# Dromon

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Type of warship of the Byzantine navy

**Dromond** redirects here.

Illustration from the *[Madrid Skylitzes](/source/Madrid_Skylitzes)* showing the Byzantine fleet repelling the [Rus' attack](/source/Rus'%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(941)) on Constantinople in 941, and the use of the spurs to smash the oars of the Rus' vessels. Boarding actions and hand-to-hand fighting determined the outcome of most naval battles in the Middle Ages.[1]

Look up ***[dromon](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dromon)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The **dromon** (from [Greek](/source/Greek_language) δρόμων, *dromōn*, lit. 'runner'), a type of [galley](/source/Galley), became the most important type of [warship](/source/Warship) of the [Byzantine navy](/source/Byzantine_navy)[2] from the 5th to 12th centuries AD, after which the Italian-style galley superseded it. It developed from the ancient [liburnian](/source/Liburna),[3] which was the mainstay of the [Roman navy](/source/Roman_navy) during [classical antiquity](/source/Classical_antiquity).[4]

The [Middle English](/source/Middle_English) word *dromond* and the [Old French](/source/Old_French) word *dromont* derive from the Greek word; these names identified any particularly large medieval ship.[5]

## Evolution and features

Reconstruction (top) in 1:10 scale of a bireme dromon's hull, at the [Museum of Ancient Seafaring](/source/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring), [Mainz](/source/Mainz)

Reconstruction of a monoreme dromon at the [Israeli National Maritime Museum](/source/Israeli_National_Maritime_Museum), [Haifa](/source/Haifa)

Model of a Byzantine warship with oars, located [Athens War Museum](/source/Athens_War_Museum)

The appearance and evolution of medieval warships is a matter of debate and conjecture; until recently, no remains of an oared warship from either ancient or early medieval times had been found and information had to be gathered by analyzing literary evidence, crude artistic depictions and the remains of a few merchant vessels (such as the 7th-century Pantano Longarini wreck from [Sicily](/source/Sicily), the 7th-century Yassi Ada ship and the 11th-century [Serçe Limanı wreck](/source/Ser%C3%A7e_Liman%C4%B1_Shipwreck)). Only in 2005–2006 did archaeological digs for the [Marmaray](/source/Marmaray) project in the [Harbor of Theodosius](/source/Harbour_of_Eleutherios) (modern Yenikapi) uncover the remains of over 36 Byzantine ships from the 6th to 10th centuries, including four light galleys of the *galea* type.[6]

The accepted view is that the main developments which differentiated the early dromons from the liburnians and that henceforth characterized Mediterranean galleys, were the adoption of a full [deck](/source/Deck_(ship)) (*katastrōma*), the abandonment of the [rams](/source/Ramming) on the bow in favor of an above-water spur and the gradual introduction of [lateen](/source/Lateen) sails.[7] Authors have suggested that the latter was introduced into the Mediterranean by Arabs, possibly with an ultimate origin in [India](/source/India). The discovery of new depictions and literary references in recent decades has led scholars to antedate the appearance of the lateen sail in the Levant to the late [Hellenistic](/source/Hellenistic) or early Roman period.[8][9] Not only the triangular, but also the quadrilateral version were known, used for centuries (mostly on smaller craft) in parallel with square sails.[8][10]

The reasons for the abandonment of the ram ([Latin](/source/Latin_language): *rostrum*, [Greek](/source/Greek_language): ἔμβολος) are unclear. Depictions of upward-pointing beaks in the 4th-century *[Vatican Vergil](/source/Vatican_Vergil)* manuscript may well illustrate that the ram had already been replaced by a spur in late-Roman galleys.[11] Byzantinists John Pryor and Elizabeth Jeffreys argue that the purpose of the spur was to allow the dromon to ride up on an enemy's oars and crush them, destroying its propulsion, and point out that one of the medieval Latin terms for spur, "calcar", is derived from the verb "to trample".[12] One possibility is that the change occurred because of the gradual evolution of the ancient [shell-first](/source/Trireme#Construction) [mortise and tenon](/source/Mortise_and_tenon) [hull](/source/Hull_(watercraft)) construction method, against which rams had been designed, into the skeleton-first method, which produced a stronger and more flexible hull, less susceptible to ramming.[13] By the early 7th century, the ram's original function had been forgotten, if we judge by [Isidore of Seville](/source/Isidore_of_Seville)'s comments that they were used to protect against collision with underwater rocks.[14]

[Belisarius](/source/Belisarius)'s fleet during the [Vandalic War](/source/Vandalic_War), as described by [Procopius of Caesarea](/source/Procopius_of_Caesarea), was apparently at least partly fitted with lateen sails, making it probable that by that time the lateen had become the standard rig for the dromon, with the traditional square sail gradually falling from use in medieval navigation.[15][10] These 6th-century dromons were single-banked ('[monoreme](/source/Monoreme)') ships of probably 50 oars, arranged with 25 oars on each side.[16] Again unlike [Hellenistic vessels](/source/Hellenistic-era_warships), which used an [outrigger](/source/Outrigger), these extended directly from the hull.[17] In the later two-banked ('[bireme](/source/Bireme)') dromons of the 9th and 10th centuries, the two oar banks (*elasiai*) were divided by the deck, with the first oar bank below and the second oar bank above deck; these rowers were expected to fight with the ship's [marines](/source/Marines) in boarding operations.[18] The historian Christos Makrypoulias suggests an arrangement of 25 oarsmen beneath and 35 on the deck on either side for a dromon of 120 rowers.[19] The length of these ships was probably about 32 meters.[20] Most contemporary vessels had a single mast (*histos* or *katartion*), the larger bireme dromons probably needed at least two masts to maneuver, assuming that a lateen sail for a ship this size would have reached unmanageable dimensions.[21][22] The ship was steered by means of two [quarter rudders](/source/Rudder) at the [stern](/source/Stern) (*prymnē*), which also housed a tent (*skēnē*) that covered the captain's berth (*krab[b]at[t]os*).[23] The prow (*prōra*) featured an elevated forecastle (*pseudopation*), below which the siphon for the discharge of [Greek fire](/source/Greek_fire) projected; secondary siphons could also be carried amidships on either side.[24][25] A pavesade (*kastellōma*), on which marines could hang their shields, ran around the sides of the ship, providing protection to the deck crew.[26] Larger ships also had wooden castles (*xylokastra*) on either side between the masts, similar to those attested for the Roman liburnians, providing archers with elevated firing platforms.[27] The bow spur (*peronion*) was intended to ride over an enemy ship's oars, breaking them and rendering it helpless against missile fire and boarding.[28]

The four *galeai* ships uncovered in the Yenikapi excavations, dating to the 10th–11th centuries, are of uniform design and construction, suggesting centralized manufacturing. They have a length of about 30 metres (98 ft), and are built of [European Black Pine](/source/European_Black_Pine) and [Oriental plane](/source/Oriental_plane).[29]

## Variants

By the 10th century, there were three main classes of bireme warships of the general dromon type, as detailed in the inventories for the expeditions sent against the [Emirate of Crete](/source/Emirate_of_Crete) in 911 and 949: the *[chelandion] ousiakon* ([χελάνδιον] οὑσιακόν), so named because it was manned by an *ousia* of 108 men; the *[chelandion] pamphylon* ([χελάνδιον] πάμφυλον), crewed with up to 120–160 men, its name either implying an origin in the region of [Pamphylia](/source/Pamphylia) as a transport ship or its crewing with "picked crews" (from πᾶν+φῦλον, 'all tribes'); and the *dromōn* proper, crewed by two *ousiai*.[30][31] In [Constantine VII](/source/Constantine_VII)'s *[De Ceremoniis](/source/De_Ceremoniis)*, the heavy *dromōn* is said to have an even larger crew of 230 rowers and 70 marines; the naval expert [John H. Pryor](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Pryor&action=edit&redlink=1) considers them as supernumerary crews being carried aboard, while Makrypoulias suggests that the extra men correspond to a second rower on each of the upper-bank oars.[32][33] A smaller, single-bank ship, the *monērēs* (μονήρης, 'single-banked') or *galea* (γαλέα, from which the term "galley" derives), with c. 60 men as crew, was used for scouting missions but also in the wings of the battle line.[34]

Three-banked ('trireme') dromons are described in a 10th-century work dedicated to the *[parakoimōmenos](/source/Parakoimomenos)* [Basil Lekapenos](/source/Basil_Lekapenos). However, this treatise, which survives only in fragments, draws heavily upon references on the appearance and construction of a classical Greek [trireme](/source/Trireme), and must therefore be used with care when trying to apply it to the warships of the middle Byzantine period.[35][36] The existence of trireme vessels is, however, attested in the [Fatimid navy](/source/Fatimid_navy) in the 11th and 12th centuries, and references made by Leo VI to large Arab ships in the 10th century may also indicate trireme galleys.[37]

For cargo transport, the Byzantines usually commandeered ordinary merchantmen as transport ships (*phortēgoi*) or supply ships (*skeuophora*). These appear to have been mostly sailing vessels, rather than oared.[38] The Byzantines and Arabs also employed [horse-transports](/source/Horse_transports_in_the_Middle_Ages) (*hippagōga*), which were either sailing ships or galleys, the latter certainly modified to accommodate the horses.[39] Given that the *chelandia* appear originally to have been oared horse-transports, this would imply differences in construction between the *chelandion* and the *dromōn* proper, terms which otherwise are often used indiscriminately in literary sources. While the *dromōn* was developed exclusively as a war galley, the *chelandion* would have had to have a special compartment amidships to accommodate a row of horses, increasing its [beam](/source/Beam_(nautical)) and [hold](/source/Hold_(ship)) depth.[40]

## Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006144_1-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 144.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 1: "At sea, the succession of the dromon to the Roman bireme *liburna* and its predecessors [...] has been presented in the conventional historiography of the maritime history of the Mediterranean as marking a transition from Rome to Byzantium."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 125: "There can be little doubt that the word *dromōn* became used for some war galleys, or perhaps rather for some specific type of war galley, because these galleys were unusually fast, faster than the standard Roman *liburnae* war galleys of the late Empire [...]"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 123–126.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** *The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary*, 3rd edition, "Dromond".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011188–191_6-0)** [& Delgado 2011](#CITEREFDelgado2011), pp. 188–191.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006127_7-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 127.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Casson243–245_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Casson243–245_8-1) [Casson 1995](#CITEREFCasson1995), pp. 243–245, Fig. 180–182.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Basch 2001](#CITEREFBasch2001), pp. 57–64.; [Campbell 1995](#CITEREFCampbell1995), pp. 8–11.; [Pomey 2006](#CITEREFPomey2006), pp. 326–329.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DromonLateen_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DromonLateen_10-1) [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 153–159.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006138–140_11-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 138–140.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006133–144_12-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 133–144.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006145–147,_152_13-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 145–147, 152.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006134–135_14-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 134–135.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasch200164_15-0)** [Basch 2001](#CITEREFBasch2001), p. 64.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006130–135_16-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 130–135.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryor1995103–104_17-0)** [Pryor 1995](#CITEREFPryor1995), pp. 103–104.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006232,_255,_276_18-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 232, 255, 276.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995164–165_19-0)** [Makrypoulias 1995](#CITEREFMakrypoulias1995), pp. 164–165.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006205,_291_20-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 205, 291.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006238_21-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 238.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolley194852_22-0)** [Dolley 1948](#CITEREFDolley1948), p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006215_23-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 215.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006203_24-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 203.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon1999189_25-0)** [Haldon 1999](#CITEREFHaldon1999), p. 189.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006282_26-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 282.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Galley104_27-0)** [Pryor 1995](#CITEREFPryor1995), p. 104.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006143–144_28-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 143–144.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011190–191_29-0)** [Delgado 2011](#CITEREFDelgado2011), pp. 190–191.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006189–192,_372_30-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 189–192, 372.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995149–150_31-0)** [Casson 1995](#CITEREFCasson1995), pp. 149–150.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006261–262_32-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 261–262.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995165_33-0)** [Makrypoulias 1995](#CITEREFMakrypoulias1995), p. 165.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006190_34-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 190.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Pryor84_35-0)** [Pryor 2003](#CITEREFPryor2003), p. 84.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006284–286_36-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 284–286.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Pryor108_37-0)** [Pryor 1995](#CITEREFPryor1995), p. 108.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006305_38-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), p. 305.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006307–308,_322–324_39-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 307–308, 322–324.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006166–169,_322–325,_449_40-0)** [Pryor & Jeffreys 2006](#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006), pp. 166–169, 322–325, 449.

## General and cited sources

- [Ahrweiler, Hélène](/source/Helene_Ahrweiler) (1966), *Byzance et la mer. La Marine de Guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles* (in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0520-0121](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0520-0121)

- Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in Tzalas, H. (ed.), *Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings* (in French), Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55–85

- Campbell, I.C. (1995), ["The Lateen Sail in World History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160804061252/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/journals/jwh/jwh061p001.pdf) (PDF), *[Journal of World History](/source/Journal_of_World_History)*, **6** (1): 1–23, archived from [the original](http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/journals/jwh/jwh061p001.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-08-04, retrieved 2012-01-25

- [Casson, Lionel](/source/Lionel_Casson) (1995), *Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World*, Johns Hopkins University Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8018-5130-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0)

- Christides, Vassilios (1995), "Byzantine Dromon and Arab Shini: The Development of the Average Byzantine and Arab Warships and the Problem of the Number and Function of the Oarsmen", [*Tropis III, 3rd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Athens 1989 proceedings*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070444/http://ina.tamu.edu/library/tropis/volumes/3/Tropis%20III%20Proceedings%201989.pdf) (PDF), Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 111–122, archived from [the original](http://ina.tamu.edu/library/tropis/volumes/3/Tropis%20III%20Proceedings%201989.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-03-06

- [Delgado, James P](/source/James_P._Delgado) (2011), "Ships on Land", in Catsambis, Alexis; Ford, Ben; Hamilton, Donny L. (eds.), *The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology*, Oxford University Press, pp. 182–191, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-537517-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537517-6)

- Dolley, R. H. (1948), "The Warships of the Later Roman Empire", *[The Journal of Roman Studies](/source/The_Journal_of_Roman_Studies)*, **38**, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 47–53, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/298170](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298170), [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [298170](https://www.jstor.org/stable/298170), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [162710370](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162710370)

- [Haldon, John](/source/John_Haldon) (1999). [*Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204*](https://archive.org/details/warfarestatesoci0000hald/). London: UCL Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85728-495-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X).

- Makrypoulias, Christos G. (1995), "The Navy in the Works of Constantine Porphyrogenitus", *Graeco-Arabica* (6), Athens: 152–171

- Pomey, Patrice (2006), "The Kelenderis Ship: A Lateen Sail", *[The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology](/source/The_International_Journal_of_Nautical_Archaeology)*, **35** (2): 326–329, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006IJNAr..35..326P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJNAr..35..326P), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00111.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2006.00111.x), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [162300888](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162300888)

- Pryor, John H. (2003), "Byzantium and the Sea: Byzantine Fleets and the History of the Empire in the Age of the Macedonian Emperors, c. 900–1025 CE", in [Hattendorf, John B.](/source/John_Hattendorf); Unger, Richard W. (eds.), *War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance*, Boydell Press, pp. 83–104, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85115-903-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-903-6)

- Pryor, John H. (1995). ["From Dromōn to Galea: Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500–1300"](https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse/page/101/mode/2up?q=101). In [Morrison, John S.](/source/John_Sinclair_Morrison); Gardiner, Robert (eds.). *The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. [101–116](https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse/page/101/mode/2up?q=101). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85177-554-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3).

- Pryor, John H.; [Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.](/source/Elizabeth_Jeffreys) (2006), *The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204*, Brill Academic Publishers, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-15197-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15197-0)

v t e Types of sailing vessels and rigs Overviews Age of Sail Maritime history Age of Discovery Sailing rigs Bermuda rig Crab claw Fore-and-aft rig Gaff rig Gunter rig Junk rig Lateen rig Ljungström rig Lug rig Pinisi rig Square rig Tanja rig By sailing rigs Barque Barquentine Brig Brigantine Catboat Cutter Full-rigged ship Jackass-barque Ketch Lugger Mistico Schooner Shipentine Sloop Yawl Multihull vessels ʻalia Amatasi Baurua Bigiw Camakau Catamaran Drua Guilalo Jukung Kalia Karakoa Kora kora Lakatoi Lanong Outrigger canoe Pahi Paraw Pentamaran Proa Quadrimaran Takia Tongiaki Trimaran Ungalawa Vinta Naval and merchant sailing ships and other vessels (by origin date) Ancient Balangay Boita Borobudur ship Dhow Fire ship Galley Penteconter Bireme Trireme Quadriremes Tessarakonteres Dromon Junk K'un-lun po Lepa Mtepe Uru Post-classical Balinger Benawa Birlinn Bomb vessel Cog Hulk Jong Knarr Koch Kondura Longship Malangbang Shitik Tongkang Zabra 15th c. Carrack Chinese treasure ship Caravel Ghurab Lancaran Hoy Trabaccolo 16th c. Crommesteven Galiot Galleon Galleass Ghali Flyboat Fluyt Full-rigged pinnace Lorcha Man-of-war Manchua Panokseon Patache Speronara Square-rigged caravel (round or de armada) Xebec 17th c. Bermuda sloop Corvette Frigate Galeas Koff Pink Polacca Ship of the line 18th c. Bilander Chialoup Chinaman Baltimore Clipper East Indiaman Gallivat Garay Grab Gundalow Lanong Padewakang Post ship 74-gun Ship of the line Sloop-of-war Toop Trincadour Slave ship West Indiaman 19th c. Blackwall frigate Clipper Down Easter Golekan Iron-hulled sailing ship Warship Janggolan Lambo Leti leti Palari Tamar West Country Windjammer 20th c. Montagu whaler Fishing vessels Bago Falkuša Felucca Herring buss Jangada Jukung Masula Mayang Patorani Nordland Sixareen Sgoth Smack Tartane Well smack Yoal Recreational vessels Dinghy Pocket cruiser Sailing hydrofoil Sailing yacht Sportsboat Trailer sailer Wharrams Windsurfer Yacht Special terms Inflatable Lashed lug Razee Sewn Tall ship ULDB Other types Bristol Channel pilot cutter Fusta Mersey flat Norfolk punt Norfolk wherry Pausik Pinnace (ship's boat) Pram Scow Sneakbox Thames sailing barge Wherry SolidSail ships Related Nautical operations

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dromon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.