# Dulo

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Bulgar Clan

For other uses, see [Dulo (disambiguation)](/source/Dulo_(disambiguation)).

[Tamgha](/source/Tamgha) of the Dulo clan.

The **Dulo** clan was a ruling dynasty of the [Bulgars](/source/Bulgars),[1] who were of [Turkic](/source/Turkic_peoples) origin.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It is generally considered that their elite[9] was related to the [Huns](/source/Huns) and the [Western Turkic Khaganate](/source/Western_Turkic_Khaganate).[10] Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of [Old Great Bulgaria](/source/Old_Great_Bulgaria).[11] This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.[12]

The royal family and rulers of [Old Great Bulgaria](/source/Old_Great_Bulgaria) (632–668) and the first half of the [First Bulgarian Empire](/source/First_Bulgarian_Empire) (681–1018), in their prince lists (*[Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans](/source/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans)*) claimed through descent from Attila through Irnik, possibly [Attila](/source/Attila)'s attested son [Ernak](/source/Ernak).[1][13] During the pagan period, the succession of clan leadership was based on traditions brought over to the Balkans from the [Eurasian Steppe](/source/Eurasian_Steppe), which include the rulers' divine ancestry.[14] At the head of the clan was the *[Khan](/source/Khan_(title))*, who reigned as the head of state, military leader, and probably high priest of the Bulgar god, [Tangra](/source/Tengri).[12]

## Research history

Most of what is known about the clan is written in the *[Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans](/source/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans)*. The *Nominalia* lists as the first ruler mythical [Avitohol](/source/Avitohol), who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan.[15] Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with [Attila](/source/Attila) the Hun.[16][17] [Steven Runciman](/source/Steven_Runciman) considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between [Irnik](/source/Irnik)-Ernak is confirmed.[18] Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing.[19] He considered that the missionaries were spreading [Old Testament](/source/Old_Testament) stories around the [Eurasian Steppes](/source/Eurasian_Steppe), as well the story of [Japheth](/source/Japheth), the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easily modifies into the Latin name *[Avitus](/source/Avita_(gens))* (ancestral; grandfather) and Turkish *Awit* (ancestor) it derives from.[20] Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor.[21] Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities.[17] According to him the *Nominalia* shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the *creator* and *founder*, the mythological divine *ancestor-creator* represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles.[17][22] Jean W. Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.[23]

The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan.[24] It is generally considered that in the *Nominalia* under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, [Ernak](/source/Ernak).[25][17] [Vasil Zlatarski](/source/Vasil_Zlatarski) thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons and families.[26] Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable;[27] if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Attila belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them;[26] according to the *Nominalia* Irnik ruled from 437, i.e. several years before the death of Attila in 453, which is impossible.[28] Due to be assigned a reign of 150 years, Runciman considered the inaccuracy of the date of accession as venial mistake.[18]

Kurt ([Kubrat](/source/Kubrat); c. 632–665), a member of the clan, revolted against the [Pannonian Avars](/source/Pannonian_Avars) and founded the [Old Great Bulgaria](/source/Old_Great_Bulgaria) on the territory of modern [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine).[1] During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar royal family and spread over Europe, from the [Volga river](/source/Volga_River) to the shadow of [Matese](/source/Matese) mountains: [Bezmer](/source/Batbayan) ([Ukraine](/source/Ukraine)), [Kotrag](/source/Kotrag) ([Volga Bulgaria](/source/Volga_Bulgaria)), [Kuber](/source/Kuber) ([Balkan Macedonia](/source/Macedonia_(region))), [Asparukh](/source/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria) ([Danube Bulgaria](/source/First_Bulgarian_Empire)) and [Alcek](/source/Alcek) ([Sepino](/source/Sepino), [Bojano](/source/Bojano), [Isernia](/source/Isernia)).[29] In the *Nominalia* the Bezmer (c. 665–668) was the last Dulo ruler on the northern side of [Danube](/source/Danube) river (of the Old Great Bulgaria), while the Asparukh (c. 681–701) was the first from the southern side of the river (First Bulgarian Empire). He was followed by [Tervel](/source/Tervel_of_Bulgaria) (c. 700–721), and the last ruler of Bulgaria from the Dulo clan, [Sevar](/source/Sevar) (c. 721–737). According to [Theophanes](/source/Theophanes_the_Confessor), in 761 or 762 the Bulgars "rose up, killed their hereditary lords and set up as their king an evil-minded man called [Teletzes](/source/Telets_of_Bulgaria), who was 30 years old".[30] Historians usually interpreted the testimony as evidence of a massacre of the previous dynasty (the Dulo clan), and the rise of a new leader with no connection to the previous regime.[30][6]

### Origin

The exact origin is obscure.[1] Some researchers consider that the origin of the clan most probably was Turkic.[6][31][8] This proposition was suggested by [Mikhail Artamonov](/source/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Artamonov),[32] and was prompted by [Lev Gumilev](/source/Lev_Gumilev) (1967), implying there may be made an association of the Dulo clan with the five [Duolu](/source/Duolu) (or To-lu) tribes of the [Western Turks](/source/Western_Turkic_Khaganate).[32] The [First Turkic Khaganate](/source/First_Turkic_Khaganate) (552–581) dissolved during the [Göktürk civil war](/source/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_civil_war) (581–593) and divided into Western and Eastern Khaganates. The Western was led by *Onoq* (ten arrows), the five Duolu and five [Nushibi](/source/Nushibi) tribes.[32] Many modern historians consider that the first historical Bulgar ruler Kubrat belonged to the Dulo clan of the Western Turks - the so-called alliance of [Onogurs](/source/Onogurs) and Bulgars.[33][34][35][36] B. Zhivkov emphasized that [Duolu](/source/Duolu) and [Nushibi](/source/Nushibi) were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties.[37]

Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan *[Moheduo](/source/Baghatur)* ([Külüg Sibir](/source/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir)) with [Organa](/source/Organa), the maternal uncle of Kubrat.[6][37] Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalry between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the [Khazars](/source/Khazars), led by the [Ashina](/source/Ashina_tribe) clan.[30][37]

[Omeljan Pritsak](/source/Omeljan_Pritsak) further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old [Xiongnu](/source/Xiongnu) ruling house 屠各 *Tuge* (in [Old Chinese](/source/Old_Chinese) *d'o-klâk*).[36][8] This association could further prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).[36][38] [Peter B. Golden](/source/Peter_Benjamin_Golden) surmises that the Xiongnu tribal surname 獨孤 [Dugu](/source/Dugu_(surname)) (< *d'uk-kuo*) or 屠各 *Tuge* (< *d'o-klâk*) possibly reflects underlying [Turkic](/source/Turkic_languages) **Tuğqu* or **Tuğlağ* "tribe of the [tuğ](/source/Tug_(banner))?"[39] yet still considers the Turkic association as speculative.[32]

[Mercia MacDermott](/source/Mercia_MacDermott) claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.[40] MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this day "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity [Tangra](/source/Tengri) in the name of the whole community.[40]

Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the [Bulgar calendar](/source/Bulgar_calendar) (also found in the *Nominalia*) show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according to [Raymond Detrez](/source/Raymond_Detrez), this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated.[41] As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic of [Oghuric](/source/Oghur_languages) branch and related to modern [Chuvash](/source/Chuvash_language).[41]

[Aleksandar Burmov](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Burmov&action=edit&redlink=1) noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnic categories.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The cases of mixing information for Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol – Attila and Irnik – Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] According to Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Burmov, Peter B. Golden, [Gyula Németh](/source/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)) and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.[6][8][35]

### Etymology

B. Simeonov derived *Dulu* from Turkic *dul/tul* (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw *Dulo* as partly Slavicized form.[32] Simeonov derived **Dullu* from Old Hunnic *dul + lu* (mounted, horseman),[32] yet according to [Peter B. Golden](/source/Peter_B._Golden), no such Hunnic word is attested.[32] According to [G. Clauson](/source/Gerard_Clauson), Old Turkic *tul* denotes "widow, widower".[32] Golden, citing [Lajos Ligeti](/source/Lajos_Ligeti) (1986), wondered if Dulo resulted from Slavicism of Turkic title [Yula](/source/Gyula_(title)).[42] Even so, all hypotheses P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.[32]

## Legacy

[Dulo Hill](/source/Dulo_Hill) on [Livingston Island](/source/Livingston_Island), near [Antarctica](/source/Antarctica), is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.[43]

## References

### Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fine_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fine_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Fine_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Fine_1-3) [Fine, John V. A. Jr.](/source/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.) (1991) [1983]. *The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century*. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. [66](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA66), [300](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA300). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-472-08149-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). *Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World*. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-674-51173-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-51173-5). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [41076344](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41076344).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Luttwak, Edward (2009). "Bulghars and Bulgarians". *The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire*. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-05420-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05420-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [648760614](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648760614).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201368_4-0)** [Kim 2013](#CITEREFKim2013), p. 68.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, p. 29

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Panos_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Panos_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Panos_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Panos_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Panos_6-4) Sophoulis, Panos (2011). [*Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EbIyAQAAQBAJ). Brill. pp. 92, 147–148, 71, 111. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004206960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004206960).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_7-0)** Denis Sinor (1990). [*The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC). Cambridge University Press. p. 261. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0521243041](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243041).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Chen_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Chen_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Chen_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Chen_8-3) Sanping Chen (2012). [*Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0812206289](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812206289).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1998_9-0)** [Pohl 1998](#CITEREFPohl1998).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Golden, Peter B.](/source/Peter_Benjamin_Golden) (2011). [*Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes*](https://www.academia.edu/9609971). Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. pp. 143–144. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789732721520](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789732721520).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** *World and Its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans*. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 1474. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780761478836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761478836).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_12-1) Hupchick, Dennis (2017). *The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies*. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783319562056](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319562056).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201359,_142_13-0)** [Kim 2013](#CITEREFKim2013), p. 59, 142.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). *Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria*. Leiden: BRILL. p. 218. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004191457](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004191457).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman193011Book_I_15-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 11, Book I.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman193012Book_I_16-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 12, Book I.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Biliarsky_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Biliarsky_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Biliarsky_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Biliarsky_17-3) Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). [*The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mbevAAAAQBAJ). Brill. pp. 255–257. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004254381](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004254381).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1930280Appendix_III_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1930280Appendix_III_18-1) [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 280, Appendix III.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman193011–12;_281Book_I;_Appendix_III_19-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 11–12; 281, Book I; Appendix III.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman193011–12,_281Book_I_20-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 11–12, 281, Book I.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1930281Appendix_III_21-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 281, Appendix III.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). [*Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria*](https://books.google.com/books?id=O-j66lYzINEC). Brill. p. 218. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004191457](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004191457).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). [*East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC). University of Washington Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780295800646](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295800646).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman193011–12Book_I_24-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 11–12, Book I.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman193011–12,_280–281Appendix_III_25-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 11–12, 280–281, Appendix III.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZlatarski191879–80_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZlatarski191879–80_26-1) [Zlatarski 1918](#CITEREFZlatarski1918), p. 79–80.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1930280–281Appendix_III_27-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 280–281, Appendix III.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZlatarski191880_28-0)** [Zlatarski 1918](#CITEREFZlatarski1918), p. 80.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman19302–24Book_I_29-0)** [Runciman 1930](#CITEREFRunciman1930), p. 2–24, Book I.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Curta_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Curta_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Curta_30-2) [Curta, Florin](/source/Florin_Curta) (2006). [*Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250*](https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt). Cambridge University Press. pp. [79](https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/79), 85. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780521815390](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815390).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Sinor, Denis (1990). [*The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC). Cambridge University Press. p. 261. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0521243041](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243041).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Golden_32-8) [Golden, Peter B.](/source/Peter_Benjamin_Golden) (2012), [*Oq and Oğur~Oğuz**](https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023615/http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf) (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, pp. footnote 37, archived from [the original](http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-04-19

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). [*The Jews of Khazaria*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC). [Rowman & Littlefield](/source/Rowman_%26_Littlefield). p. 13. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781442203020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442203020).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (2008). [*The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C). Brill. p. 288. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004163898](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163898).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Peter_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Peter_35-1) [Golden, Peter B.](/source/Peter_Benjamin_Golden) (2003). [*Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ). Ashgate/Variorum. p. 71. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780860788850](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860788850).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201359_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201359_36-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201359_36-2) [Kim 2013](#CITEREFKim2013), p. 59.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Boris_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Boris_37-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Boris_37-2) Zhivkov, Boris (2015). [*Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ). Brill. pp. 50, 52–53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004294486](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004294486).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Antonio Carile (1995). [*Teoderico e i Goti tra oriente e occidente*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NH1oAAAAMAAJ). Longo. p. 28. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-8063-057-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8063-057-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PBG1992_39-0)** Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 58

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mercia_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mercia_40-1) [MacDermott, Mercia](/source/Mercia_MacDermott) (1998). [*Bulgarian Folk Customs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC). [Jessica Kingsley Publishers](/source/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers). pp. 21–22. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781853024856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853024856).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Detrez_41-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Detrez_41-1) [Raymond Detrez](/source/Raymond_Detrez) (2005). [*Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C). Peter Lang. p. 29. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789052012971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052012971).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Golden, Peter B. (2005) "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms", in *Turkic Languages*, ed. Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 215

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** [Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica:](http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136855) Dulo Hill.

### Sources

- [Zlatarski, Vasil N.](/source/Vasil_Zlatarski) (1918). [*Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hun-Bulgar Domination (679-852)*](http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [954-739-928-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-739-928-4). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

- [Pohl, Walter](/source/Walter_Pohl) (1998), ["Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"](http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html), in Lester K. Little; Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), *Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings*, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 13–24

- [Runciman, Steven](/source/Steven_Runciman) (1930). [*A History of the First Bulgarian Empire*](http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/index.html). G. Bell & Sons, London.

- [Kim, Hyun Jin](/source/Hyun_Jin_Kim) (2013). [*The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781107009066](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107009066).

v t e Royal houses of Bulgaria Dulo Vokil Krum Cometopuli Asen Smilets Terter Shishman Sratsimir Ottoman Battenberg Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

v t e Bulgarian monarchs First Empire (680–1018) Asparuh Tervel Sevar Kormisosh Vineh Telets Sabin Umor Toktu Pagan Telerig Kardam Krum Omurtag Malamir Presian I Boris I Vladimir Simeon I Peter I Boris II Roman Samuel Gavril Radomir Ivan Vladislav Rebels against the Byzantines Presian II Petar Delyan Tihomir Alusian Constantine Bodin Second Empire (1185–1422) Peter II Ivan Asen I Kaloyan Boril Ivan Asen II Kaliman Asen I Michael Asen I Kaliman Asen II Mitso Asen Rostislav I Constantine I Jacob Svetoslav Michael Asen II Ivaylo Ivan Asen III George Terter I Smilets Ivan II Chaka Theodore Svetoslav George Terter II Michael Asen III Ivan Stephen Ivan Alexander Michael Asen IV Ivan Asen IV Ivan Sratsimir Ivan Shishman Ivan Asen V Constantine II Rebels against the Ottomans Fruzhin Ivan Shishman II Rostislav II Modern Bulgaria (1878–1946) Principality (1878–1908) Alexander I Ferdinand I Tsardom (1908–1946) Ferdinand I Boris III Simeon II

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