# Draparnaldia

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{{Short description|Genus of algae}}
{{Distinguish|text=[Draparnaudia](/source/Draparnaudia), the genus of gastropod}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = British fresh-water algae, exclusive of Desmidieae and Diatomaceae (1882-1884) (19795499774).jpg
| image_caption = left: ''Draparnaldia glomerata'', right ''D. fluitans''
| taxon = Draparnaldia
| authority = Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1808
| type_species = ''Draparnaldia mutabilis''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Algaebase">{{AlgaeBase genus | id=43361 | access-date=2025-03-01 | title=''Draparnaldia'' Bory, 1808 }}</ref>
| subdivision = 
* ''[Draparnaldia acuta](/source/Draparnaldia_acuta)''
* ''[Draparnaldia elongata](/source/Draparnaldia_elongata)''
* ''[Draparnaldia glomerata](/source/Draparnaldia_glomerata)''
* ''[Draparnaldia judayi](/source/Draparnaldia_judayi)''
* ''[Draparnaldia mutabilis](/source/Draparnaldia_mutabilis)''
* ''[Draparnaldia platyzonata](/source/Draparnaldia_platyzonata)''
}}

'''''Draparnaldia''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of freshwater [green algae](/source/green_algae) in the family [Chaetophoraceae](/source/Chaetophoraceae).<ref name="Algaebase"/> It forms branched chains of cells, termed filaments, surrounded by mucilage. It is a [cosmopolitan](/source/cosmopolitan_distribution) genus with wide distribution and it is usually found in cold aerated waters. They are either attached to sand or grow epiphytically on other aquatic plants. ''Draparnaldia'' can be seen growing in clear streams trailing on stones and boulders. Herman S. Forest of The Southern Appalachian Botanical Club has stated that while not common, it is present frequently enough to be recorded in almost all local flora lists of green algae that have been compiled. A multitude of species are present in [Lake Baikal](/source/Lake_Baikal), Siberia and have been described by Meyer and Jasnitzky.

==Morphology==
''Draparnaldia'' consists of [uniseriate](/source/%3Awikt%3Auniseriate) filaments (chains of cells arranged in one row), which are attached to a substrate with [rhizoids](/source/rhizoids); the plant is surrounded by soft [mucilage](/source/mucilage). The length of the main axis cells are generally equal, with some cells having side branches. Branches are borne in alternating, opposite, or whorls of tufts from the main axis. Tips of branches usually bear long, tapering hairs.<ref name=Isles>The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. 2002. Eds. John D.M., B.A. Whitton, & A.J. Brook. Cambridge University Press: United Kingdom.</ref> [Chloroplasts](/source/Chloroplasts) appear as a band within the center of each cell, and may have a smooth or reticulate margin; they have several [pyrenoid](/source/pyrenoid)s.<ref name="Algaebase"/>

The morphology is highly variable,<ref name=Isles /> being dependent upon several environmental conditions.<ref name=Isles /><ref name=Whitton>Whitton, B.A. 1988. "Hairs in Eukaryotic Algae" ''in'': Algae and the aquatic environment. Ed: Round, F.E. Titus Wilson & Son Ltd.: Kendal, England.</ref> The hairs develop through the elongation of the apical cell on the branch tips; as they elongate, the chloroplast is lost. Hair development is affected by the levels of [phosphorus](/source/phosphorus), [nitrogen](/source/nitrogen), [carbon dioxide](/source/carbon_dioxide), and [light](/source/light). Although hair production can be suppressed under lab conditions, they are always present in the field.<ref name=Whitton />

===Reproduction===
Asexual reproduction is by [zoospore](/source/zoospore)s, or thick-walled [aplanospore](/source/aplanospore)s. Zoospores are produced in the cells of the main axis, and are either all equally sized and biflagellate or dimorphic (two types: smaller and biflagellate or larger and quadriflagellate). [Sexual reproduction](/source/Sexual_reproduction) has also been observed; it is isogamous with biflagellate or quadriflagellate gametes.<ref name="Algaebase"/>

==Ecology==
''Draparnaldia'' is usually found attached to sand, sticks <ref name=Prescott>Prescott, G. W. 1968. The Algae: A Review. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston.</ref> or rocky substrate. It can be located in streams, ditches, springs, and shallow, peaty lakes,<ref name=Isles /> but usually only in cold, soft flowing waters.<ref name=Prescott /> The hairs seem to function in nutrient uptake. Under low nutrient levels, the intensity of hair formation increases. It has been demonstrated that phosphatase activity is localized to the hairs and can be induced with decreasing phosphorus levels.<ref name=Whitton />

==Taxonomy==
The genus name of ''Draparnaldia'' is in honour of [Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud](/source/Jacques_Philippe_Raymond_Draparnaud) (1772–1804), who was a French naturalist, [malacologist](/source/malacologist) and botanist.<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 |access-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref>

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by [Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent) in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Vol.12 on page 399 in 1808. The [type species](/source/type_species) of ''Draparnaldia'' was first placed and described in the Linnean Herbarium as ''Conferva mutabilis'' Roth in 1797. Nowadays ''Conferva'' is no longer used and the species is described as ''Draparnaldia mutabilis'' (Roth) Bory. Bory is added in honour of the researcher of the same name, based on whose description the genus was separated from similar appearing forms. Bory is accredited with the establishment of the genus.

The genus ''Draparnaldiopsis'' was formerly considered separate from ''Draparnaldia'', but is now considered to be [synonymous](/source/synonym_(taxonomy)); species assigned to ''Draparnaldiopsis'' have alternating short and long cells constituting the main axis.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/fedr.201800027 |title=Taxonomy of ''Draparnaldia'' Bory and ''Draparnaldiopsis'' G.M. Sm. And Klyver (Chaetophoraceae): Recircumscription, new species, new combinations and nomen novum |date=2019 |last1=Mandal |first1=Manasi |last2=Maity |first2=Debabrata |journal=Feddes Repertorium |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=302–312 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5305829}}

Category:Chaetophorales genera
Category:Chaetophoraceae
Category:Freshwater algae

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Draparnaldia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draparnaldia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draparnaldia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.