# Domain hack

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Domain_hack
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Domain_hack.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack
> Source revision: 1353147065
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Domain name suggesting a word or phrase

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2025) This article may document a neologism or protologism in such a manner as to promote it. Please add more reliable sources to establish its current use and the impact the term has had on its field. Otherwise consider renaming or deleting the article. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Domain hack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

For the hacking of domain names, see [Domain hijacking](/source/Domain_hijacking).

A **domain hack** is a [domain name](/source/Domain_name) that suggests a word, phrase, or name when [concatenating](/source/Concatenating) two or more adjacent levels of that domain.[1][2][3] For example, ro.bot and examp.le, using the domains *.bot* and *.le*, suggest the words *robot* and *example* respectively. In this context, the word *[hack](/source/Hacker_(programmer_subculture))* denotes a clever trick (as in [programming](/source/Computer_programming)), not an exploit or break-in (as in [security](/source/Security_hacking)).

Domain hacks offer the ability to produce short domain names. This makes them potentially valuable as redirectors, [pastebins](/source/Pastebin) and base domains from which to delegate [subdomains](/source/Subdomain) and [URL shortening](/source/URL_shortening) services.

## History

On November 23, 1992, inter.net was registered.[4] By the 1990s, several [hostnames](/source/Hostname) ending in pla.net were active. The concept of spelling out a phrase with the parts of a [hostname](/source/Hostname) to form a domain hack was well established by the mid-1990s.[5] On Friday, May 3, 2002, Delicious registered icio.us to create [del.icio.us](/source/Delicious_(website)). Delicious would later gain control of the delicio.us domain, which had been [parked](/source/Domain_parking) since April 24, 2002, the day the .us ccTLD ([country code top-level domain](/source/Country_code_top-level_domain)) was opened to second-level registrations.

Who.is[6] is a [whois](/source/Whois) lookup service, indicating the registered ownership information of a domain. It was established June 12, 2002, and registered to an address in [Reykjavík](/source/Reykjav%C3%ADk), [Iceland](/source/Iceland).

## Examples

On January 14, 2004, the [Christmas Island Internet Administration](/source/Christmas_Island_Internet_Administration) revoked [.cx](/source/.cx) domain registration for [shock site](/source/Shock_site) [goatse.cx](/source/Goatse.cx), a domain which used "se.cx" to form the word "sex".[7] The domain was originally registered in 1999. Similar names had been used for parody sites such as oralse.cx or analse.cx; in some cases, [.cz](/source/.cz) ([Czech Republic](/source/Czech_Republic)) or [.kz](/source/.kz) ([Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan)) are substituted for [.cx](/source/.cx).

The term *domain hack* was coined by [Matthew Doucette](/source/Matthew_Doucette) on November 3, 2004, to mean "an unconventional domain name that uses parts other than the SLD (second level domain) or third level domain to create the title of the domain name."[8]

[Yahoo!](/source/Yahoo!) acquired [blo.gs](/source/Blo.gs)[9] on June 14, 2005, and del.icio.us[10] on December 9, 2005.

On September 11, 2007, [name servers](/source/Name_server) for [.me](/source/.me) were delegated by [IANA](/source/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority) to the Government of [Montenegro](/source/Montenegro), with a two-year transition period for existing [.yu](/source/.yu) names to be transferred to [.me](/source/.me). One of the first steps taken in deploying [.me](/source/.me) online was to create [.its.me](/source/.me) as a domain space for personal sites.[11] Many potential domain hacks, such as *love.me* and *buy.me*,[12] were held back by the registry as premium names for later auction.

On December 15, 2009, [Google](/source/Google) launched its own [URL shortener](/source/URL_shortener) under the domain goo.gl using the ccTLD of [Greenland](/source/Greenland). [YouTube](/source/YouTube) subsequently launched youtu.be[13] using the ccTLD of [Belgium](/source/Belgium). In 2015 Google used the domain hack abc.xyz for their newly launched [Alphabet Inc.](/source/Alphabet_Inc.)

Working with [Bit.ly](/source/Bit.ly), [The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times) launched an URL shortener in late 2009 under the domain nyti.ms using the ccTLD of [Montserrat](/source/Montserrat). The need to serve shorter URLs for [Twitter](/source/Twitter) was cited as a reason for the shortener.[14]

In March 2010, [National Public Radio](/source/National_Public_Radio) launched its own URL shortener under the domain n.pr using the ccTLD of [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico).[15] The n.pr domain is currently used to link to an NPR story page by its ID and is one of the shortest possible domain hacks.

In late 2010, [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.) launched a URL shortener at the domain itun.es, using the ccTLD of [Spain](/source/Spain), in a similar move to Google's goo.gl. Unlike goo.gl, which was public and could be used for any web address, itun.es is used only for [iTunes Ping](/source/ITunes_Ping) URL shortening.

Spotify also uses the [URL Shortener](/source/URL_Shortener) spoti.fi, using the ccTLD of [Finland](/source/Finland), to link to artist, partners, playlists, albums and songs. Flickr uses flic.kr for their URL shortening, using the ccTLD of [South Korea](/source/South_Korea).[16] ta.co redirects to [Taco Bell](/source/Taco_Bell)'s official website.[17] In 2006, [Red Bull GmbH](/source/Red_Bull_GmbH) registered the domain win.gs to use for shortened URLs.[18][19] English words that end in *ch* can be hosted on the Swiss TLD (e.g., codesear.ch ("search"); freshte.ch ("tech"); swit.ch).

### International examples

In most cases, registration of these short domain names relies on the use of [country code top-level domains](/source/Country_code_top-level_domain) (ccTLDs), each of which has a unique two-letter identifier.

Some notable examples that include ccTLDs are:

- [blo.gs](/source/Blo.gs) makes use of the ccTLD [.gs](/source/.gs) ([South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands](/source/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands)) to spell "blogs"

- fa.st makes use of the ccTLD [.st](/source/.st) ([São Tomé and Príncipe](/source/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe)) to spell "fast"

- everyo.ne uses the ccTLD [.ne](/source/.ne) ([Niger](/source/Niger)) to spell "everyone"

- [instagr.am](/source/Instagr.am) makes use of the ccTLD [.am](/source/.am) ([Armenia](/source/Armenia)) to spell the name of photo-sharing service "Instagram"

- darkvir.us uses ccTLD [.us](/source/.us) ([United States](/source/United_States)) and sharing it for subdomains with free hosting

- [Cityne.ws](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cityne.ws&action=edit&redlink=1) makes use of the ccTLD [.ws](/source/.ws) ([West Samoa](/source/West_Samoa)) to spell the name of Italian newspaper "Citynews"

- [tel.ly](/source/Television) uses ccTLD [.ly](/source/.ly) ([Libya](/source/Libya)) to spell "telly" (a popular British colloquial term for television)

- some of [Danbooru-style imageboards](/source/Booru) that end their name with '-booru' [suffix](/source/Suffix) may use the ccTLD [.ru](/source/.ru) ([Russia](/source/Russia)) to spell their own name.

Many people use domain hacks for their name to serve their personal website. Some prominent examples include: rome.ro ([John Romero](/source/John_Romero)), melan.ie ([Melanie C](/source/Melanie_C)), sive.rs ([Derek Sivers](/source/CD_Baby)) and nav.al ([Naval Ravikant](/source/Naval_Ravikant)). [The Black Eyed Peas](/source/The_Black_Eyed_Peas) member [will.i.am](/source/Will.i.am) notably used his own stage name as the domain name itself, registering the domain i.am and using the subdomain will to form the complete domain name.

Domain hacking is not limited to single words. For example, helpmelearn.it uses the ccTLD for [Italy](/source/Italy) to write out "help me learn it". While there is technically no restriction, these domain hacks tend to limit themselves to using only ccTLDs that are words, such as the aforementioned Italy as well as [Iceland](/source/Iceland) (.is) and [Montenegro](/source/Montenegro) (.me).

The [third-level domains](/source/Subdomain) [del.icio.us](/source/Delicious_(website)), [cr.yp.to](/source/Daniel_J._Bernstein) and e.xplo.it make use of the [SLDs](/source/Second-level_domain) icio.us, yp.to and xplo.it from the ccTLDs [.us](/source/.us) ([United States](/source/United_States)), [.to](/source/.to) ([Tonga](/source/Tonga)) and [.it](/source/.it) ([Italy](/source/Italy)) to spell "delicious", "crypto" and "exploit" respectively.

In some cases, an entire ccTLD has been re-purposed in its international marketing, such as [.ai](/source/.ai) ([Anguilla](/source/Anguilla)), [.am](/source/.am) ([Armenia](/source/Armenia)), [.fm](/source/.fm) ([Federated States of Micronesia](/source/Federated_States_of_Micronesia)), [.cd](/source/.cd) ([Democratic Republic of the Congo](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)), [.dj](/source/.dj) ([Djibouti](/source/Djibouti)), and [.tv](/source/.tv) ([Tuvalu](/source/Tuvalu)) for sites delivering various forms of audiovisual content.

Some [feline](/source/Cat)-related websites, such as [nyan.cat](/source/Nyan_Cat) have used the [.cat](/source/.cat) domain, which is meant for the [Catalan linguistical community](/source/Catalan_language).[20]

[Libya](/source/Libya)'s ccTLD ([.ly](/source/.ly)) has been used for English words that end with suffix "ly", such as sil.ly or former [musical.ly](/source/Musical.ly). Popular URL shortening services [bit.ly](/source/Bit.ly), brief.ly, name.ly and ow.ly use this hack. In 2010, the Libyan registry suspended *vb.ly*, an adult oriented [.ly](/source/.ly) link shortener.[21]

After a legal fight to allow so, the [Moldovan](/source/Moldova) ccTLD ([.md](/source/.md)) has been used by doctors and medical companies due to its resemblance to the abbreviation MD, used by those holding a [Doctor of Medicine](/source/Doctor_of_Medicine) degree.[22] It has also been used by websites relating to the [Markdown](/source/Markdown) markup language (such as [Obsidian](/source/Obsidian_(software)), obsidian.md) which uses .md as its file extension.

Further information: [ccTLD § Unconventional usage](/source/CcTLD#Unconventional_usage)

### Other languages

In [Germany](/source/Germany), [Austria](/source/Austria), and [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland), the domain [.ag](/source/.ag) for [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda) is used by [corporations](/source/Corporation) in the legal form of *[Aktiengesellschaft](/source/Aktiengesellschaft)* (commonly abbreviated as AG).

The [American Samoa](/source/American_Samoa) domain [.as](/source/.as) is popular in countries where AS or A/S ([Aktieselskab](/source/Aktieselskab)/[Aksjeselskap](/source/Aksjeselskap)) is the legal suffix for stock-based [corporations](/source/Corporation), such as in [Denmark](/source/Denmark) and [Norway](/source/Norway), where such companies frequently employ it.

Some organisations situated in [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland) use TLDs to specifically refer to their [canton](/source/Cantons_of_Switzerland), such as the [Belgian](/source/Belgium) TLD [.be](/source/.be) for the [Canton of Bern](/source/Canton_of_Bern).

In a similar way, some organizations in the German state of [Schleswig-Holstein](/source/Schleswig-Holstein) use the [.sh](/source/.sh) TLD from [Saint Helena](/source/Saint_Helena).

In [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language), "[biz](/source/.biz)" means "we", and can be used for emphasis at the end of "we are" sentences.

[Family names](/source/Family_name) in many [Slavic languages](/source/Slavic_languages) written in internationalized variant end with *-ch* (i.e., *-ich, -vich, -vych, -ovich*). Therefore, the [Swiss](/source/Switzerland) [.ch](/source/.ch) [ccTLD](/source/CcTLD) is an option.

Since the introduction of [.eu](/source/.eu) domains (*eu* meaning "I" in [Romanian](/source/Romanian_language), [Galician](/source/Galician_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language)), these domains have become popular in Romania, with people registering their names with the .eu extension.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Before the [.eus](/source/.eus) domain was introduced, [.eu](/source/.eu) was also widely used by websites from the [Basque Country](/source/Basque_Country_(greater_region)), as it resembled the word *[Euskadi](/source/Euskadi)* (meaning [Basque Country](/source/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community))).

In [French](/source/French_language), [Italian](/source/Italian_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), *là* or *lá* mean "there". As the [.la](/source/.la) domain ([Laos](/source/Laos)) is available for second-level registration worldwide, this can be an easy way to get a short, catchy name such as "go there".

In Italy some TLDs are identical to Italian Provinces' identifier, such as [.to](/source/.to) ([Turin](/source/Turin)) or [.tv](/source/.tv) ([Treviso](/source/Treviso)) and are thus extensively used for web domains in the area. The [Canadian](/source/Canada) domain [.ca](/source/.ca) is also trivial to use as *cá* or *cà* ("here") respectively in Portuguese and [Neapolitan](/source/Neapolitan_language), or *ça* ("that") in [French](/source/French_language); however, unlike some countries, Canada's .ca registrar requires local Canadian presence to use this domain.

[Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_language) domains sometimes use the [Moroccan](/source/Morocco) top level domain [.ma](/source/.ma) (*ma* meaning "today" in Hungarian).

A fad amongst French speakers was to register their domains in the [Niue](/source/Niue) TLD [.nu](/source/.nu), which in [French](/source/French_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language) means "nude" or "naked"; however, as of 2007[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain_hack&action=edit), Niue authorities have revoked many of these domain names. The handful that remain are joke domains without actual nudity. French speakers often use the [Jersey](/source/Jersey) TLD [.je](/source/.je), since "je" means "I" in French. In addition, [.je](/source/.je) is used in the Netherlands, where it can mean both "you" or "your". The addition of *-je* to most nouns also produces a diminutive form (e.g., huis.je, or the defunct iPhone app feest.je (*feestje* meaning "party").[23]

Likewise, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish speakers sometimes use [.nu](/source/.nu), because it means "now" in these languages. The TLD is still used by many Swedish sites, as prior to 2003 it was impossible for individuals (and difficult for organizations) to register arbitrary domains under the [.se](/source/.se) TLD.

English words that end with *-rs* (e.g., cars, fixers, powers) provide means for another popular domain hack which utilizes the [Serbian](/source/Serbia) [.rs](/source/.rs) ccTLD.

In [Russian](/source/Russian_language), *net* (as *нет*, or *nyet* when transliterated character for character) means "no" or "there isn't," so there are many domains in the format *something*.net (e.g., redaktora.net meaning "[there is] no editor/*redaktora*").

Additionally in [Russian](/source/Russian_Language), there are many words ending with *-ga* (Cyrillic: -га), including some that are highly popular (i.e., *книга/kniga*, meaning "book"; *дорога/doroga*, meaning "road"). [Gabon](/source/Gabon)'s [.ga](/source/.ga) domain is free for registration, which has led to wide adoption of such domain hacks.

In [Czech](/source/Czech_language), [Polish](/source/Polish_language) and [Slovak](/source/Slovak_language), *to* means "it", so there are many domains using [Tonga](/source/Tonga)'s [.to](/source/.to) in the format *do-something*.to (e.g., zrobie.to, meaning "I will do it" in [Polish](/source/Polish_language); prestahujeme.to, meaning "We will move it" in [Slovak](/source/Slovak_language)). Notably, Czech file sharing service uloz.to was founded in 2007, and its name *ulož to* means "save it".

In [Czech](/source/Czech_language) as well, *se* and *si* are particles marking [reflexive verbs](/source/Reflexive_verb), and therefore [Sweden](/source/Sweden)'s [.se](/source/.se) and [Slovenia](/source/Slovenia)'s [.si](/source/.si) have been used for domain hacks (e.g., svez.se, meaning "have a ride"; hraj.si, meaning "to play"), though the [.si](/source/.si) registry [ARNES](/source/ARNES) now restricts registration of domains by non-Slovenian entities.

In [Slovenian](/source/Slovenian_language), *si* is a [dative](/source/Dative_case) form of the reciprocal personal pronoun and a second person form of the verb *to be*. As [.si](/source/.si) is a Slovenian [ccTLD](/source/CcTLD), domain hacks are abundant. Additionally, the domain is attractive to speakers of [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages), because it is a conjunction, pronoun or an affirmative interjection in many. [ARNES](/source/ARNES) limits the use of the domain to residents and entities of Slovenia.

In [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), *-ar* is the ending of the infinitive of many verbs, so hacks with [Argentina](/source/Argentina)'s TLD [.ar](/source/.ar) are common (e.g., educ.ar, meaning "to educate"). Similarly, another such verb suffix is *-ir*, TLD of [Iran](/source/Iran) (see [.ir](/source/.ir)).

One of the earliest commercial [ISPs](/source/Internet_service_provider) in [Finland](/source/Finland) used the ccTLD [.fi](/source/.fi) as sci.fi, a reference to [science fiction](/source/Science_fiction).

In [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_language), *im* means "I am", so it's possible to make meaningful domains for personal purposes with the [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man) TLD [.im](/source/.im) (e.g., rebaz.im, meaning "I am Rêbaz").

Some registries allow [Emoji](/source/Emoji) in domains, permitting the creation of [emoji domains](/source/Emoji_domain). Many browsers display these domains as [punycode](/source/Punycode) for security reasons.

With the rise of [new TLDs](/source/Proposed_top-level_domain), some companies have registered entire [TLDs](/source/TLD) in order to create a hack for their name. Most prominent is [.gle](/source/.gle), created for [Google](/source/Google) to be used as goo.gle.

## See also

- [Country code top-level domain](/source/Country_code_top-level_domain)

- [Domain Name Hack Club](https://namehack.club/) (a listing of people with personal domain hacks)

- [Generic top-level domain](/source/Generic_top-level_domain)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-domainhacks_1-0)** ["Domain Hacks & Email Hacks"](http://xona.com/2004/11/03.html). *xona.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Domain Hacks = Fun Domain Name Opportunities"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250314134914/https://www.dynadot.com/blog/2012/12/domain-hacks-fun.html?__cf_chl_rt_tk=bvq55UBpAEREbAdhV3yDm5EyeAYqFtgaFb9gFNC6ktE-1741960154-1.0.1.1-Cjblpe7am1uyYpKiV5x9TmBcoDlzfsLF5Dv6isl5LHU). *Dynadot*. Archived from [the original](https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/2012/12/domain-hacks-fun.html) on March 14, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Startup Domain FAQ – Should I Use A Domain Hack?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180711063721/https://morganlinton.com/startup-domain-faq-should-i-use-a-domain-hack/). *morganlinton.com*. July 16, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://morganlinton.com/startup-domain-faq-should-i-use-a-domain-hack) on July 11, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["inter.net WHOIS record"](https://reports.internic.net/cgi/whois?whois_nic=inter.net&type=domain). *Whois domain search*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["List of coolest hostnames and domain hacks circa 1995"](http://linuxmafia.com/pub/humour/coolhosts.html). Linuxmafia.com. Retrieved February 23, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["WHOIS Search, Domain Name, Website, and IP Tools"](http://Who.is). *who.is*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Acceptable Use Policy .cx – Christmas Island"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081021013937/http://cocca.cx/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3). *Council of Country Code Administrators*. Archived from [the original](http://cocca.cx/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3) on October 21, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Domain Hacks Information"](http://xona.com/domainhacks/info.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Winstead, Jim (June 14, 2005). ["blo.gs: sold"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090309092950/http://blo.gs/for-sale.php). Archived from [the original](http://blo.gs/for-sale.php) on March 9, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Schachter, Joshua (December 9, 2005). ["y.ah.oo!"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110903074705/http://blog.delicious.com/blog/2005/12/yahoo.html). *delicious blog*. Archived from [the original](http://blog.delicious.com/blog/2005/12/yahoo.html) on September 3, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Montenegro .me tld to attract interest for domain hacks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100558/http://www.dnxpert.com/2007/11/08/montenegro-me-tld-to-attract-interest-for-domain-hacks/). Dnxpert.com. November 8, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.dnxpert.com/2007/11/08/montenegro-me-tld-to-attract-interest-for-domain-hacks) on November 5, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Going Once, Going Twice – Top .ME Names Up For Bid"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090825105659/http://www.nic.me/news.php?news=102). *Domain.ME*. September 22, 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.nic.me/news.php?news=102) on August 25, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Make Way for youtu.be Links"](http://youtube-global.blogspot.dk/2009/12/make-way-for-youtube-links.html). *Youtube Official Blog*. Retrieved August 9, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Wortham, Jenna (December 16, 2009). ["The Times and Bit.ly Roll Out 'nyti.ms' Short Links"](https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/the-times-and-bitly-roll-out-nytims-short-links/). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times) "Bits" Blog*. New York City, New York.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Andy Carvin, Daniel Jacobson and Jon Foreman (March 3, 2010). ["You Say NPR, But On Twitter We Say n.pr"](https://www.npr.org/blogs/inside/2010/03/you_say_npr_but_on_twitter_we.html). *NPR*. Npr.org. Retrieved February 23, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Flickr Services"](https://www.flickr.com/services/api/misc.urls.html). *www.flickr.com*. Retrieved May 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Allemann, Andrew (September 28, 2015). ["Another .Co win: Taco Bell using Ta.co"](https://domainnamewire.com/2015/09/28/another-co-win-taco-bell-using-ta-co/). *Domain Name Wire | Domain Name News*. Retrieved May 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["win.gs whois lookup – who.is"](https://who.is/whois/win.gs). *who.is*. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** LVGP Press Room (May 12, 2023). ["RED BULL ANNOUNCED AS PRESENTING PARTNER FOR THE FORMULA 1 HEINEKEN SILVER LAS VEGAS GRAND PRIX"](https://www.f1lasvegasgp.com/press/red-bull-announced-as-presenting-partner-for-the-formula-1-heineken-silver-las-vegas-grand-prix). *[Formula 1 Las Vegas Grand Prix](/source/Las_Vegas_Grand_Prix)*. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Domain Hacks – 100 Sites Using Unusual Top-Level Domains"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170623174407/https://www.webhost.al/domain-hacks-100-sites-using-unusual-top-level-domains.html). webhost.al. May 14, 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.webhost.al/domain-hacks-100-sites-using-unusual-top-level-domains.html) on June 23, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Horn, Leslie (October 6, 2010). ["Libya Seizes URL Shortener Vb.ly"](https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370354,00.asp). *PC Magazine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Norbut, Mike (January 17, 2005). ["New company makes push for ".md" domain"](http://www.amednews.com/article/20050117/business/301179991/7/). *American Medical News*. Retrieved May 21, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Oosterveer, Danny (April 9, 2012). ["Feest.je gooit handdoek in de ring"](http://www.marketingfacts.nl/berichten/feest.je-gooit-handdoek-in-de-ring). *marketingfacts.nl*. Retrieved May 21, 2015.

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Domain hack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.