm's Deep Pelennor Fields Morannon Things Mithril Oliphaunts Palantírs Phial of Galadriel Rings of Power One Ring List of weapons and armour Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth Adaptations and derivative works Books Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Illustrations A Map of Middle-earth Pauline Baynes Barbara Remington John Howe Alan Lee Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Theatre Fellowship! (2005) The Lord of the Rings (2006) Music Bo Hansson Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972) Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988) Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (1969) "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971) "The Battle of Evermore" (1971) Radio The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955) The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978) The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980) The War of the Rohirrim (Kamiyama, 2024) Peter Jackson series The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Two Towers (2002) The Return of the King (2003) Music "Concerning Hobbits" "Into the West" "May It Be" The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films (2010 book) Approach Production Hobbiton Movie Set Peter Jackson's interpretation Picturing Tolkien Tolkien on Film Other Sagan om ringen (1971) Khraniteli (1991) Hobitit (1993) The Rings of Power (2022) music Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Vol. II: The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age Game Boy Advance The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Shadow of Mordor Shadow of War Gollum Return to Moria The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Mordor Minas Morgul War of Three Peaks Fate of Gundabad Before the Shadow Tabletop role- playing games Middle-earth Role Playing The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game The One Ring Roleplaying Game Adventures in Middle-earth Board games Middle Earth War of the Ring Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith Sauron Lord of the Rings War of the Ring Card games Middle-earth Collectible Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game Other games Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Lego The Lord of the Rings

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dwarves in Middle-earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.