# Dominican Civil War

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1965 civil war in the Dominican Republic

For other uses, see [Dominican Civil War (disambiguation)](/source/Dominican_Civil_War_(disambiguation)).

Dominican Civil War Part of the Cold War American soldiers fight while a child takes cover under a jeep in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965. Date 24 April 1965 – 3 September 1965[1] (4 months, 1 week and 3 days) Location Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic[1] Result Loyalist victory Ceasefire declared Formation of the provisional government for new elections Deposition of Juan Bosch of the presidency ratified Organization of presidential elections in 1966 under international supervision Election of Joaquín Balaguer as the new president Establishment of the Fourth Dominican Republic on July 1, 1966 Belligerents Loyalist faction Dominican National Police Dominican Army Dominican Air Force Dominican Navy United States IAPF Brazil Paraguay Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Honduras[1] Constitutionalist faction Dominican Revolutionary Party Dominican Communist Party June 14th Revolutionary Movement [es] Commanders and leaders Elías Wessin y Wessin Antonio Imbert Barrera Lyndon B. Johnson Robert McNamara Bruce Palmer[1] Robert H. York Rathvon M. Tompkins Ormond R. Simpson Juan Bosch Francisco Caamaño[1] José Rafael Molina Ureña Strength Loyalists: 2,200 regulars 12 AMX-13 light tanks 24 L-60 light tanks 13 Lynx armoured cars 1 frigate 4+ fighters United States: 6,924 Marines (supported by M48 Patton main battle tanks) 12,434 82nd Airborne paratroopers Constitutionalists: 1,500 regulars 5,000 armed civilians 5+ light tanks Casualties and losses Dominican Republic: 500 regulars killed[2] 325 police killed[2] 5 light tanks captured 2 P-51 Mustang fighters shot down United States: 47 dead (including 9 Marines and 18 paratroopers killed)[3] 283 wounded or injured[4] 1 M50 Ontos damaged IAPF: 11 wounded 600 regulars killed[2] unknown armed civilians killed 5 light tanks destroyed 1 cargo ship damaged[5] 6,000 Dominican casualties and 350 U.S. casualties[2] The Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF) was designed as a peacekeeping force and thus is not considered a war participant.

v t e Dominican Civil War Duarte Bridge Limpieza

The **Dominican Civil War** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Guerra Civil Dominicana*), also known as the **April Revolution** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Revolución de Abril*), took place between April 24, 1965, and September 3, 1965, in [Santo Domingo](/source/Santo_Domingo), [Dominican Republic](/source/Third_Dominican_Republic). It started when civilian and military supporters of the [overthrown](/source/1963_Dominican_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) democratically elected president [Juan Bosch](/source/Juan_Bosch_(politician)) ousted the militarily-installed president [Donald Reid Cabral](/source/Donald_Reid_Cabral) from office. The second [coup](/source/Coup_d'%C3%A9tat) prompted General [Elías Wessin y Wessin](/source/El%C3%ADas_Wessin_y_Wessin) to organize elements of the military loyal to the dictator Reid ("loyalists") and launch an armed campaign against the "constitutionalist" rebels.

Allegations of [communist](/source/Communist) support for the rebels led to a United States invasion (codenamed **Operation Power Pack**),[6] which later became an [Organization of American States](/source/Organization_of_American_States) occupation of the country by the [Inter-American Peace Force](/source/Inter-American_Peace_Force). Although ostensibly neutral, U.S. civilian and military leaders deployed troops in a way that aided the anti-Bosch forces.[7]

In 1966, Bosch lost the presidential [election](/source/1966_Dominican_Republic_general_election) to [Joaquín Balaguer](/source/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Balaguer). Foreign troops left later that year.

## Background

Constitutionalist troops attempted to reinstate overthrown President [Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño](/source/Juan_Bosch_(politician)) into power.

[Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño](/source/Juan_Bosch_(politician)) was the first democratically elected president of the Dominican Republic. Sworn into office on February 27, 1963, he tried to implement a number of social reforms, which caused the anger of the [business magnates](/source/Business_magnate) and members of the army, who initiated a rumor campaign that accused Bosch of being a communist. On September 25, 1963, a group of 25 senior military commanders, led by General [Elías Wessin y Wessin](/source/El%C3%ADas_Wessin_y_Wessin), expelled Bosch from the country and installed [Donald Reid Cabral](/source/Donald_Reid_Cabral) as the new president. Reid failed to gather popular support, and several factions prepared to launch a counter-coup: Constitutionalists under Bosch, a group in the Dominican army under Peña Taveras, supporters of the former [Dominican Revolutionary Party](/source/Dominican_Revolutionary_Party) leader Nicolás Silfa and plotters siding with [Joaquín Balaguer](/source/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Balaguer).[8]

## Civil war

### April Revolution

A [Universal Newsreel](/source/Universal_Newsreel) about the U.S. invasion.

On April 24, 1965, three junior officers requested a meeting with President Donald Reid Cabral, who rejected the offer after he had received news of a suspected anti-government plot. When Chief of Staff Riviera Cuesta was instead sent to discuss with the officers at the August 16 military camp, he was immediately detained. A group of military constitutionalists and [Dominican Revolutionary Party](/source/Dominican_Revolutionary_Party) (DRP) supporters then seized the Radio Santo Domingo building and issued calls of sedition while Constitutionalist officers distributed weapons and [Molotov cocktails](/source/Molotov_cocktail) to their civilian comrades. The transmissions prompted the garrison of the February 27 camp and a unit of the Dominican Navy's frogmen to defect. Large numbers of police officers abandoned their positions and changed into civilian clothing.[9]

The following day, Reid appointed General Wessin y Wessin as the new chief of staff. Wessin rallied the government troops, branded them Loyalists, and announced his plans of suppressing the rebellion. At 10:30 a.m., rebels stormed the presidential palace and arrested Reid. Several hours later, four Loyalist [P-51 Mustangs](/source/North_American_P-51_Mustang) bombed the National Palace and other Constitutionalist positions; one plane was shot down by ground troops with a machine gun.[10] A single Loyalist vessel, [*Mella*](/source/HMCS_Carlplace), on the [river Ozama](/source/Ozama_River), also bombarded the palace. Fearing that a mob, which had gathered at the palace, would lynch Reid, the rebel commander [Francisco Caamaño](/source/Francisco_Caama%C3%B1o) allowed him to escape, as Reid had already lost the support of the Loyalists. The majority of the DRP leadership fled the capital, and Constitutionalists mobilized a total of 5,000 armed civilians and 1,500 members of the military.[8][9] On April 26, two P‑51s and two Vampire jets attacked Santo Domingo, strafing with .50‑caliber machine guns and 20 mm cannons, dropping 500‑lb bombs, and firing 5‑inch [HVAR](/source/HVAR) rockets. Two Constitutionalist artillery companies were destroyed by these air attacks and accompanying heavy artillery fire.

### U.S. intervention

United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) Part of the Dominican Civil War Wounded American soldier in Santo Domingo, 1965. Date 28 April 1965 – 21 September 1966 (1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) Location Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Result Allied victory Belligerents United States (pro-government state intervener) Organization of American States (OAS) Constitutionalists Strength 22,500 U.S troops (mostly 82d Airborne Division and 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade) 1,800 OAS troops 2,000–4,000 Casualties and losses 27 killed 183 wounded[a] 77+ killed[b] 174+ wounded

In the meantime, U.S. diplomats in Santo Domingo initiated preparations for evacuating 3,500 U.S. citizens. In the early morning of April 27, a group of 1,176 foreign civilians who had assembled in Hotel Embajador were airlifted to the [Bajos de Haina](/source/Bajos_de_Haina) naval facility, where they boarded [USS *Ruchamkin*](/source/USS_Ruchamkin) and [USS *Wood County*](/source/USS_Wood_County), as well as the helicopters of [HMM-264](/source/VMM-264), which evacuated them from the island to [USS *Boxer*](/source/USS_Boxer_(CV-21)) and [USS *Raleigh*](/source/USS_Raleigh_(LPD-1)). Later that day, 1,500 Loyalist troops, supported by armored cars and tanks, marched from the [San Isidro Air Base](/source/San_Isidro_Air_Base), captured Duarte Bridge, and took position on the west bank of the Ozama River. A second force, consisting of 700 soldiers, left [San Cristóbal](/source/San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Dominican_Republic) and attacked the western suburbs of Santo Domingo. Wessin y Wessin ordered his armored units to cross the Duarte Bridge into Santo Domingo's center. However, the tanks quickly became bogged down in the narrow streets and were destroyed, abandoned, or captured by armed civilians.

Rebels overran the [Fortaleza Ozama](/source/Fortaleza_Ozama) police headquarters and took 700 prisoners. On April 28, armed civilians attacked the [Villa Consuelo](/source/Villa_Consuelo) police station and executed all of the police officers who survived the initial skirmish. One [U.S. Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps) battalion landed in Haina and later moved to Hotel Embajador, where it provided assistance in the upcoming airlifts. During the night, 684 civilians were airlifted to USS *Boxer*. One US Marine was killed by a rebel sniper during the operation.[9] A Loyalist Vampire jet fired six rockets at a rebel tank and narrowly missed the American embassy.[12] On April 29, the [U.S. Ambassador to the Dominican Republic](/source/U.S._Ambassador_to_the_Dominican_Republic), [William Tapley Bennett](/source/William_Tapley_Bennett), who had sent numerous reports to U.S. President [Lyndon Johnson](/source/Lyndon_Johnson), reported that the situation had reached life-threatening proportions for US citizens and that the rebels were communists. Bennett stressed that the U.S. had to act immediately, as the creation of an international coalition would be time-consuming. Contrary to the suggestions of his advisers, Johnson authorized the transformation of evacuation operations into a large-scale military invasion through Operation Power Pack, which was aimed to prevent the development of what he saw as a second [Cuban Revolution](/source/Cuban_Revolution).[8][9][13] It was the first overt U.S. military intervention in Latin America in more than 30 years, although it came on the heels of U.S.-backed coups in [Guatemala](/source/Guatemala) and [Brazil](/source/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil), as well as ongoing covert operations in [Cuba](/source/Cuba).[14]

International Security Zone map and rebel-dominated area, 13 May 1965

At 2:16 a.m. on April 30, 1965, the 3rd Brigade of the [82nd Airborne Division](/source/82nd_Airborne_Division) landed at the [San Isidro Air Base](/source/San_Isidro_Air_Base) and started the U.S. military intervention in the conflict. During the next couple of hours, two brigade combat teams and heavy equipment were also dispatched. At sunrise the 1st Battalion, [508th Infantry Regiment](/source/508th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)) moved up the San Isidoro highway under the cover of Marine [F-4 Phantom](/source/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II) jets flying from [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), securing a position east of the Duarte bridge. More units of the 82nd Airborne landed and secured the entire east bank of the Ozama River. Rebel positions across the river were destroyed by 105 mm howitzers. U.S. soldiers crossed the bridge and occupied a six-block area on the western side of the Duarte Bridge, but suffered casualties from sniper fire. The 1st Battalion [505th Infantry Regiment](/source/505th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)) remained at the airbase and sent out patrols to the perimeter. A force of 1,700 Marines of the 6th Marine Expeditionary Unit occupied an area containing a number of foreign embassies. The locale was proclaimed an International Security Zone by the [Organization of American States](/source/Organization_of_American_States) (OAS). Earlier in the day, the OAS also issued a resolution calling the combatants to end all hostilities. At 4:30 p.m., representatives of the loyalists, the rebels, and the U.S. military signed a ceasefire that was to take effect at 11:45 p.m. That timing favored the [demoralized](/source/Demoralization_(warfare)) Loyalists, who had lost control of [Ciudad Colonial](/source/Ciudad_Colonial_(Santo_Domingo)).[9][15]

On May 5, the OAS Peace Committee arrived in Santo Domingo, and a second definite ceasefire agreement was signed, which ended the main phase of the civil war. On May 6, Dominican rebels killed four Marines and captured two others, who were later released.[16] Under the Act of Santo Domingo, the OAS was tasked with overseeing the implementation of the peace deal as well as distributing food and medication through the capital. The treaties failed to prevent some violations such as small-scale firefights and sniper fire. A day later, OAS members established the [Inter-American Peace Force](/source/Inter-American_Peace_Force) (IAPF) with the goal of serving as a peacekeeping formation in the Dominican Republic. The IAPF had 1,748 Brazilian, [Paraguayan](/source/El_Stronato), [Nicaraguan](/source/Somoza_family), [Costa Rican](/source/Costa_Rica), [Salvadoran](/source/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador) and [Honduran](/source/Honduras) troops and was headed by Brazilian General Hugo Panasco Alvim, with US Army General [Bruce Palmer](/source/Bruce_Palmer_Jr.) serving as his deputy commander.[1][15] General Palmer proposed sending U.S. troops to eliminate the northern rebel sector and shut down the rebel-held radio station, but Washington blocked any offensive operations involving U.S. troops.

Italian mercenary Illio Capocci during the civil war. He fought with the Constitutionalists and was killed by Loyalist forces on May 19, 1965.

Utilizing Radio Santo Domingo as their primary weapon, the rebels launched a psychological campaign against the United States, the OAS, and the Loyalists. Through numerous outlets, studios, and transmission sites nationwide, they employed Radio Santo Domingo to incite a nationwide rebellion. In response, American forces initiated jamming operations, deploying [Army Security Agency](/source/United_States_Army_Security_Agency) (ASA) units on land, air force units in the skies, and naval ships at sea. Additionally, a reinforced company from the army's [7th Special Forces Group](/source/7th_Special_Forces_Group_(United_States)), led by Col. Edward Mayer, attacked critical relay sites beyond the capital. Their initial efforts were not effective, however, and rebel broadcasts continued to make their influence felt countrywide.[17]

On May 7, 1965, the Government of National Reconstruction (GNR) was established with Antonio Imbert Barrera as president. On May 13, the GNR launched an air attack on Radio Santo Domingo and its main transmitter sites. One of the planes accidentally strafed U.S. troops, prompting the Americans to return fire and shoot down another P-51 of World War II vintage.[18] The following day, the GNR initiated an offensive against the rebel-held northern sector. They overwhelmed the rebels' initial defense line, seizing control of the majority of the city's industrial sector. By May 21, GNR troops had completed the destruction of the rebel northern zone and captured Radio Santo Domingo, and following talks with Constitutionalist leaders and Presidential Adviser [McGeorge Bundy](/source/McGeorge_Bundy), a ceasefire was in effect by May 25.[16]

## United States withdrawal

Dominican automatic carbine captured by 82nd Airborne troops during Operation Power Pack

On May 26, 1965, U.S. forces began gradually withdrawing from the island. By June 6, no U.S. Marines remained on the island, leaving elements of the 82nd Airborne as the primary U.S. combat force. The total U.S. troop strength at that time had decreased to about 12,000. On June 15, the Constitutionalists launched a second and final attempt to expand the boundaries of their stronghold. In the bloodiest battle of the intervention, the rebels began their attack on U.S. outposts. Using the greatest firepower yet, they used tear gas grenades, .50-caliber machine guns, 20 mm guns, mortars, rocket launchers, and tank fire. A rebel tank fired on an 82nd Airborne command post, severing a radioman's leg; paratroopers destroyed the tank with a 106-mm recoilless rifle.[19] The 1st battalions of the 505th and 508th Infantry quickly went on the offensive, advancing into a forty-block area, overrunning sandbagged street positions, and pushing four to six blocks into the rebel-held zone. Two days of fighting cost the 82nd Airborne 5 killed and 36 wounded in action.[20] The OAS forces, whose orders were to remain at their defenses, counted five wounded. The Constitutionalists lost 67 killed and 165 wounded; among the dead was André Rivière, a French soldier of fortune.[19]

The civil war formally ended on August 31, 1965, with a ceasefire agreement, followed by the establishment of a provisional government on September 3, 1965. The first postwar elections were held on July 1, 1966, and pitted the conservative Reformist Party candidate, [Joaquín Balaguer](/source/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Balaguer), against the former president [Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño](/source/Juan_Emilio_Bosch_Gavi%C3%B1o). Balaguer emerged victorious in the elections after he built his campaign on promises of reconciliation. On September 21, 1966, the last OAS peacekeepers withdrew from the island, which ended the foreign intervention in the conflict.[1][8]

## See also

- [Dominican Republic portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic)
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States)

- [United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)](/source/Military_Government_of_Santo_Domingo)

- [Johnson Doctrine](/source/Johnson_Doctrine)

- [United States involvement in regime change](/source/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change)

- [Latin America–United States relations](/source/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations)

- [List of United States invasions of Latin American countries](/source/List_of_United_States_invasions_of_Latin_American_countries)

- [Foreign interventions by the United States](/source/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States)

- [United States military casualties of war](/source/United_States_military_casualties_of_war)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** including 6 Brazilians and 5 Paraguayans wounded in action

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** In one incident, Marines returned fire on snipers, killing four rebels. Near the [presidential palace](/source/National_Palace_(Dominican_Republic)), paratroopers returned fire, killing six rebels and wounding nine.[11] Americans and Dominicans skirmished several times but fought only one battle, which occurred on June 15–16, 1965, in the Dominican-held [Ciudad Nueva](/source/Ciudad_Nueva) area of the city, where the 82nd Airborne Division lost 5 [KIA](/source/Killed_in_action) and 36 [WIA](/source/Wounded_in_action), while inflicting casualties of 67 KIA and 165 WIA on the Dominican forces.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-NukEm_1-6) Lawrence Yates (July 1988). ["Power Pack: U.S. Intervention in the Dominican Republic 1965–1966"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011223619/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/PowerPack.pdf) (PDF). *Lawrence Papers*. Archived from [the original](http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/PowerPack.pdf) (PDF) on October 11, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2015247_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2015247_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2015247_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2015247_2-3) [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 247.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["In 1965, U.S. And Dominican Tanks Fought Brief, Violent Skirmishes"](https://medium.com/war-is-boring/in-1965-u-s-and-dominican-tanks-fought-brief-violent-skirmishes-f206040e66b3). June 22, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230811221430/https://medium.com/war-is-boring/in-1965-u-s-and-dominican-tanks-fought-brief-violent-skirmishes-f206040e66b3) from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2015246_4-0)** [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 246.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201596_5-0)** [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 96.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["US Invasion Dominican Republic 1965"](http://sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx/dominican.html). *sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221016113622/http://sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx/dominican.html) from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Rabe, Stephen](/source/Stephen_G._Rabe) (2012). "Chapter 5: No More Cubas - The Kennedy and Johnson Doctrines". *The Killing Zone: the United States wages Cold War in Latin America*. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-JiHx_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-JiHx_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-JiHx_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-JiHx_8-3) James Fearon (June 26, 2006). ["Dominican Republic"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150703220151/http://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/Dominican%20RepublicRN1.2.pdf) (PDF). *[Stanford University](/source/Stanford_University)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/Dominican%20RepublicRN1.2.pdf) (PDF) on July 3, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SqI_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SqI_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SqI_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-SqI_9-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-SqI_9-4) Lawrence Greenberg (November 1986). ["United States Army Unilateral and Coalition Operations in the 1965 Dominican Republic Intervention"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011223849/https://history.army.mil/html/books/093/93-5-1/CMH_Pub_93-5.pdf) (PDF). *U.S. Army Center of Military History*. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/093/93-5-1/CMH_Pub_93-5.pdf) (PDF) on October 11, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201550_10-0)** [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 50.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Dominican Republic: All the King's Men"](https://time.com/archive/6874415/dominican-republic-all-the-kings-men/). *Time*. May 28, 1965.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["14 Marines Are Wounded; 4 Army Men Are Also Hit; Dominican Sniper Fire Continues"](https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/01/archives/14-marines-are-wounded-4-army-men-are-also-hit-dominican-sniper.html). The New York Times. May 1, 1965.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** David Coleman (April 28, 2015). ["The Dominican Intervention"](http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB513/). *NSA Archives*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170811182332/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB513/) from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-oxbib_16-0)** Gleijeses, Piero (October 28, 2011). ["The United States Invasion of the Dominican Republic, 1961–1966"](http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0071.xml). *Oxford Bibliographies Online*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0071](https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199766581-0071). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-976658-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976658-1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004103/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0071.xml) from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SFaq_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SFaq_17-1) Jack Ringler (1970). ["U.S. Marine Corps Operations in the Dominican Republic April–June 1965"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150703072807/http://www.mccdc.marines.mil/Portals/172/Docs/SWCIWID/COIN/USMC%20Counterinsurgency%20History%20Pre-2000/U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20Operations%20In%20The%20Dominican%20Republic%20Apr-Jun%201965%20-%20USMC%20History%20Division%20%281992%29.pdf) (PDF). *Historical Division Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps*. Archived from [the original](http://www.mccdc.marines.mil/Portals/172/Docs/SWCIWID/COIN/USMC%20Counterinsurgency%20History%20Pre-2000/U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20Operations%20In%20The%20Dominican%20Republic%20Apr-Jun%201965%20-%20USMC%20History%20Division%20%281992%29.pdf) (PDF) on July 3, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-usmc_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-usmc_18-1) ["A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps 1965-1969"](https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/A%20Chronology%20Of%20The%20UNITED%20STATES%20MARINE%20CORPS%201965-1969%20%20PCN%2019000318100.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201598_19-0)** [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201599_20-0)** [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 99.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Time_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Time_21-1) ["Dominican Republic: The Fighting Resumes"](https://time.com/archive/6627610/dominican-republic-the-fighting-resumes/). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. June 25, 1965.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2015142_22-0)** [Palmer 2015](#CITEREFPalmer2015), p. 142.

## Sources

- Palmer, Bruce (2015). *Intervention in the Caribbean: The Dominican Crisis of 1965 (ePub version)*. Lexington, United States: [University Press of Kentucky](/source/University_Press_of_Kentucky). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780813150024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813150024).

## Further reading

- Galindez, Jésus (1962). *L'Ère de Trujillo*. Paris: Gallimard. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0816503591](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816503591). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

- McPherson, Darrell G. [*The Role of the Army Medical Service in the Dominican Republic*](https://web.archive.org/web/20101224181554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/contingency/domrep/index.htm). Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Archived from [the original](http://www.history.army.mil/books/contingency/domrep/index.htm) on December 24, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2015.

- Maurer, Noel (2013). *The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of U.S. Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893–2013*. Princeton: [Princeton University Press](/source/Princeton_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780691155821](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691155821).

- Warnock, Timothy (2000). *Dominican Crisis: Operation POWER PACK. Short of War: Major USA Contingency Operations*. Air Force History and Museums Program.

## External links

- [Lyndon Johnson - On the Situation in the Dominican Republic](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AVJWiTc_Z4)

- [Dominican Republic PSYOP](http://www.psywarrior.com/DomRepublicPsyop.html)

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-17A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26966) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-18A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26967) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-19A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26968) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-20A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26971) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-22A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26973) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-25A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26977) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-27A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26979) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Staff Film Report 66-28A (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26980) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

- The short film [*Marines 65 (1966)*](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.23436) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

v t e Dominican Republic articles History Cacicazgo Santo Domingo Colonial governors Devastations of Osorio Slave trade Maroons Era de Francia Spanish reconquest España Boba Spanish Haiti Unification of Hispaniola La Trinitaria War of Independence Spanish occupation 1861–1865 Restoration War U.S. occupation 1916–1924 Trujillo Era (Rafael and Héctor Trujillo) Parsley massacre Dominican Civil War DOMREP COVID-19 pandemic Geography Border Cities Ciudad Colonial Hispaniola Islands Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Cabinet Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBTQ rights Law enforcement Military Politics Political parties President Economy Peso (currency) Banks Central Bank Companies Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Language Public holidays Religion Water and sanitation Culture Anthem Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Bachata People LGBTQ people Sports Outline Category Portal

v t e Cold War United States Soviet Union NATO Warsaw Pact ANZUS METO SEATO NEATO Rio Pact Non-Aligned Movement 1940s Morgenthau Plan Jamaican political conflict Dekemvriana Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Chinese Civil War Chinese Communist Revolution Indonesian National Revolution Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949) Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Hukbalahap rebellion Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War 1947 Polish parliamentary election 1947 Paraguayan Civil War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 crises Partition of India India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948 1947–1949 Palestine war 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 1948 Arab–Israeli War 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council Al-Wathbah uprising Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade La Violencia Annexation of Hyderabad Madiun Affair Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Malayan Emergency March 1949 Syrian coup d'état Operation Valuable 1950s Bamboo curtain McCarthyism First Indochina War Korean War Arab Cold War (1952–1979) Egyptian revolution of 1952 Iraqi Intifada Mau Mau rebellion Batepá massacre East German uprising of 1953 1953 Plzeň uprising 1953 Iranian coup d'état Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris 1953 Colombian coup d'état Pact of Madrid Bricker Amendment 1954 Syrian coup d'état Petrov Affair Domino theory 1954 Geneva Conference 1954 Paraguayan coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Capture of the Tuapse First Taiwan Strait Crisis Jebel Akhdar War Algerian War Kashmir Princess Bandung Conference Geneva Summit (1955) Cyprus Emergency Vietnam War "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" 1956 Poznań protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Goulash Communism Polish October Suez Crisis "We will bury you" Operation Gladio Syrian Crisis of 1957 Sputnik crisis Ifni War Iraqi 14 July Revolution 1958 Lebanon crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Mosul uprising 1959 Tibetan uprising Kitchen Debate Cuban Revolution Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution Sino-Soviet split Night Frost Crisis 1960s Congo Crisis Laotian Civil War Vietnam War Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Albanian–Soviet split Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Annexation of Goa Papua conflict Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Sand War Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino-Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence North Yemen civil war 1963 Syrian coup d'état Assassination of John F. Kennedy Aden Emergency Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Shifta War Mexican Dirty War Tlatelolco massacre Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War Rhodesian Bush War Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) ASEAN Declaration 1966 Syrian coup d'état Cultural Revolution Cambodian Civil War Argentine Revolution South African Border War Korean DMZ Conflict 12-3 incident Greek junta 1967 Hong Kong riots Years of Lead (Italy) Six-Day War War of Attrition Dhofar rebellion Al-Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 May 68 Prague Spring USS Pueblo incident 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17 July Revolution 1968 Peruvian coup d'état Revolutionary Government 1969 Sudanese coup d'état 1969 Libyan revolution Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict New People's Army rebellion Note Crisis 1970s Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September Alcora Exercise 1970 Syrian coup d'etat Western Sahara conflict Communist insurgency in Thailand December 1970 protests in Poland Koza riot Realpolitik Ping-pong diplomacy 1971 JVP insurrection Corrective revolution (Egypt) 1971 Turkish military memorandum 1971 Sudanese coup d'état 1971 Bolivian coup d'état Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 First Yemenite War Munich massacre 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency Eritrean War of Independence Paris Peace Accords 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Afghan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Ethiopian Civil War Vietnam War Spanish transition to democracy Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Turkish invasion of Cyprus 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état Siege of Dhaka (1975) Sipahi-Janata revolution Angolan Civil War Indonesian invasion of East Timor Cambodian genocide June 1976 in Polish protests Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War 1978 Somali coup attempt Western Sahara War Lebanese Civil War Sino-Albanian split Third Indochina War Cambodian–Vietnamese War Khmer Rouge insurgency Sino-Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War (Argentina) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Egyptian–Libyan War German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Nicaraguan Revolution Uganda–Tanzania War NDF Rebellion Chadian–Libyan War Second Yemenite War Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New JEWEL Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Salvadoran Civil War Soviet–Afghan War Eritrean War of Independence Summer Olympic boycotts (1980 · 1984 · 1988) Gera Demands Peruvian Revolution August Agreements Solidarity Assassination of Jerzy Popiełuszko 1980 Turkish coup d'état Ugandan Bush War Gulf of Sidra incident Martial law in Poland Casamance conflict Falklands War 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars 1985 Geneva Summit Iran–Iraq War Somali Rebellion Reykjavík Summit 1986 Black Sea incident South Yemeni crisis Toyota War 1987 Lieyu massacre Operation Denver 1987–1989 JVP insurrection Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1988 Black Sea bumping incident 8888 Uprising Solidarity (Soviet reaction) Contras Central American crisis Operation RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Bougainville conflict First Nagorno-Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Polish Round Table Agreement 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of the inner German border Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident Gulf War Min Ping Yu No. 5202 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1991 August Coup Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China–Taiwan Korea Kosovo South Ossetia Transnistria Sino-Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Détente Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Johnson Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine Rollback Kinmen Agreement Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Conservatism American conservatism Democratic capitalism Keynesianism Liberalism Libertarianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Socialism Communism Marxism–Leninism Fidelismo Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Ho Chi Minh Thought Maoism Stalinism Titoism Trotskyism Other Imperialism Anti-imperialism Nationalism Ultranationalism Chauvinism Ethnic 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Saunders Michael Szonyi Fyodor Tertitskiy Athan Theoharis Andrew Thorpe Vladimir Tismăneanu Patrick Vaughan Alex von Tunzelmann Odd Arne Westad William Appleman Williams Jonathan Reed Winkler Rudolph Winnacker Ken Young Vladislav M. Zubok Espionage and intelligence List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States Soviet espionage in the United States Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation CIA and the Cultural Cold War CIA MI5 MI6 United States involvement in regime change Soviet involvement in regime change MVD KGB Stasi See also Origins of the Cold War Soviet Union–United States relations Soviet Union–United States summits Russia–NATO relations War on terror Brinkmanship Pax Atomica Second Cold War Russian Revolution Category List of conflicts Timeline Participants

v t e Armed conflicts involving Costa Rica listed chronologically Ochomogo War (1823) League War (1835) Filibuster War (1855–1857) Barrios' War of Reunification (1885) World War I (1918) Anti-Tinoquista rebellion (1919) Coto War (1921) World War II (1941–1945) Costa Rican Civil War (1948) Nicaraguan invasion attempt (1955) Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Costa Rica portal

v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States Listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa race massacre Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Domestic military deployments by the second Trump administration Foreign American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution (Operation Eagle Claw) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War (1983 Beirut barracks bombings) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War (Operation Gothic Serpent) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Twelve-Day War (Operation Midnight Hammer) Operation Southern Spear 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela 2026 Iran war Related Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes

v t e United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine (1823) Platt Amendment (1901–1934) Roosevelt Corollary/Big stick ideology (1904) Dollar diplomacy (1909–1913) Good Neighbor policy (1933) Banana Wars Wars Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Spanish–American War (1898) Mexican Border War (1910–1919) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution (1916–1919) Overt actions and occupations First occupation of Cuba (1898–1902) Separation of Panama from Colombia and Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) Second occupation of Cuba (1906–1909) United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Sugar Intervention (1917–1922) Operation Power Pack (1965–1966) United States invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Operation Uphold Democracy (1994–1995) Operation Southern Spear (2025–present) Operation Absolute Resolve (2026) Covert actions Operation PBFortune (1952) 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Operation PBHistory (1954) Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Operation Mongoose (1961) 1964 Brazilian coup d'état and Operation Brother Sam Project FUBELT (1970) 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Banzer Plan (1975) Operation Condor (1975–1983) Other United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Contras (1979–1990) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Nicaragua's case against the United States (1986) Foreign policy of the United States Latin America–United States relations History

v t e Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949) Presidency Timeline Inaugurations first second "Let Us Continue" Great Society (Model Cities Program) Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Clean Air Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Coinage Act of 1965 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Office of Economic Opportunity Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair Housing Act Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Executive Order 11246 Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Foreign policy Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution "Credibility gap" VISTA 24th Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights Cannabis policy White House preservation State of the Union Address 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Presidential transition of Richard Nixon Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad Charles E. Marsh Alice Marsh Helen Gahagan Douglas Legacy and memorials Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp USS Lyndon B. Johnson Black Jack (state funeral riderless horse) Elections United States House of Representatives 1937 (special) 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate 1941 (special) 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries 1960 1964 campaign 1968 withdrawal Democratic National Conventions 1956 1960 1964 Presidential elections 1960 transition 1964 Public image Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Master of the Senate LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way (play, film) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film) Family Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → ← Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey → Category

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dominican Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.