# Dugesia

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Genus of flatworms

For the plant, see [Dugesia (plant)](/source/Dugesia_(plant)).

Dugesia Dugesia subtentaculata Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Order: Tricladida Family: Dugesiidae Genus: Dugesia Girard, 1850[1] Species See text Distribution of genus Dugesia after Sluys et al. 1998.[2] Synonyms Euplanaria Hesse, 1897 Geopaludicola Komarek, 1919

***Dugesia*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of freshwater [planarians](/source/Planarian) in the family [Dugesiidae](/source/Dugesiidae) [triclads](/source/Triclad) and the type genus of this family. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. *Dugesia* is best known to non-specialists because of its [regeneration](/source/Regeneration_(biology)) capacities.[2]

## Description

*Dugesia* species have an elongated body with a slightly triangle-shaped head. They often have grey, brown, or black dorsal color, whereas the ventral surface is usually paler. These animals have a couple of eyes constituted by a multicellular pigmented cup with many retinal cells to detect the amount of light in the nearby environment. Sometimes they present supernumerary eyes. At the anterior part of the body, behind the eye level, they have a pair of structures called [auricles](/source/Planarian#Nervous_system) that give the triangle look to the 'head' and allow them to detect the intensity of water current. These auricles are free of pigment and [rhabdites](/source/Rhabdite). Each side of the anterior margin of the head has between 5 and 10 shallow sensory fossae, their number depending on the species or the individual. The sensory fossae and the auricle grooves are supplied with many nerve endings.[3]

The digestive system of *Dugesia* contains a central, non-pigmented tubular [pharynx](/source/Pharynx). Like the other triclads, the gut consists of three branches, one anterior and two posterior. Each branch consists of caeca, which deliver the [nutrients](/source/Nutrient) to the body. The gut lacks a separate opening for waste excretion.[4]

The subepidermal musculature of *Dugesia* is divided into four layers.[3]

In *Dugesia* the [ovaries](/source/Ovary) are ventrally situated, they start just behind the brain, usually at the level of the fourth intestinal branch. The bursal canal runs on the right side of the copulatory apparatus and above the atrium.[3] Like some *[Neppia](/source/Neppia)* species, species of *Dugesia* have a third layer of longitudinal musculature over the vaginal area of the bursal canal. This feature is not present in other triclads. Another feature shared with *Neppia* is the presence of a glandular area at the transitional area between the seminal vesicle and the ejaculatory duct, although in *Dugesia* these glands are concentrated at the diaphragm, a structure not present in any other genera.[5] Ball proposed that the presence of this glands was a [synapomorphy](/source/Synapomorphy) of *Dugesia* and *Neppia*. The absence of these glands in some *Neppia* species (*N. jeanneli*, *N. montana* and *N. schubarti*) is thought to be a secondary loss.[6]

## Reproduction

Species of *Dugesia* are [hermaphrodites](/source/Hermaphrodites). Many species can reproduce both [sexually](/source/Sexual_reproduction) and [asexually](/source/Asexual_reproduction) (by [parthenogenesis](/source/Parthenogenesis) or by [fission](/source/Fission_(biology))).[7]

## Phylogeny and taxonomy

*Dugesia* species lack enough morphological characters to recover the phylogenetic relation between them. The few available characters often contradict each other when a morphological phylogeny is attempted. *Dugesia* species are identified by the combination of diagnostic characters instead of different [apomorphies](/source/Apomorphy). Over 130 species within the genus *Dugesia* have been described.[2][8]

### Phylogeny

*[Dugesia cretica](/source/Dugesia_cretica)* under a stone of a [Cretan](/source/Crete) stream.

*Dugesia* sp. related to *Dugesia liguriensis* from [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia).

Phylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008:[9]

Dugesiidae Girardia Neppia Cura Schmidtea Dugesia

Molecular phylogeny of 13 *Dugesia* species after Lázaro *et al.*, 2009:[10]

Dugesia D. sicula D. aethiopica D. japonica D. ryukyuensis D. notogaea D. bengalensis D. subtentaculata D. gonocephala D. liguriensis D. etrusca D. ilvana D. benazzii D. hepta

Molecular phylogeny of *Dugesia* species after Solà *et al.*, 2013:[11]

Dugesia D. aethiopica D. sicula D. etrusca D. ilvana D. gonocephala D. benazzii D. hepta D. cretica D. elegans D. damoae D. effusa D. improvisa D. ariadnae D. arcadia D. malickyi D. aenigma D. sagitta D. parasagitta

### Species

The following species are currently recognised in the genus *Dugesia*:[12]

- *[Dugesia absoloni](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_absoloni&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Komarek, 1919)

- *[Dugesia aconcinna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_aconcinna&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2025[8]

- *[Dugesia adunca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_adunca&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Sluys, 2022[13]

- *[Dugesia aenigma](/source/Dugesia_aenigma)* De Vries, 1984

- *[Dugesia aethiopica](/source/Dugesia_aethiopica)* Stocchino, Corso, Manconi & Pala, 2002

- *[Dugesia afromontana](/source/Dugesia_afromontana)* Stocchino & Sluys, 2012

- *[Dugesia ancoraria](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_ancoraria&action=edit&redlink=1)* Zhu & Wang, 2024[14]

- *[Dugesia andamanensis](/source/Dugesia_andamanensis)* (Kaburaki, 1925)

- *[Dugesia annandalei](/source/Dugesia_annandalei)* (Kaburaki, 1918)

- *[Dugesia arabica](/source/Dugesia_arabica)* Harrath & Sluys, 2013

- *[Dugesia arcadia](/source/Dugesia_arcadia)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia ariadnae](/source/Dugesia_ariadnae)* De Vries, 1984

- *[Dugesia artesiana](/source/Dugesia_artesiana)* Sluys & Grant, 2007

- *[Dugesia astrocheta](/source/Dugesia_astrocheta)* Marcus, 1953

- *[Dugesia aurea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_aurea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leria, 2020

- *[Dugesia austroasiatica](/source/Dugesia_austroasiatica)* Kawakatsu, 1985

- *[Dugesia bactriana](/source/Dugesia_bactriana)* de Beauchamp, 1959

- *[Dugesia bakurianica](/source/Dugesia_bakurianica)* Porfirieva, 1958

- *[Dugesia batuensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_batuensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ball, 1970

- *[Dugesia benazzii](/source/Dugesia_benazzii)* Lepori, 1951

- *[Dugesia bengalensis](/source/Dugesia_bengalensis)* Kawakatsu, 1983

- *[Dugesia biblica](/source/Dugesia_biblica)* Benazzi & Banchetti, 1973

- *[Dugesia bifida](/source/Dugesia_bifida)* Stocchino & Sluys, 2014

- *[Dugesia bijuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_bijuga&action=edit&redlink=1)* Harrath & Sluys, 2019

- *[Dugesia borneana](/source/Dugesia_borneana)* Kawakatsu, 1972

- *[Dugesia brachycephala](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_brachycephala&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bohmig, 1897)

- *[Dugesia brigantii](/source/Dugesia_brigantii)* De Vries & Benazzi, 1983

- *[Dugesia burmaensis](/source/Dugesia_burmaensis)* (Kaburaki, 1918)

- *[Dugesia bursagrossa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_bursagrossa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Harrath & Sluys, 2025[15]

- *[Dugesia capensis](/source/Dugesia_capensis)* Sluys, 2007

- *[Dugesia chichkovi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_chichkovi&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hranova, 1929)

- *[Dugesia circumcisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_circumcisa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2021[16]

- *[Dugesia constrictiva](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_constrictiva&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2022[17]

- *[Dugesia corbata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_corbata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leria, 2020

- *[Dugesia crassimentula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_crassimentula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sluys & Stocchino, 2024[18]

- *[Dugesia cretica](/source/Dugesia_cretica)* (Meixner, 1928)

- *[Dugesia damoae](/source/Dugesia_damoae)* De Vries, 1984

- *[Dugesia debeauchampi](/source/Dugesia_debeauchampi)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia deharvengi](/source/Dugesia_deharvengi)* Kawakatsu & Mitchell, 1989

- *[Dugesia didiaphragma](/source/Dugesia_didiaphragma)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia dubia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_dubia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Borelli, 1895)

- *[Dugesia ectophysa](/source/Dugesia_ectophysa)* Marcus, 1953

- *[Dugesia effusa](/source/Dugesia_effusa)* Sluys, 2013[19]

- *[Dugesia elegans](/source/Dugesia_elegans)* De Vries, 1984

- *[Dugesia etrusca](/source/Dugesia_etrusca)* Benazzi, 1944

- *[Dugesia fissipara](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_fissipara&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kennel, 1888)

- *[Dugesia foeni](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_foeni&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ball, 1977

- *[Dugesia fontinalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_fontinalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nurse, 1950)

- *[Dugesia gemmulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_gemmulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sun & Wang, 2022[20]

- *[Dugesia golanica](/source/Dugesia_golanica)* Bromley & Benazzi, 1991

- *[Dugesia gonocephala](/source/Dugesia_gonocephala)* (Duges, 1830)

- *[Dugesia gonocephaloides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_gonocephaloides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Girard, 1850

- *[Dugesia hepta](/source/Dugesia_hepta)* Pala, Casu & Vacca, 1981

- *[Dugesia hoernesi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_hoernesi&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Weiss, 1909)

- *[Dugesia hoidi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_hoidi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dols-Serrate, Stocchino & Riutort, 2024[21]

- *[Dugesia hymanae](/source/Dugesia_hymanae)* (Sivickis, 1928)

- *[Dugesia iheringii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_iheringii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bohmig, 1887)

- *[Dugesia ilvana](/source/Dugesia_ilvana)* Lepori, 1948

- *[Dugesia improvisa](/source/Dugesia_improvisa)* Sluys & Solà, 2013[19]

- *[Dugesia indica](/source/Dugesia_indica)* Kawakatsu, 1969

- *[Dugesia indonesiana](/source/Dugesia_indonesiana)* Kawakatsu, 1973

- *[Dugesia insolita](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_insolita&action=edit&redlink=1)* Stocchino & Sluys, 2024[18]

- *[Dugesia iranica](/source/Dugesia_iranica)* Livanov, 1951

- *[Dugesia izuensis](/source/Dugesia_izuensis)* Kato, 1943

- *[Dugesia japonica](/source/Dugesia_japonica)* Ichikawa & Kawakatsu, 1964

- *[Dugesia krishnaswamyi](/source/Dugesia_krishnaswamyi)* Kawakatsu, 1975

- *[Dugesia lamottei](/source/Dugesia_lamottei)* de Beauchamp, 1952

- *[Dugesia lanzai](/source/Dugesia_lanzai)* Banchetti & del Papa, 1972

- *[Dugesia lata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_lata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Sivickis, 1923)

- *[Dugesia laurentiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_laurentiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Borelli, 1897)

- *[Dugesia leclerci](/source/Dugesia_leclerci)* Kawakatsu & Mitchel, 1995

- *[Dugesia leporii](/source/Dugesia_leporii)* Pala, Stocchino, Corso & Casu, 2000

- *[Dugesia libanica](/source/Dugesia_libanica)* Bromley & Benazzi, 1991

- *[Dugesia liguriensis](/source/Dugesia_liguriensis)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia lindbergi](/source/Dugesia_lindbergi)* de Beauchamp, 1959

- *[Dugesia machadoi](/source/Dugesia_machadoi)* de Beauchamp, 1952

- *[Dugesia maculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_maculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Leidy, 1847)

- *[Dugesia maghrebiana](/source/Dugesia_maghrebiana)* Stocchino, Manconi, Corso, Sluys, Casu & Pala, 2009

- *[Dugesia majuscula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_majuscula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2021

- *[Dugesia malickyi](/source/Dugesia_malickyi)* De Vries, 1984

- *[Dugesia mariae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_mariae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Stocchino, Dols-Serrate & Riutort, 2024[21]

- *[Dugesia mertoni](/source/Dugesia_mertoni)* (Steinmann, 1914)

- *[Dugesia michaelsoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_michaelsoni&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bohmig, 1902)

- *[Dugesia microbursalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_microbursalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hyman, 1931)

- *[Dugesia milloti](/source/Dugesia_milloti)* Beauchamp, 1952

- *[Dugesia minotauros](/source/Dugesia_minotauros)* De Vries, 1984

- *[Dugesia mirabilis](/source/Dugesia_mirabilis)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia modesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_modesta&action=edit&redlink=1)* Girard, 1893

- *[Dugesia monomyoda](/source/Dugesia_monomyoda)* Marcus, 1953

- *[Dugesia montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_montana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nurse, 1950

- *[Dugesia musculosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_musculosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2024[22]

- *[Dugesia myopa](/source/Dugesia_myopa)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia naiadis](/source/Dugesia_naiadis)* Sluys, 2013[19]

- *[Dugesia nannophallus](/source/Dugesia_nannophallus)* Ball, 1970

- *[Dugesia nansheae](/source/Dugesia_nansheae)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia neumanni](/source/Dugesia_neumanni)* (Neppi, 1904)

- *[Dugesia nonatoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_nonatoi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Marcus, 1946

- *[Dugesia notogaea](/source/Dugesia_notogaea)* Sluys & Kawakatsu, 1998

- *[Dugesia novaguineana](/source/Dugesia_novaguineana)* Kawakatsu, 1976

- *[Dugesia parasagitta](/source/Dugesia_parasagitta)* Sluys & Solà, 2013[19]

- *[Dugesia patula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_patula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2025[23]

- *[Dugesia pendula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_pendula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2024[22]

- *[Dugesia polyorchis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_polyorchis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fuhrmann, 1912)

- *[Dugesia postica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_postica&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2025[23]

- *[Dugesia precaucasica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_precaucasica&action=edit&redlink=1)* Porfirieva, 1958

- *[Dugesia pustulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_pustulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Harrath & Sluys, 2019

- *[Dugesia rincona](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_rincona&action=edit&redlink=1)* Marcus, 1954

- *[Dugesia ryukyuensis](/source/Dugesia_ryukyuensis)* Kawakatsu, 1976

- *[Dugesia saccaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_saccaria&action=edit&redlink=1)* A-T. Wang & Sluys, 2024[24]

- *[Dugesia sacatta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_sacatta&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2025[8]

- *[Dugesia sagitta](/source/Dugesia_sagitta)* (Schmidt, 1861)

- *[Dugesia schauinslandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_schauinslandi&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Neppi, 1904)

- *[Dugesia seclusa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_seclusa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (de Beauchamp, 1940)

- *[Dugesia semiglobosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_semiglobosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2021

- *[Dugesia siamana](/source/Dugesia_siamana)* Kawakatsu, 1980

- *[Dugesia sicula](/source/Dugesia_sicula)* Lepori, 1948

- *[Dugesia similis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_similis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bohmig, 1902)

- *[Dugesia sinensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_sinensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Wang, 2015

- *[Dugesia subtentaculata](/source/Dugesia_subtentaculata)* (Draparnaud, 1801)

- *[Dugesia superioris](/source/Dugesia_superioris)* Stocchino & Sluys, 2013

- *[Dugesia tamilensis](/source/Dugesia_tamilensis)* Kawakatsu, 1980

- *[Dugesia tanganyikae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_tanganyikae&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Laidlaw, 1906)

- *[Dugesia taurocaucasica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_taurocaucasica&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Livanov, 1951)

- *[Dugesia transcaucasica](/source/Dugesia_transcaucasica)* (Livanov, 1951)

- *[Dugesia tubqalis](/source/Dugesia_tubqalis)* Harrath & Sluys, 2012

- *[Dugesia tumida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_tumida&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Sluys, 2022[13]

- *[Dugesia uenorum](/source/Dugesia_uenorum)* Kawakatsu & Mitchel, 1995

- *[Dugesia umbonata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_umbonata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Song & Wang, 2020

- *[Dugesia venusta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_venusta&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bohmig, 1897)

- *[Dugesia verrucula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_verrucula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chen & Dong, 2021)[16]

- *[Dugesia vestibularis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_vestibularis&action=edit&redlink=1)* De Vries, 1988

- *[Dugesia wytegrensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_wytegrensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Sabussow, 1907)

- *[Dugesia xeropotamica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugesia_xeropotamica&action=edit&redlink=1)* Stocchino, Dols-Serrate & Riutort, 2024[25]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Girard (1851). Essay on the classification of Nemertes and Planariae, preceded by some general considerations on the primary divisions of the animal kingdom. *Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science*. 4th Mtg, New Haven, Conn., Aug 1850, pages 258-273. Washington 1851.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sluys98_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sluys98_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sluys98_2-2) Sluys, Ronald; Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Winsor, Leigh (October 1998). "The genus Dugesia in Australia, with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". *Zoologica Scripta*. **27** (4): 273–290. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00461.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.1998.tb00461.x). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [85102452](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85102452).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-devries88_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-devries88_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-devries88_3-2) Vries, Elizabeth J. (April 1988). "A synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Paludicola) from Africa and Madagascar". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **92** (4): 345–382. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01729.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1988.tb01729.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Gilbertson L. (1999). *Zoology Lab Manual*. McGraw Hill Companies, New York; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-07-237716-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-237716-X) (fourth edition, 1999).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ball1974_5-0)** Ball. I. R. (1974). A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). In Biology of the Turbellaria: 339-401. Riser, N. W. & Morse, M. P. (Eds). New York:McGraw-Hill.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-devries1991_6-0)** Vries, Elizabeth J.; Sluys, Ronald (January 1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". *Journal of Zoology*. **223** (1): 103–116. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Benzzi66_7-0)** Lentati, G. Benazzi (1966). "Amphimixis and pseudogamy in fresh-water triclads: Experimental reconstitution of polyploid pseudogamic biotypes". *Chromosoma*. **20** (1): 1–14. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF00331894](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00331894). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [21654518](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21654518).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Wang2025_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Wang2025_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Wang2025_8-2) Wang, Lei; Chang, Yi-Fang; Sun, Xin-Xin; Sluys, Ronald; Liu, De-Zeng; Dong, Zi-Mei; Chen, Guang-Wen (2025). ["Two new species of freshwater planarian from Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, southern China (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11979614). *ZooKeys* (1233): 289–313. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025ZooK.1233..289W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ZooK.1233..289W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zookeys.1233.142976](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.1233.142976). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11979614](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11979614). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40206202](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40206202).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Alvarez08_9-0)** Álvarez-Presas, Marta; Baguñà, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (May 2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **47** (2): 555–568. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2008MolPE..47..555A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MolPE..47..555A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2008.01.032). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18359250](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18359250).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-lazaro09_10-0)** Lázaro, Eva M.; Sluys, Ronald; Pala, Maria; Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Baguñà, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (September 2009). "Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **52** (3): 835–845. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009MolPE..52..835L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MolPE..52..835L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.022](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2009.04.022). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19435604](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19435604).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sola13_11-0)** Solà, Eduard; Sluys, Ronald; Gritzalis, Konstantinos; Riutort, Marta (March 2013). "Fluvial basin history in the northeastern Mediterranean region underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **66** (3): 877–888. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013MolPE..66..877S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MolPE..66..877S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.010](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2012.11.010). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23182762](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23182762).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dugesia Girard, 1850"](https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181568). *www.marinespecies.org*. Retrieved 2021-10-21.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Chen2022_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Chen2022_13-1) Chen, Guang-Wen; Wang, Lei; Wu, Fan; Sun, Xiao-Juan; Dong, Zi-Mei; Sluys, Ronald; Yu, Fei; Yu-Wen, Yan-Qing; Liu, De-Zeng (23 May 2022). ["Two new species of *Dugesia* (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the subtropical monsoon region in Southern China, with a discussion on reproductive modalities"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10126995). *BMC Zoology*. **7** (1): 25. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s40850-022-00127-8](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40850-022-00127-8). [eISSN](/source/EISSN_(identifier)) [2056-3132](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-3132). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [10126995](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10126995). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37170346](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37170346).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zhu2024_14-0)** Zhu, Y.; Huang, J.; Sluys, R.; Liu, Y.; Sun, T.; Wang, A.-T.; Zhang, Y. (16 February 2024). ["Integrative description of a new species of *Dugesia* (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from southern China, with its complete mitogenome and a biogeographic evaluation"](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.100.114016). *Zoosystematics and Evolution*. **100** (1): 167–182. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zse.100.114016](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.100.114016). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1860-0743](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1860-0743).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Harrath2025_15-0)** Harrath, Abdel Halim; Mansour, Lamjed; Sluys, Ronald; Aldahmich, Waleed; Riutort, Marta; Alwasel, Saleh (2025). "The first Dugesia species (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) documented for Saudi Arabia: An integrative description". *Zootaxa*. **5583** (1): 113–127. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.6](https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.5583.1.6). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40174122](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40174122).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WangChen2021_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WangChen2021_16-1) Wang, Lei; Chen, Jin-zi; Dong, Zi-mei; Chen, Guang-wen; Sluys, Ronald; Liu, De-zeng (8 September 2021). ["Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443540). *ZooKeys* (1059): 89–116. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021ZooK.1059...89W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ZooK.1059...89W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.1059.65633). [eISSN](/source/EISSN_(identifier)) [1313-2970](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1313-2989](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2989). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8443540](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443540). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34594150](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34594150).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wangetal2021_17-0)** Wang, Lei; Wang, Yixuan; Dong, Zimei; Chen, Guangwen; Sluys, Ronald; Liu, Dezeng (15 December 2021). "Integrative taxonomy unveils a new species of *Dugesia* (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the southern portion of the Taihang Mountains in northern China, with the description of its complete mitogenome and an exploratory analysis of mitochondrial gene order as a taxonomic character". *Integrative Zoology*. **17** (6): 1193–1214. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1749-4877.12605](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1749-4877.12605). [eISSN](/source/EISSN_(identifier)) [1749-4877](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1749-4877](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34783153](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34783153).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stocchino2024_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stocchino2024_18-1) Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Sluys, Ronald; Solà, Eduard; Riutort, Marta; Manconi, Renata (2024). "The long-eared freshwater planarians of Madagascar form a separate phylogenetic clade within the genus *Dugesia* (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), with the description of two new species". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **202** (4) zlae143. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae143](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlae143).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sluys2013_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sluys2013_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sluys2013_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Sluys2013_19-3) Sluys, Ronald; Solà, Eduard; Gritzalis, Konstantinos; Vila-Farré, Miquel; Mateos, Eduardo; Riutort, Marta (2013). "Integrative delineation of species of Mediterranean freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesiidae)". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **169** (3): 523–547. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/zoj.12077](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12077).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Liu2022_20-0)** Liu, Yi; Song, Xiao-Yu; Sun, Zhong-Yin; Li, Wei-Xuan; Sluys, Ronald; Li, Shuang-Fei; Wang, An-Tai (29 June 2022). ["Addition to the known diversity of Chinese freshwater planarians: integrative description of a new species of Dugesia Girard, 1850 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)"](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.98.83184). *Zoosystematics and Evolution*. **98** (2): 233–243. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zse.98.83184](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.98.83184). [eISSN](/source/EISSN_(identifier)) [1860-0743](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1860-0743). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1435-1935](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1435-1935).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DolsSerrate2024_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DolsSerrate2024_21-1) Dols-Serrate, Daniel; Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Sluys, Ronald; Riutort, Marta (2024). "Fantastic beasts and how to delimit them: An integrative approach using multispecies coalescent methods reveals two new, endemic *Dugesia* species (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from Corsica and Sardinia". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **201** (3) zlad135. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad135](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlad135).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Chen2024_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Chen2024_22-1) Wang, L.; Zhu, S.-Q.; Ma, F.-H.; Li, X.-J.; Zhao, Y.-H.; Sun, X.-X.; Li, N.; Sluys, R.; Liu, D.-Z.; Dong, Z.-M.; Chen, G.-W. (22 February 2024). ["Two New Species of Freshwater Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae, Dugesia) from Southern China Exhibit Unusual Karyotypes, with a Discussion on Reproduction in Aneuploid Species"](https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2024%2F8299436). *Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research*. **2024** e8299436. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1155/2024/8299436](https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2024%2F8299436). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0947-5745](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0947-5745).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Wu2025_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Wu2025_23-1) Wu, Fan; Wang, Lei; Sluys, Ronald; Sun, Xin-Xin; Liu, De-Zeng; Dong, Zi-Mei; Chen, Guang-Wen (2025). ["An integrative analysis and account of two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China, with reflections on the historical biogeography of Eastern Palearctic/Oriental lineages"](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.101.156742). *Zoosystematics and Evolution*. **101** (4): 1513–1529. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zse.101.156742](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.101.156742).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zeng2024_24-0)** Zeng, Z.-Y.; Wang, J.; Sluys, R.; Guo, Z.-P.; Sun, T.; Huang, X.-Z.; Li, S.-F.; Wang, A.-T. (8 February 2024). "Integrative description of a new species of *Dugesia* (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Shennongjia, Central China". *Zootaxa*. **5406** (4): 535–550. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.11646/zootaxa.5406.4.3](https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.5406.4.3). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1175-5334](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [38480130](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38480130).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dols-Serrate2024_25-0)** Dols-Serrate, Daniel; Stocchino, Giacinta Angela; Nuin-Villabona, Paula; Sluys, Ronald; Riutort, Marta (2024). "New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: *Dugesia* )". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **201** (4) zlae080. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae080](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlae080).

## External links

[Wikispecies](/source/Wikispecies) has information related to ***[Dugesia](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dugesia)***.

- ["Dugesia"](http://www.eol.org/pages/51564). *Encyclopedia of Life*. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

- Castilla, Juan C (December 2000). ["Dos especies nuevas dedicadas al Dr. Patricio Sánchez R"](https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-078X2000000400009) [Two new species dedicated to Dr. Patricio Sánchez R]. *Revista chilena de historia natural* (in Spanish). **73** (4). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4067/S0716-078X2000000400009](https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-078X2000000400009).

v t e Dugesiidae Genera Bopsula Cura Dugesia Eviella Girardia Neppia Recurva Reynoldsonia Romankenkius Schmidtea Spathula Weissius

Taxon identifiers Dugesia Wikidata: Q310745 Wikispecies: Dugesia (Dugesiidae) ADW: Dugesia AFD: Dugesia BioLib: 43889 BOLD: 165633 EoL: 51564 EPPO: 1DUGEG Fauna Europaea (new): c1fc2fed-58ec-4443-b0cd-3bdc388858d7 GBIF: 2502872 iNaturalist: 171418 IRMNG: 1291502 ITIS: 54503 NBN: NHMSYS0021057083 NCBI: 6160 Open Tree of Life: 933125 WoRMS: 181568

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dugesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugesia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugesia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.