# Drilliidae

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{{Short description|Family of gastropods}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Drilliidae
| image = Cymatosyrinx parciplicata 003.jpg
| image_caption = An apertural view of a [shell](/source/gastropod_shell) of ''[Cymatosyrinx parciplicata](/source/Cymatosyrinx_parciplicata)''
| authority = [Olsson](/source/Axel_Adolph_Olsson), 1964
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS" />
| synonyms = Clavidae <small>Casey, 1904 (''non'' McCrady, 1859: [preoccupied](/source/Hydractiniidae))</small>
| type_genus = 
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = ''See text''
}}

The '''Drilliidae''' are a [taxonomic family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of small predatory [sea snail](/source/sea_snail)s with high-spired shells. They are classified as marine [gastropod](/source/gastropod) [mollusk](/source/mollusca)s in the superfamily [Conoidea](/source/Conoidea).<ref>{{cite journal
 |author1=Bouchet, P.  |author2=Rocroi, J.-P.
 | year = 2005
 | title = Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families
 | journal = Malacologia
 | volume =47
 | issue = 1–2
 | pages = 
 | issn = 
 | doi =
 }}</ref>

This family has no subfamilies. It consists of about 30 genera and approximately 500 [recent](/source/Holocene) species.

==Description==
The shell is claviform with a tall spire, or squatly conical to biconical. In many species, the [siphonal canal](/source/siphonal_canal) is truncated. The [aperture](/source/aperture_(mollusc)) is U-shaped with a parietal callus pad.

The sculpture of the shell shows prominent axial ribs with a polished surface. Most species have a dorsal [varix](/source/varix_(mollusc)) (transverse elevation), except in the genera ''[Cymatosyrinx](/source/Cymatosyrinx)'', ''[Elaeocyma](/source/Elaeocyma)'' and ''[Splendrillia](/source/Splendrillia)''. The [protoconch](/source/protoconch) can be smooth or very carinate. The ovate [operculum](/source/operculum_(gastropod)) has a terminal nucleus.<ref name="Cheng">[http://s190418054.onlinehome.us/Portal/Turrids/Turrid03.pdf   Chen-Kwoh Chang, ''Small Turrids of Taiwan'', Chapter 3, History and Taxonomy of the Clavidae; June 1, 2001]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [radula](/source/radula) of the species in this family have characteristically five teeth in each row (formula: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) with a vestigial central tooth, comb-like lateral teeth and a pair of flat-pointed, slender marginal teeth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kantor|first=Yuri I|author2=John D.Taylor|year=2000|title=Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism|journal=Journal of Zoology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=252|issue=2|pages=251–262|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x}}</ref>

The [foregut](/source/foregut) structure of the anterior alimentary system has the least derived foregut anatomy of all the families in the superfamily Conoidea.<ref name="Morton">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1MQIiFQ8xBwC&dq=Drilliidae&pg=PA101  Brian Morton, The Malacofauna of Hong Kong and southern China]</ref>

==Distribution==
This family has wide distribution, ranging from [Iceland](/source/Iceland) to the [Antarctic Ocean](/source/Southern_Ocean), found at intertidal to abyssal depths. This is reflected in the variability in larval shells and the size of the shell (from a few millimetres to 6&nbsp;cm) and the characteristics of the protoconch and the [teleoconch](/source/teleoconch).<ref>Andrea Nappo, Xabier Rey, Daniel Pellegrini, Giuseppe Bonomolo & Fabio Crocetta, ''Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura  Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca:Gastropoda: Drilliidae)''; Zootaxa  4392 (3): 567–587]</ref>

==Taxonomic history==
The genera in this family were originally separated from the subfamily [Clavitulinae](/source/Clavitulinae) and classified by H.& A. Adams (1858) under subfamily [Turritinae](/source/Turritinae), because their operculum has a terminal instead of a central nucleus. In 1942, the species with a U-shaped sinus and a [parietal callus](/source/parietal_callus) pad were brought by Powell in the new subfamily Clavinae. In 1966, Morrison proposed the subfamily Drillinae (= Clavinae) for the species with a stenoglossan radula with comb-like lateral teeth. Finally, in 1993, Taylor ''et al.'' proposed the promotion of Drillinae from subfamily to the family level Drilliidae.<ref name="Cheng" /><ref>Taylor, J.D., Kantor, Y.I& Sysoev, A.V., 1993 . ''Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of the Conoidea (=Toxoglossas) (Gastropoda)''  Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond .(Zool) 5(2): 125-170</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Genera in the family Drilliidae include:<ref name="WoRMS">WoRMS (2010). Drilliidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23032 on1 September 2011</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[Acinodrillia](/source/Acinodrillia)'' <small>Kilburn, 1988</small>
* ''[Agladrillia](/source/Agladrillia)'' <small>Woodring, 1928</small>
* ''[Bellaspira](/source/Bellaspira)'' <small>Conrad, 1868</small>
* ''[Calliclava](/source/Calliclava)'' <small>McLean, 1971</small>
* ''[Cerodrillia](/source/Cerodrillia)'' <small>Bartsch & Rehder, 1939</small>
* ''[Clathrodrillia](/source/Clathrodrillia)'' <small>Dall, 1918</small>
* ''[Clavus](/source/Clavus_(gastropod))'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''[Conopleura](/source/Conopleura)'' <small>Hinds, 1844</small> 
* ''[Crassopleura](/source/Crassopleura)'' <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
* ''[Cruziturricula](/source/Cruziturricula)'' <small>Marks, 1951</small> 
* ''[Cymatosyrinx](/source/Cymatosyrinx)'' <small>Dall, 1889</small>
* ''[Decoradrillia](/source/Decoradrillia)'' <small>Fallon, 2016</small> 
* ''[Douglassia](/source/Douglassia)'' <small>Bartsch, 1934</small>
* ''[Drillia](/source/Drillia)'' <small>Gray, 1838</small>
* ''[Elaeocyma](/source/Elaeocyma)'' <small>Dall, 1918</small>
* ''[Eumetadrillia](/source/Eumetadrillia)'' <small>Woodring, 1928</small> 
* ''[Fenimorea](/source/Fenimorea)'' <small>Bartsch, 1934</small>
* ''[Fusiturricula](/source/Fusiturricula)'' <small>Woodring, 1928</small> 
* ''[Globidrillia](/source/Globidrillia)'' <small>Woodring, 1928</small>
* ''[Hauturua](/source/Hauturua)'' <small>Powell, 1942</small> 
* ''[Imaclava](/source/Imaclava)'' <small>Bartsch, 1944</small>
* ''[Iredalea](/source/Iredalea)'' <small>Oliver, 1915</small>
* ''[Kylix](/source/Kylix_(gastropod))'' <small>Dall, 1919</small>
* ''[Leptadrillia](/source/Leptadrillia)'' <small>Woodring, 1928</small>
* ''[Lissodrillia](/source/Lissodrillia)'' <small>Bartsch & Rehder, 1943</small>
* ''[Neodrillia](/source/Neodrillia)'' <small>Bartsch, 1943</small>
* ''[Orrmaesia](/source/Orrmaesia)'' <small>Kilburn, 1988</small>
* ''[Paracuneus](/source/Paracuneus)'' <small>Laseron, 1954</small>
* ''[Plagiostropha](/source/Plagiostropha)'' <small>Melvill, 1927</small>
*  † ''[Pleurofusia](/source/Pleurofusia)'' <small>de Gregorio, 1890</small>
* ''[Sedilia](/source/Sedilia_(gastropod))'' <small>Fargo, 1953</small>
* ''[Spirotropis](/source/Spirotropis_(gastropod))'' <small>Sars, 1878</small>
* ''[Splendrillia](/source/Splendrillia)'' <small>Hedley, 1922</small>
* ''[Stenodrillia](/source/Stenodrillia)'' <small>Korobkov, 1955</small> 
* ''[Syntomodrillia](/source/Syntomodrillia)'' <small>Hedley, 1922</small>
* ''[Wairarapa](/source/Wairarapa_(gastropod))'' <small>Vella, 1954</small>
{{div col end}}
;Genera brought into synonymy
* ''[Brephodrillia](/source/Brephodrillia)'' <small>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of ''[Iredalea](/source/Iredalea)''
* ''[Clavicantha](/source/Clavicantha)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>: synonym of ''[Clavus](/source/Clavus_(gastropod))'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''[Eldridgea](/source/Eldridge_(sea_snail))'' <small>Bartsch, 1934</small>: synonym of ''[Clavus](/source/Clavus_(gastropod))'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''[Fusisyrinx](/source/Fusisyrinx)'' <small>Bartsch, 1934</small>: synonym of ''[Fusiturricula](/source/Fusiturricula)'' <small>Woodring, 1928</small>
* ''[Tylotia](/source/Tylotia_(sea_snail))'' <small>Melvill, 1917</small>: synonym of ''[Clavus](/source/Clavus_(gastropod))'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''[Tylotiella](/source/Tylotiella_(sea_snail))'' <small>Habe, 1958</small>: synonym of ''[Clavus](/source/Clavus_(gastropod))'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
;Genera moved to other families
* ''[Austroclavus](/source/Austroclavus)'' (unassigned to a family within Conoidea)
* ''[Brachytoma](/source/Brachytoma)'' moved to the family [Pseudomelatomidae](/source/Pseudomelatomidae)
* ''[Sediliopsis](/source/Sediliopsis)'' Petuch, 1988: moved to the family [Pseudomelatomidae](/source/Pseudomelatomidae)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090824160507/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/ The Taxonomicon]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Drilliidae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Fallon |first1=P.J. |title=Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species |journal=Zootaxa |date=2016 |volume=4090 |issue=1 |pages=1–363 |url=https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1}}
* [http://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/PDFFamily/DRILLIIDAE.pdf WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: family Drilliidae]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3170724}}

Category:Drilliidae
Category:Conoidea
Category:Taxa named by Axel Adolph Olsson

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Drilliidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilliidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilliidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.