# Domain of the Crown

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This article is about the concept in Vietnamese history. For the general concept, see [Crown land](/source/Crown_land).

Historical territory in Vietnam

Domain of the Crown Hoàng triều Cương thổ (Vietnamese) Domaine de la Couronne (French) 皇朝疆土 Collection of autonomous territories of the State of Vietnam (a part of French Indochina until 1954) 1950–1955 Top: National flag Bottom: Imperial standard Coat of arms The Domain of the Crown, coloured yellow, within French Indochina before 1954 (note the modern provincial names and boundaries). Capital Đà Lạt Area transferred • 1954 Crown domains in Bắc phần ceded to North Vietnam Government • Type Autonomous administrative divisions Chief of State • 1950–1955 Bảo Đại Historical era Cold War • Autonomy granted 15 April 1950 • Battle of Điện Biên Phủ 13 March – 7 May 1954 • Vietnamese division 21 July 1954 • Disestablished 24 March 1955 Subdivisions • Type Autonomous territories, provinces, districts, communes Preceded by Succeeded by Montagnard country of South Indochina Mường Autonomous Territory Thái Autonomous Territory Mèo Autonomous Territory Nùng Autonomous Territory Thổ Autonomous Territory Hòa Bình Province Thái-Mèo Autonomous Region Việt Bắc Autonomous Region Hải Ninh Province Darlac Đồng Nai Thượng Kontum Lâm Viên Pleiku Today part of Vietnam

The **Domain of the Crown** ([Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_language): *Hoàng triều Cương thổ*; [Chữ Hán](/source/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n): 皇朝疆土; [French](/source/French_language): *Domaine de la Couronne*; Modern Vietnamese: *Đất của vua*) was originally the [Nguyễn dynasty](/source/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)'s geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the [ethnic Kinh](/source/Vietnamese_people) did not make up the majority, later it became a type of administrative unit of the [State of Vietnam](/source/State_of_Vietnam).[1] It was officially established on 15 April 1950.[1] In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, the Chief of State [Bảo Đại](/source/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i) was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".[2]

The Domain of the Crown was established to preserve French interests in French Indochina and to limit Vietnamese immigration into predominantly minority areas, halting Vietnamese influence in these regions while preserving the influences of both French colonists and indigenous rulers.

After the [1954 Geneva Conference](/source/1954_Geneva_Conference), the Domain of the Crown lost considerable amounts of territory, as the entirety of *[Bắc phần](/source/Northern_Vietnam)* was ceded to the [Democratic Republic of Vietnam](/source/North_Vietnam), reducing it only to *[Tây Nguyên](/source/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam))*. On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister [Ngô Đình Diệm](/source/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m) dissolved the Domain of the Crown (officially 24 March) reducing both the power of the Chief of State Bảo Đại and the French directly annexing these areas into the State of Vietnam as the crown regions still in South Vietnam would later become *Cao nguyên Trung phần* in the [Republic of Vietnam](/source/South_Vietnam).[1][3]

## Background

The "Bảo Đại Palace" in [Buôn Ma Thuột](/source/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t), one of the residences of the Chief of State located in the Domain of the Crown.

During the [Nguyễn dynasty](/source/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty) period (1802–1945) [ethnic minorities](/source/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam) retained a level of autonomy and their tribal societies and principalities were a part of what was considered to be the "Domain of the Crown" as an informal division.[1][4]

This Domain included the Montagnard territories of Central Vietnam. The [Champa](/source/Champa) Kingdom and the [Chams](/source/Chams) in the lowlands of Central Vietnam were traditional suzerains whom the [Montagnards](/source/Montagnard_(Vietnam)) in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards.[5] After 1945, concept of "[Nam tiến](/source/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn)" (the southward expansion of Vietnam) was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars.[6] The *Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois* (or "Montagnard country of South Indochina") was the name of the Central Highlands from 1946 under [French Indochina](/source/French_Indochina).[7] Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Mọi) populated area with fierce animals like [tigers](/source/Tiger), "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits." The Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on,[8] in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realisation of its crucial geographical importance.[9]

Furthermore, the Domain would include areas in Northern Vietnam populated by various ethnic minorities, primarily [Tai peoples](/source/Tai_peoples). Even though the upland Tai had stronger ethnic and cultural ties to [Laos](/source/Laos), [Sip Song Chau Tai](/source/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai) was incorporated into the [French protectorate of Tonkin](/source/Tonkin_(French_protectorate))—and therefore French Indochina—after the year 1888. This was arranged by the French explorer and colonial representative [Auguste Pavie](/source/Auguste_Pavie) who signed a treaty with [Đèo Văn Trị](/source/%C4%90%C3%A8o_V%C4%83n_Tr%E1%BB%8B), the White Tai lord of Muang Lay ([Lai Châu](/source/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u)) on 7 April 1889.[10] Thereby the Sip Song Chau Tai accepted the French overlordship, while the colonial power promised to respect the positions of the Tai lords and their autonomy in internal affairs.

Following the [abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty](/source/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i) and the subsequent [Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam](/source/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam) in 1945 the French sought to regain the pre-war status quo in French Indochina after the [surrender of Japan](/source/Surrender_of_Japan) and tried reinstalling Bảo Đại.[11] After months of negotiations with French President [Vincent Auriol](/source/Vincent_Auriol), he finally signed the [Élysée Accords](/source/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords) on 9 March 1949, which led to the establishment of the [State of Vietnam](/source/State_of_Vietnam) with Bảo Đại as Chief of State.[11] However, the country was still only partially autonomous, with France initially retaining effective control of the army and foreign relations.[11] Bảo Đại himself stated in 1950: "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turned out to be just a French solution... the situation in Indochina is getting worse every day".[11]

## History

An identity document (*Giấy căn-cước*) issued to a resident of the Domain of the Crown. These identity documents were separate from the ones issued by other citizens of the State of Vietnam. All inhabitants of the crown domains aged 15 to 60 were required to have this identity document.

The Central Highland tribes were conquered by Franco-Vietnamese forces from 1887 to 1902. In order to meet the demand of the rubber market during the [First World War](/source/First_World_War), under industrial brokerage pressures to open up the Central Highlands, the French colonial government permitted establishment of colonial rubber plantations in 1916. By 1941, 42,000 Kinh and 5,100 French colonists had made the area their residence. There was some serious Montagnard revolts against French colonialists. Colonialism in Central Highlands nevertheless was halted during the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War), when the fascist [Petain](/source/Petain) regime and its Decoux administration of Indochina attempted to boast the native Montagnards' warrior culture and recruit indigenous loyalism, first to reject Vietnamese nationalist claim to the region, second to circumvent indigenous liberation, third to prevent Japanese access. After the Second World War, worries about rising nationalist movements in Cambodia and Vietnam and [Vietminh](/source/Vietminh) potential takeover of the highlands prompted France to negotiate and establish several autonomous entities assigned to indigenous minority peoples to retain direct French control under the camouflage of granting independence.[12]

On 30 May 1949, the French delegated the authority to manage the Central Highlands from the [Montagnard country of South Indochina](/source/Montagnard_country_of_South_Indochina) to the [Provisional Central Government of Vietnam](/source/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam).[1] Chief of State Bảo Đại separated the Central Highlands from the central government and established a special administrative system called the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam as [crownlands](/source/Crownlands) of Bảo Đại through *Dụ số 6/QT/TG* on 15 April 1950.[1] The Montagnard country of South Indochina was renamed to the "Crown Domain of the Southern Higlander Country" (*Domaine de la couronne du pays montagnards du Sud*) or PMS.[13] In the crown areas, Bảo Đại held both the titles of "Chief of State" (國長, *Quốc trưởng*) and "Emperor" (皇帝, *Hoàng Đế*).[1] In Central Vietnam (Trung phần) the Domain of the Crown was assigned 5 provinces and in Northern Vietnam (Bắc phần) it received 11.[1]

The leader of the Domain of the Crown was entitled the *Khâm mạng Hoàng triều* and the first *Khâm mạng Hoàng triều* was [Nguyễn Đệ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%E1%BB%87&action=edit&redlink=1), who was previously general manager for the Chief of State.[14][15] Despite this, all actual decisions regarding the administration of Cao nguyên were made by the [Commissioner of Annam](/source/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam) (*Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ*, Resident-Superior of Annam).[14]

According to the agreement between French President [Vincent Auriol](/source/Vincent_Auriol) and the State of Vietnam, after the French ceded control over the Montagnard country of South Indochina to the Vietnamese, the autonomous status of the ethnic minorities would be subject to separate regulations and would continue to fall under special protection (*statut particulier*) from the French Government.[2][15] Therefore, when promulgating a law, the government of the State of Vietnam must have an agreement from France in order to pass it.[2][15] The crown domains in the central highlands area continued to be administered through a French special delegate and not a representative of the State of Vietnam.[13]

According to a letter written by the French President Vincent Auriol the areas populated by the ethnic minorities should be seen as "the [private property](/source/Private_property) of the Emperor of Annam" rather than belonging to the Vietnamese state.[15] According to the book *Cựu hoàng Bảo Đại* written by [Hoàng Trọng Miên](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Mi%C3%AAn&action=edit&redlink=1) the Domain of the Crown was created by Bảo Đại in response to a lament uttered by his mother [Empress Dowager Từ Cung](/source/Ho%C3%A0ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_C%C3%BAc), where he stated: "Well, at some point, my mother and daughter will have no land to dwell in this country!".[15] In his own memoires Bảo Đại wrote that the creation of the Domain of the Crown was suggested to him by [Léon Pignon](/source/L%C3%A9on_Pignon) in [Paris](/source/Paris) who argued that the lands of ethnic minorities were never directly administered by the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty and could be assigned to the Chief of State in order to help the unification of Vietnam.[15] Bảo Đại claimed that he accepted the proposal because he believed that he could help in the ethnic minority tribes in their development and enjoy the serene environment of the territories.[15]

*Dụ số 6/QT/TG* also specified [Đà Lạt](/source/%C4%90%C3%A0_L%E1%BA%A1t) as the capital city of the Domain of the Crown.[15] Đà Lạt was created as special resort city and the French hoped to develop it into "a European-style city in the Orient" that would ease the homesickness of the French colonists.[15] Đà Lạt was ambitiously built with many large architectural projects in the hopes of making it the capital city of French Indochina by the 1940s.[15] The return of Bảo Đại made Đà Lạt change its face as the capital city of Domain of the Crown.[15] On 10 November 1950 Bảo Đại issued *Dụ số 4/QT-TG* which separated the administration of the city from Lâm Viên Province giving it the status of "independent township" (Thành thị xã độc lập) where the mayor would be directly appointed by the Chief of State of Vietnam.[15] Only two mayors were appointed during the Domain of the Crown period, namely [Trần Đình Quế](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Qu%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Cao Minh Hiệu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Minh_Hi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&redlink=1).[16] Đà Lạt was also the headquarters of the *[Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage](/source/Service_de_documentation_ext%C3%A9rieure_et_de_contre-espionnage)* (SDECE) as well as [British](/source/United_Kingdom) and [American](/source/United_States) intelligence services such as the [CIA](/source/Central_Intelligence_Agency) during this period and Bảo Đại had to report to the SDECE.[16]

On 21 May 1951, Chief of State Bảo Đại issued *Quy chế 16* which was written to promulgate the creation of a “special regulation” designed to provide more Montagnard participation in local affairs in these provinces, all the while these regulations reaffirmed the "[eminent rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eminent_rights&action=edit&redlink=1)" of the State of Vietnam.[13] *Quy chế 16* contained the following regulations related to highland areas of the Domain of the Crown:[2][15]

1. The interests of the State of Vietnam should be aligned with interests of the ethnic minorities (Sắc tộc thiểu số).

1. Cao nguyên belongs to the Chief of State.

1. Montagnards need to participate in development of Cao nguyên.

1. The government of the State of Vietnam should respect the tribal system and the culture of the Montagnards.

1. The establishment of an economic council for Cao nguyên (Hội đồng Kinh tế).

1. The establishment of an Upper Court of Customs for Cao nguyên (Tòa án Phong tục Thượng).

1. To guarantee land ownership of the Montagnards.

1. To develop the structure of [social services](/source/Social_services) in Cao nguyên, such as healthcare and education.

1. The establishment of a separate military unit for the Montagnards with priority given to serving in and protecting Cao nguyên.

These regulations were heavily criticised by the Vietnamese for giving too much power to the French, especially after an economic council was established that was heavily influenced by French planters working to preserve their interests.[2] Furthermore, the Domain of the Crown was criticised for limiting [Kinh](/source/Kinh_people) immigration and maintaining the French colonial structures and administrators, as the French President Vincent Auriol retained a lot of powers in the domain.[2] In the provinces of [Kontum](/source/Kontum), [Pleiku](/source/Pleiku), and [Darlac](/source/Darlac) the old French colonial administrators remained in power.[2] In fact, in the central highlands the *Khâm mạng* was Colonel [Pierre Didelot](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Didelot&action=edit&redlink=1), the husband of [Agnès Nguyễn Hữu Hào](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agn%C3%A8s_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_H%C3%A0o&action=edit&redlink=1) making him the brother-in-law of empress consort [Nam Phương](/source/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng).[2][15]

After enacting *Quy chế 16*, Bảo Đại and High Commissioner Léon Pignon attended a ceremony in [Buôn Mê Thuột](/source/Bu%C3%B4n_M%C3%AA_Thu%E1%BB%99t), Đắk Lắk Province, to receive the symbol of the lands of the "Domain of the Crown" and took the oath of the chiefs of the Southern Montagnards.[15] In his book "The Dragon of Vietnam" (Con rồng Việt Nam) written by Bảo Đại as his memoirs, he recorded: "Personally, I am worshiped by them, for the Emperor is the king of the gods who protects their forests and plains".[15]

In the Domain of the Crown all aspects of society were strictly managed.[14] All activities from building houses to the felling trees required a government license to be carried out.[14]

According to records from June 1953 the imperial government of the Domain of the Crown sought to develop the societies of the ethnic minorities into a more modernised state and increase their population through development.[15] While the central government of the State of Vietnam hoped to use the more sparsely populated crown lands to settle people from the overpopulated areas of Central and Northern Vietnam from.[15]

The headquarters of the Chief of State Bảo Đại was situated in a building entitled "Palace I" (Dinh I), this is a palace of 60 hectares created in 1940 using French money and was designed and constructed by [Robert Clément Bougery](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cl%C3%A9ment_Bougery&action=edit&redlink=1), following its acquisition by Bảo Đại it was renovated.[16]

The effects of this period of history on the Montagnard people was profound.[13] While the central highland Montagnards had to navigate at least one French colonial and two Vietnamese national projects during 9 years of war, this period saw rapid developments in their areas.[13] Both the French colonial authorities and the State of Vietnam promoted efforts to create an educated anti-Việt Minh elite in the central highlands region.[13] During this period hundreds of young Montagnard men from across the region met each other in the classrooms of the *Collège Sabbatier* in the city of [Ban Mê Thuột](/source/Ban_M%C3%AA_Thu%E1%BB%99t), Đắk Lắk Province, and these young men studied what became a common upland language, the [Rade language](/source/Rade_language).[13] The educated Montagnards from this period would accept administrative positions outside of their native tribal areas, which would develop long-lasting and often unprecedented relationships extending across the region, among which marriages across clan were common.[13]

On 10 August 1954, the special status of the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam was abolished.[1] On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister [Ngô Đình Diệm](/source/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m) signed *Dụ số 21* formally abolishing the Domain of the Crown as a separate entity altogether.[1] Chief of State Bảo Đại accepted the signed *Dụ số 21* into law and the leftover areas of the Domain of the Crown were formally annexed into [Trung phần](/source/Trung_ph%E1%BA%A7n).[1]

On 24 March 1955 a ceremony was held in front of [Kontum](/source/Kontum) Administrative Court, with the presence of thousands of ethnic minorities where the Chief of State Bảo Đại read the declaration which formally ended the 4 year and 11-month existence of the Domain of the Crown.[14]

After the end of the abolition of the Crown, Ngô Đình Diệm enacted new policies that allowed Kinh people to settle in the region and to freely conduct business there.[14] Furthermore, Ngô abolished many specific regulations dating to the French and Nguyễn dynasty period that limited Kinh interests in Cao nguyên.[14]

## Provinces

Main article: [Provinces of Vietnam](/source/Provinces_of_Vietnam)

The Domain of the Crown contained the following five provinces which were established from the former [Montagnard country of South Indochina](/source/Montagnard_country_of_South_Indochina):[2][15]

1. [Đồng Nai Thượng](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng&action=edit&redlink=1)

1. [Lâm Viên](/source/L%C3%A2m_Vi%C3%AAn)

1. [Pleiku](/source/Pleiku)

1. [Darlac](/source/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk)

1. [Kontum](/source/Kon_Tum)

In *[Bắc Việt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%AFc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_(State_of_Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1)*,[17] later *[Bắc phần](/source/Northern_Vietnam)*, it contained the following provinces:[2][15]

1. [Hòa Bình](/source/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_Province) ([Mường Autonomous Territory](/source/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Autonomous_Territory))

1. [Phong Thổ](/source/Phong_Th%E1%BB%95) ([Thái Autonomous Territory](/source/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai))

1. [Lai Châu](/source/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_Province) (Thái Autonomous Territory)

1. [Sơn La](/source/S%C6%A1n_La) (Thái Autonomous Territory)

1. [Lào Kay](/source/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province) ([Mèo Autonomous Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hmong_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1))

1. [Hà Giang](/source/H%C3%A0_Giang) (Mèo Autonomous Territory)

1. [Bắc Kạn](/source/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BA%A1n_Province) ([Thổ Autonomous Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_Autonomous_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1))

1. [Cao Bằng](/source/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_Province) (Thổ Autonomous Territory)

1. [Lạng Sơn](/source/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n) (Thổ Autonomous Territory)

1. [Hải Ninh](/source/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ninh_Province) ([Nùng Autonomous Territory](/source/N%C3%B9ng_Autonomous_Territory))

1. [Móng Cái](/source/M%C3%B3ng_C%C3%A1i) (Nùng Autonomous Territory)

## Note

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_1-10) Anh Thái Phượng. *Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I*. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. p. 99 (in Vietnamese).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_2-9) Lê Đình Chi. *Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam.* [Gardena](/source/Gardena%2C_California), [California](/source/California): Văn Mới, 2006. pp. 401–449 (in Vietnamese).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_3-0)** Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty – World documentary heritage (2021). ["Significant collections § FONDS OF THE TÒA ĐẠI BIỂU CHÁNH PHỦ TẠI TRUNG NGUYÊN TRUNG PHẦN OR THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT'S REPRESENTATIVE IN CENTRAL MIDLANDS"](https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#2ed77c7ea1169d011b4e6674590c3125). *mocban.vn*. The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam). Retrieved 31 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Báo-SÀI-GÒN-GIẢI-PHÓNG_4-0)** PGS. TS. Lê Trung Hoa (22 October 2004). ["Hoàng triều cương thổ nghĩa là gì?"](https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html) (in Vietnamese). Báo SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG. Retrieved 13 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Oscar Salemink (2003). [*The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–336. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2579-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2579-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). [*Conceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia*](http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1) (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Oscar Salemink (2003). [*The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA155). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 155–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2579-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2579-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-M.D.2013_8-0)** Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. (20 December 2013). [*The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966–1967*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxWAgAAQBAJ&q=moi+savages+vietnamese&pg=PA227). McFarland. pp. 227–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-7899-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7899-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-M.D.2013-2_9-0)** Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. (20 December 2013). [*The Patient Was Vietcong: An American Doctor in the Vietnamese Health Service, 1966–1967*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228). McFarland. pp. 228–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-7899-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7899-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Jean Michaud (2000). ["A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under French Rule"](https://books.google.com/books?id=gVtcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59). In Michaud, Jean (ed.). *Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif*. Curzon Press. p. 59. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7007-1180-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1180-5). [Pavie] signed with Deo Van Tri .. a Protectorate treaty on 7 April 1889 ... The hereditary leader of the Sip Song Chau Tai was from now on to be referred to in French official documents as the *Seigneur de Lai Chau*, the Lord of Lai Chau, after the name of the town lying at the heart of his domain.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bảo-Đại-puppet_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bảo-Đại-puppet_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Bảo-Đại-puppet_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Bảo-Đại-puppet_11-3) United States. Department of Defense (1971). *The Pentagon papers : the Defense Department history of United States decisionmaking on Vietnam / 1*. Vol. 1. Mike Gravel. Boston: Beacon Pr. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8070-0527-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-0527-4). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [643945604](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643945604).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Oscar Salemink (2003). [*The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 132–146. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-2579-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2579-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Université-du-Québec-à-Montréal-PSM_13-7) Goscha Christopher (2021). ["PAYS MONTAGNARDS DU SUD (PMS)"](http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/1133-pays-montagnards-du-sud-pms.html). [Université du Québec à Montréal](/source/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al) (UQÀM). Retrieved 17 April 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Halodalat-Lịch-Sử-Đà-Lạt_14-6) Nguyen Linh (7 August 2020). ["Hoàng Triều Cương Thổ Là Gì? Giải Mã Lịch Sử Đà Lạt. 7 Tháng Tám, 2020 Bởi Nguyen Linh Đã có lần bạn nghe đến cụm từ "Hoàng triều Cương thổ" nhưng lại không biết cụm từ này nghĩa là gì? Đừng lo, trong bài viết hôm này Halo Đà Lạt sẽ cùng bạn giải mã một phần của lịch sử Đà Lạt này nhé!"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221122113021/https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/) (in Vietnamese). Halo Đà Lạt (halodalat.com.vn). Archived from [the original](https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/) on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-17) [***s***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-18) [***t***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1_15-19) UÔNG THÁI BIỂU (9 October 2020). ["Hoàng đế mãn triều và "Hoàng triều Cương thổ""](https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/) (in Vietnamese). [Nhân Dân](/source/Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n) ([Communist Party of Vietnam](/source/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam)). Retrieved 13 April 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-2_16-2) UÔNG THÁI BIỂU (12 October 2020). ["Hoàng đế mãn triều và "Hoàng triều Cương thổ""](https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-620145/) (in Vietnamese). [Nhân Dân](/source/Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n) ([Communist Party of Vietnam](/source/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam)). Retrieved 13 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_17-0)** Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty - World documentary heritage (2021). ["Significant collections § Fonds of the Phủ Thủ hiến Trung Việt or Office of the Governor of Trung Viet"](https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#3f94314fe34b3f4cda490461e78419e8). *mocban.vn*. The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam). Retrieved 30 March 2021.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Domaine of the Crown](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domaine_of_the_Crown).

v t e Crown domain of Bảo Đại Domain Mèo Autonomous Territory Mường Autonomous Territory Nùng Autonomous Territory Southern Montagnard Country Thái Autonomous Territory Thổ Autonomous Territory

v t e Nguyễn dynasty topics Overview Sovereign state (1802–1883) French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945) Empire of Vietnam (1945) History Sovereign Việt Nam / Đại Nam (Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập) Nguyễn lords Đàng Trong Nam tiến Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam Citadel of Saigon Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century Tự Đức's Catholic persecution Văn Thân movement French protectorate(s) (Pháp thuộc, 法屬) French conquest of Vietnam Cần Vương Great Hanoi Rat Massacre Hanoi Exhibition Đông Du Duy Tân Hội Hanoi Poison Plot History of Vietnam during World War I Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Le Travail movement Communist Party of Vietnam Phú Riềng Đỏ Việt Minh French Indochina in World War II Japanese period Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Abdication of Bảo Đại Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Government Emperors Gia Long (1802–1820) Minh Mạng (1820–1841) Thiệu Trị (1841–1847) Tự Đức (1847–1883) Dục Đức (1883) Hiệp Hòa (1883) Kiến Phúc (1883–1884) Hàm Nghi (1884–1885) Đồng Khánh (1885–1889) Thành Thái (1889–1907) Duy Tân (1907–1916) Khải Định (1916–1925) Bảo Đại (1925–1945) Ministries & agencies Censorate Court of Judicial Review Court of Imperial Entertainments Court of the Imperial Stud Court of Imperial Sacrifices Office of the National Altars Hàn lâm viện House of People's Representatives of Annam Imperial Clan Court Imperial Household Department Quốc Tử Giám Lục bộ Ministry of Education Nội các Viện cơ mật Symbols Coat of arms Đăng đàn cung Flags Provincial flags Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam) Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty Vietnamese dragon Provincial administration Đề Đốc Tuần phủ Tổng Trấn French administration Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ Prominent mandarins Bạch Xuân Nguyên Cao Xuân Dục Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean Marie Despiau Hoàng Cao Khải Hoàng Diệu Hoàng Kế Viêm Michael Hồ Đình Hy Lê Chất Ngô Đình Diệm Ngô Đình Khả Ngô Đình Khôi Nguyễn Trường Tộ Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức Nguyễn Văn Tâm Nguyễn Văn Tồn Nguyễn Văn Nhơn Phan Văn Thúy Phạm Quỳnh Phạm Thận Duật Phan Đình Phùng Phan Thanh Giản Phan Thanh Liêm Nguyễn Tri Phương Thân Văn Nhiếp Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ Thoại Ngọc Hầu Tôn Thất Đính Tôn Thất Thuyết Trần Trọng Kim Trần Cao Vân Đặng Huy Trứ Trương Định Trương Minh Giảng Trương Tấn Bửu Nguyễn Văn Tường Philippe Vannier Military Battles and wars Tây Sơn wars French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) Cambodian rebellion (1820) Ja Lidong rebellion Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) Nduai Kabait rebellion Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion Katip Sumat's Jihad Ja Thak Wa uprising Lê Văn Khôi revolt Cambodian rebellion (1840) Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) Cochinchina campaign Tonkin campaign Garnier Expedition Sino-French War Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương Yên Thế Insurrection Pacification of Tonkin Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Yên Bái mutiny Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets August Revolution Prominent military personnel Hoàng Kế Viêm Lê Văn Duyệt Lê Văn Khôi Nguyễn Cư Trinh Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức Nguyễn Văn Thành Nguyễn Văn Tồn Nguyễn Văn Nhơn Nguyễn Tri Phương Phan Văn Thúy Trương Minh Giảng Special administrative regions Champa Principality of Thuận Thành Principality of Hà Tiên Sip Song Chau Tai Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá Trấn Ninh Trấn Tây Thành Palaces & mausoleums Palaces Imperial City of Huế Meridian Gate Tombs Thien Tho Mausoleum Khiêm Mausoleum An Mausoleum Ứng Mausoleum Society & culture Áo dài Đại Nam nhất thống chí Đại Nam thực lục Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục Khăn vấn Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty Education Imperial Academy, Huế Imperial examination Confucian court examination system in Vietnam Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin Tonkin Free School Currency Cash coins Tự Đức Thông Bảo Tự Đức Bảo Sao Khải Định Thông Bảo Bảo Đại Thông Bảo Currency units Văn Mạch Quán Tiền Colonial currencies French Indochinese piastre Laws Hương ước Treaties Saigon (1862) Huế (1863) Saigon (1874) Huế (1883) Huế (1884) Orders, decorations, and medals Bai Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam Kim Khánh Other topics Domain of the Crown Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth House of Nguyễn Phúc Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking Thoại Hà Canal Vĩnh Tế Canal Tôn Thất Vietnamese nationalism

v t e French Indochina Background France–Asia relations French colonial empire France–Vietnam relations France–Thailand relations France–China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) French conquest of Vietnam Siege of Tourane (1858) Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) Sino-French War (1884–1885) Pacification of Tonkin Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–1936) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French–Thai War (1940–1941) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles (1787) Treaty of Saigon (1862) Treaty of Huế (1863) Treaty of Saigon (1874) Treaty of Huế (1883) Treaty of Huế (1884) Treaty of Tientsin (1885) Geneva Conference (1954) French personalities Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean-Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor-General of French Indochina

v t e French overseas empire Former v t e Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean North Africa Algeria Morocco Tunisia West Africa Côte d'Ivoire Dahomey Sudan Guinea Mauritania Arguin Island Niger Senegal Four Communes Upper Volta Togoland James Island Albreda Equatorial Africa Chad Gabon Middle Congo Ubangi-Shari Cameroons Comoros Anjouan Grande Comore Mohéli Somaliland (Djibouti) Madagascar Isle de France v t e Former French colonies in the Americas French North America Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Florida French Texas French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint-Domingue Haïti, Dominican Republic Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company v t e Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania French India Chandernagor Coromandel Coast Madras Mahé Pondichéry Karaikal Yanaon Indochinese Union Cambodia Laos Vietnam Cochinchina Annam Tonkin Kouang-Tchéou-Wan Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon State of Syria Aleppo Damascus Alawite State Greater Lebanon Jabal al-Druze Sanjak of Alexandretta Oceania New Hebrides Vanuatu Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) France–Asia relations Louis XIV's East India Company Present v t e Overseas France Inhabited territories Overseas regions1 French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte2 Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited territories North Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India3 Europa Island3 Glorioso Islands2, 3 Banc du Geyser Juan de Nova Island3 Tromelin Island4 1 Also known as overseas departments 2 Claimed by the Comoros 3 Claimed by Madagascar 4 Claimed by Mauritius

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Domain of the Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.