# Donald J. Cram > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Donald_J._Cram > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Donald_J._Cram.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram > Source revision: 1338180036 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|American chemist (1919–2001)}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Donald James Cram |image = |birth_date = April 22, 1919 |birth_place = [Chester, Vermont](/source/Chester%2C_Vermont) |death_date = June 17, 2001 (aged 82) |death_place = [Palm Desert, California](/source/Palm_Desert%2C_California){{Nobelprize}} |residence = |citizenship = |ethnicity = |field = [Chemistry](/source/Chemistry) |work_institutions = [UCLA](/source/UCLA), [Merck & Co](/source/Merck_%26_Co), [MIT](/source/MIT) |education = [Rollins College](/source/Rollins_College) (BS)
[University of Nebraska](/source/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln) (MS)
[Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University) (PhD) |thesis1_title = Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones. |thesis1_year = 1942 |thesis1_url = http://library.unl.edu/record=b2609724~S0 |thesis2_title = Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinones |thesis2_year = 1947 |thesis2_url = http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990038295450203941/catalog |doctoral_advisor = [Louis Fieser](/source/Louis_Fieser) |doctoral_students = [M. Frederick Hawthorne](/source/M._Frederick_Hawthorne)
[Norman L. Allinger](/source/Norman_L._Allinger) |known_for = [Cram's rule](/source/Cram's_rule)
[Host–guest chemistry](/source/Host%E2%80%93guest_chemistry)
[phenonium ions](/source/phenonium_ions)
[paracyclophane](/source/paracyclophane)s |influences = |influenced = |prizes = [Nobel Prize in Chemistry](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) (1987)
[Glenn T. Seaborg Medal](/source/Glenn_T._Seaborg_Medal) (1989)
[National Medal of Science](/source/National_Medal_of_Science) (1993)
[Guggenheim fellowship](/source/Guggenheim_fellowship) (1955) |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} '''Donald James Cram''' (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American [chemist](/source/chemist) who shared the 1987 [Nobel Prize in Chemistry](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) with [Jean-Marie Lehn](/source/Jean-Marie_Lehn) and [Charles J. Pedersen](/source/Charles_J._Pedersen) "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of [host–guest chemistry](/source/host%E2%80%93guest_chemistry). ==Early life and education== Cram was born and raised in [Chester, Vermont](/source/Chester%2C_Vermont), to a [Scottish](/source/Scotland) immigrant father, and a [German](/source/Germans) immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on [Aid to Dependent Children](/source/Aid_to_Dependent_Children), and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing newspapers, and painting houses, while bartering for piano lessons. By the time he turned eighteen, he had worked at least eighteen different jobs.{{cite web|url=http://tars.rollins.edu/chemistry/People/DCram.shtml|title=Donald J. Cram, Ph.D.: A 1941 Rollins College Chemistry Alumnus and winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry|access-date=2010-09-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075755/http://tars.rollins.edu/chemistry/People/DCram.shtml|archive-date=2011-07-20}} Cram attended the Winwood High School in Long Island, N.Y. {{cite book | last = James | first = Laylin K. | title = Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992 | publisher = American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation | year = 1994 | location = Washington, DC | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780841226906/page/146 146pp] | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780841226906/page/146 | isbn = 978-0-8412-2459-9 | url-access = registration }} From 1938 to 1941, he attended [Rollins College](/source/Rollins_College) in [Winter Park, Florida](/source/Winter_Park%2C_Florida) on a national honorary scholarship, where he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department, and was active in theater, chapel choir, [Lambda Chi Alpha](/source/Lambda_Chi_Alpha), Phi Society, and Zeta Alpha Epsilon. It was at Rollins that he became known for building his own chemistry equipment. In 1941, he graduated from [Rollins College](/source/Rollins_College) with a [BS](/source/Bachelor_of_Science) in chemistry. In 1942, he graduated from the [University of Nebraska](/source/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln) with a [MS](/source/Master_of_Science) in organic chemistry, with Norman O. Cromwell serving as his thesis adviser. His subject was "Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones."{{Cite web |url=http://library.unl.edu/record=b2609724~S0 |title=University of Nebraska Research Library entry |access-date=2008-10-10 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218224322/http://library.unl.edu/record=b2609724~S0 |url-status=dead }} In 1947, Cram graduated from [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University) with a [PhD](/source/PhD) in [organic chemistry](/source/organic_chemistry), with [Louis Fieser](/source/Louis_Fieser) serving as the adviser on his dissertation on "Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones"[http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990038295450203941/catalog Harvard Library Hollis] ==Career== From 1942 to 1945, Cram worked in chemical research at [Merck & Co](/source/Merck_%26_Co) laboratories, doing penicillin research with mentor [Max Tishler](/source/Max_Tishler). Postdoctoral work was as an [American Chemical Society](/source/American_Chemical_Society) postdoctoral fellow at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/source/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology), with [John D. Roberts](/source/John_D._Roberts). Cram was the originator of [Cram's rule](/source/Cram's_rule), which provides a model for predicting the outcome of [nucleophilic attack](/source/Nucleophile) of carbonyl compounds.''Studies in Stereochemistry. X. The Rule of "Steric Control of Asymmetric Induction" in the Syntheses of Acyclic Systems'' Donald J. Cram, Fathy Ahmed Abd Elhafez [J. Am. Chem. Soc.](/source/J._Am._Chem._Soc.); '''1952'''; 74(23); 5828–5835. {{doi|10.1021/ja01143a007}} He published over 350 research papers and eight books on organic chemistry, and taught graduate and post-doctoral students from 21 different countries. ===Research=== [[File:Nitrobenzene bound within hemicarcerand from Chemical Communications (1997).jpg|thumbnail|Crystal structure of a nitrobenzene bound within a [hemicarcerand](/source/hemicarcerand) reported by Cram and coworkers{{cite journal | journal = [Chem. Commun.](/source/Chem._Commun.) | year = 1997 | pages = 1303–1304 | title = Dissymmetric new hemicarcerands containing four bridges of different lengths |author1=Juyoung Yoon |author2=Carolyn B. Knobler |author3=Emily F. Maverick |author4=Donald J. Cram | doi = 10.1039/a701187c | issue = 14}}]] Cram expanded upon [Charles Pedersen](/source/Charles_Pedersen)'s ground-breaking synthesis of [crown ether](/source/crown_ether)s, two-dimensional [organic compound](/source/organic_compound)s that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements. He synthesized molecules that took this [chemistry](/source/chemistry) into three dimensions, creating an array of differently shaped molecules that could interact selectively with other chemicals because of their complementary three-dimensional structures. Cram's work represented a large step toward the synthesis of functional laboratory-made mimics of [enzymes](/source/enzymes) and other natural molecules whose special chemical behavior is due to their characteristic structure. He also did work in [stereochemistry](/source/stereochemistry) and [Cram's rule of asymmetric induction](/source/Cram's_rule_of_asymmetric_induction) is named after him. In 1973, Cram collaborated on research with Irish chemist [Francis Leslie Scott](/source/Francis_Leslie_Scott). ===Professor=== Cram was named an [assistant professor](/source/Professor) at the [University of California, Los Angeles](/source/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles) in 1947, and a professor in 1955. He served there until his retirement in 1987. He was a popular teacher, having instructed some 8,000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 [graduate students](/source/Graduate_school). He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing [folk songs](/source/Folk_music).{{cite press release | title = Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82 | publisher = [University of California](/source/University_of_California) | date = 2001-06-19 | url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/3358 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617125505/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/3358 | archive-date = 2008-06-17 }} He showed a self-deprecating style, saying at one time:
An investigator starts research in a new field with faith, a foggy idea, and a few wild experiments. Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work. By the time the research is completed, he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted.{{cite web | url=http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/d/donaldcram193831.html | title=Donald Cram Quotes }}
===Bibliography=== '''Technical Reports: ''' *[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4086876-multiheteromacrocycles-complex-metal-ions-second-progress-report-may-april "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Second Progress Report, 1 May 1975 – 30 April 1976"], [UCLA](/source/UCLA), [United States Department of Energy](/source/United_States_Department_of_Energy) (through predecessor agency the [U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration](/source/U.S._Energy_Research_and_Development_Administration)), (January 15, 1976). *[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5153250-multiheteromacrocycles-complex-metal-ions-fourth-progress-report-may-april "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Fourth Progress Report, 1 May 1977 – 30 April 1978"], [UCLA](/source/UCLA), [United States Department of Energy](/source/United_States_Department_of_Energy) (through predecessor agency the [U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration](/source/U.S._Energy_Research_and_Development_Administration)), (January 15, 1978). *[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5130964-multiheteromacrocycles-complex-metal-ions-sixth-progress-report-may-april-hemispherands-spherands "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Sixth Progress Report, 1 May 1979-30 April 1980"], [UCLA](/source/UCLA), [United States Department of Energy](/source/United_States_Department_of_Energy), (January 15, 1980). *[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10120943-multiheteromacrocycles-complex-metal-ions-ninth-progress-report-includes-results-last-three-years-may-april "Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions. Ninth Progress Report (includes results of last three years), 1 May 1980 – 30 April 1983"], [UCLA](/source/UCLA), [United States Department of Energy](/source/United_States_Department_of_Energy), (September 15, 1982). '''Books: ''' #{{cite book | last = Cram | first = Donald J. | author-link =Donald J. Cram |author2=Jane M. Cram | title = Container Molecules and their Guests | publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry | year = 1994 | location = Great Britain | pages = 223 pp | isbn = 978-0-85404-507-5}} #{{cite book | last = Cram | first = Donald J. | author-link =Donald J. Cram | title = From Design to Discovery | publisher = American Chemical Society | year = 1990 | location = Washington, DC | pages = 146pp }} #{{cite book | last = Cram | first = Jane M. |author2=Donald J. Cram | title = The Essence of Organic Chemistry | publisher = Addison-Wesley | year = 1978 | location = Reading, Massachusetts | pages = 456pp | url =https://archive.org/details/essenceoforganic0000cram | url-access = registration }} #{{cite book | last = Hendrickson | first = James B. |author2=Donald J. Cram |author3=George S. Hammond | title = Organic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1970 | location = Reading, Massachusetts | pages = 1279pp | id = 3rd ed. }} #{{cite book | last = Richards | first = John |author2=Don Cram |author3=George S. Hammond | title = Elements of organic chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1967 | location = New York | pages = 444pp | lccn = 66024479 }} #{{cite book | last = Cram | first = Donald J. | author-link =Donald J. Cram | title = Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1965 | location = New York | pages = 289pp | url =https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofca0000cram | url-access = registration }} #{{cite book | last = Cram | first = Donald J. | author-link =Donald J. Cram |author2=George S. Hammond | title = Organic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1964 | location = New York | pages = 846pp | url =https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00cram | url-access = registration | id = 2nd ed. }} #{{cite book | last = Cram | first = Donald J. | author-link =Donald J. Cram |author2=George S. Hammond | title = Organic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1959 | location = New York | pages = 712pp | id = 1st ed. }} ===Awards and honors=== *[NAS Award in Chemical Sciences](/source/NAS_Award_in_Chemical_Sciences) *Saul Winstein Endowed Chair in Organic Chemistry *[National Medal of Science](/source/National_Medal_of_Science), 1993[https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=91 National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science] *International Academy of Science, Munich, member *[Glenn T. Seaborg Medal](/source/Glenn_T._Seaborg_Medal), 1989 *Golden Plate Award of the [American Academy of Achievement](/source/Academy_of_Achievement), 1988{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[American Academy of Achievement](/source/American_Academy_of_Achievement)|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}} *[ACS](/source/American_Chemical_Society) Southern California Tolman Award, 1984 *[ACS](/source/American_Chemical_Society) Chicago Section [Willard Gibbs Award](/source/Willard_Gibbs_Award), 1985 *[ACS Cope Award](/source/Arthur_C._Cope_Award) for Distinguished Achievement in Organic Chemistry, 1974 *[American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/source/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences), member, 1967 *[American Chemical Society](/source/American_Chemical_Society) Award for Creative Work in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 1965 *[National Academy of Sciences](/source/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences), member, 1961 *1987 [Nobel Prize in Chemistry](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) ==Personal life== Cram once admitted that his career wasn't without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a master's degree in social work from [Columbia University](/source/Columbia_University). His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at [Mount Holyoke College](/source/Mount_Holyoke_College). Cram chose not to have any children, "because I would either be a bad father or a bad scientist." Cram died of cancer in 2001, at the age of 82. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/cram-autobio.html Nobel Prize Donald Cram autobiography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071227085324/http://www.rollins.edu/chemistry/People/DCram.shtml Rollins College Biography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720133658/http://www.chem.ucla.edu/research/org/CRAM/Cram_index.html ''Donald Cram: A Life in Pictures,'' UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. (A tribute in pictures and collected speeches.)] *[http://www.chem.ucla.edu/news/djc.html Harlan Lebo and Stuart Wolpert, ''UCLA News,'' "Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82,'" undated.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206143613/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/donaldjamescram.html University of California ''in memoriam''] *[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/d/donald_cram.html Donald Cram quotations from the BrainyQuote Web site.] {{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1976-2000}} {{1987 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Winners of the National Medal of Science|chemistry}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cram, Donald J.}} Category:1919 births Category:2001 deaths Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni Category:National Medal of Science laureates Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry Category:American Nobel laureates Category:American organic chemists Category:Stereochemists Category:Rollins College alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:People from Chester, Vermont Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:American people of German descent --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Donald J. Cram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.