# Dockworker

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Occupation of loading and unloading ships

Longshoremen on a [New York](/source/New_York_Harbor) dock load barrels onto a barge on the [Hudson River](/source/Hudson_River). Photograph by [Lewis Hine](/source/Lewis_Hine), c. 1912.

Dockers load bagged cargo onto a barge in [Port Sudan](/source/Port_Sudan), 1960

A **dockworker** (also called a **docker**, **longshoreman**, **lumper**, **stevedore**, **wharfie**, or **wharfman**) is a [waterfront](/source/Dock_(maritime)) manual laborer who loads and unloads [ships](/source/Ship).[1]

As a result of the [intermodal shipping container](/source/Intermodal_container) revolution, the required number of dockworkers has declined by over 90% since the 1960s.[2][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*]

## Etymology

The word *stevedore* ([/ˈstiːvɪˌdɔːr/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) originated in [Portugal](/source/Portugal) or [Spain](/source/Spain), and entered the [English language](/source/English_language) through its use by [sailors](/source/Sailor).[3] It started as a [phonetic spelling](/source/Phonetic_spelling) of *estivador* ([Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language)) or *estibador* ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language)), meaning *a man who loads ships and stows cargo*, which was the original meaning of *stevedore* (though there is a secondary meaning of "a man who stuffs" in Spanish); compare [Latin](/source/Latin) *stīpāre* meaning *to stuff*, as in *to fill with stuffing*. In Ancient and Modern Greek, the verb στοιβάζω (stivazo) means pile up.[4][5] In [Great Britain](/source/Great_Britain) and [Ireland](/source/Ireland), people who load and unload ships are usually called *dockers*; in [Australia](/source/Australia), they are called *stevedores*, *dockworkers* or *wharfies*; and, in the [United States](/source/United_States) and [Canada](/source/Canada), the term *longshoreman*, derived from *man-along-the-shore* (or *[alongshore](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alongshore#English)* + *man*), is used.[6][7] Before the extensive use of container ships and shore-based handling machinery in the United States, *longshoremen* referred exclusively to the dockworkers, while *stevedores*, part of a separate [trade union](/source/Trade_union), worked on the ships operating their [cranes](/source/Crane_(machine)) and moving cargo.

## History

Dockworkers, also known as longshoremen and stevedores, have existed since ancient times. The role of dockworkers has evolved significantly over the centuries as maritime trade has grown and modernized:

- **Ancient times**: The [Phoenicians](/source/Phoenicia), [Greeks](/source/Greeks), and [Romans](/source/Roman_people) all relied on dockworkers to load and unload cargo from ships at port cities such as [Carthage](/source/Carthage), [Athens](/source/Athens), and [Ostia](/source/Ostia_Antica).[8][9][10][11]

- **Medieval period**: In the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), dockworkers played a crucial role in the trade networks of [Europe](/source/Europe). [The Hanseatic League](/source/Hanseatic_League), a powerful trading confederation in Northern Europe, employed dockworkers to handle goods at major ports like [Lübeck](/source/L%C3%BCbeck) and [Bruges](/source/Bruges).[12]

- **Industrial Revolution**: [The Industrial Revolution](/source/Industrial_Revolution) brought [steam-powered ships](/source/Steamboat) and [railways](/source/Rail_transport), leading to increased trade volumes and the need for more efficient handling of cargo. Dockworkers organized into unions to protect worker rights and improve working conditions, leading to the formation of organizations such as the [International Longshoremen's Association](/source/International_Longshoremen's_Association) in the United States.[13]

- **Containerization**: The latter 20th century saw the introduction of [containerization](/source/Containerization), which revolutionized the shipping industry by standardizing how goods were transported, leading to faster turnaround times and increased efficiency. Dockworker use declined by 90%, with those remaining principally operating heavy machinery such as cranes.[14][15] A dramatic increase in [global trade](/source/International_trade) was seen, a result of improved technology and liberalized trade treaties.[16]

## Loading and unloading ships

Admiralty and maritime law History Code of Hammurabi Corpus Juris Civilis Digesta Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris Amalfian Laws Hanseatic League Features Fishing Illegal Fisheries law Maritime transport Shipping/ferry Cargo Freight Shipbuilding Merchant marine Cargo ship Passenger ship Mortgage Registration Marine insurance Act of God Cargo Collision General average Seaworthiness Total loss Maritime security Letter of marque Drugs Piracy Pollution Smuggling Wartime prizes Contract of carriage / charterparty Affreightment Agency Barratry Bill of lading Brokerage Chartering Consignment Demurrage Force majeure Invoice Commercial Pro forma Laytime Lien Maritime Manifest Packing list Proof of delivery Salvage Law Terms International Waybill Parties Agent Factor Freight forwarder Captain (Master) The captain goes down with the ship Carrier Charterer Freight company Manager Consignee Consignor Principal Owner Seaman Mutiny Stevedore Judiciaries Admiralty court Vice admiralty court International organizations International Maritime Organization Comité Maritime International London Maritime Arbitrators Association International Association of Classification Societies (Lloyd's Register) International conventions Hague–Visby Rules Hamburg Rules Rotterdam Rules Maritime Labour Convention International Convention on Salvage United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) International piracy law SOLAS Convention MARPOL Convention Ballast Water Management Convention Anti-fouling Convention International Convention on Load Lines International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea SAR Convention Athens Convention Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic International Codes IMDG Code ISM Code ISPS Code Polar Code IGC Code IBC Code TDC Code IS Code International Grain Code IMSBC Code INF Code v t e

Loading and unloading ships requires knowledge of the operation of loading equipment, the proper techniques for lifting and stowing [cargo](/source/Cargo), and the correct handling of [hazardous materials](/source/Hazardous_material). In addition, workers must be physically strong and able to follow orders attentively. Many longshoremen are needed to unload a ship. A ship can only be at a port for a limited amount of time, so their work must be completed quickly.

In earlier days before the introduction of [containerization](/source/Containerization), men who loaded and unloaded ships had to tie down cargoes with rope. A type of [stopper knot](/source/Stopper_knot) is called the [stevedore knot](/source/Stevedore_knot). Securely tying up parcels of goods is called *stevedore lashing* or *stevedore knotting*. While loading a [general cargo](/source/Break_bulk_cargo) vessel, they use [dunnage](/source/Dunnage), which are pieces of wood (or nowadays sometimes strong inflatable [dunnage bags](/source/Dunnage_bag)) set down to keep the cargo out of any water that might be lying in the hold or are placed as [shims](/source/Shim_(engineering)) between cargo crates for [load securing](/source/Load_securing).

Today, the vast majority of non-[bulk cargo](/source/Bulk_cargo) is transported in [intermodal containers](/source/Intermodal_container).[17] The containers arrive at a port by truck, rail, or another ship and are stacked in the port's storage area. When the vessel that will be transporting them arrives, the containers it is offloading are unloaded by a crane. The containers either leave the port by truck or rail or are stored until they are placed on another ship. Once the ship is offloaded, the containers it leaves with are brought to the dock by truck. A crane lifts the containers from the trucks onto the ship. As the containers pile up on the ship, the workers connect them to the vessel and the other already-placed containers. The jobs involved include the crane operators, the workers who connect the containers to the ship and each other, the truck drivers who transport the containers from the dock and storage area, the workers who track the containers in the storage area as they are loaded and unloaded, as well as various supervisors. Those workers at the port who handle and move the containers are likely to be considered stevedores or dockworkers.

Before containerization, freight was often handled with a [longshoreman’s hook](/source/Longshoreman%E2%80%99s_hook), a tool which became emblematic of the profession (mainly on the west coast of the United States and Canada).[18]

Traditionally, stevedores had no fixed job but would arrive at the docks in the morning seeking employment for the day. [London](/source/Port_of_London) dockers called this practice *standing on the stones*,[19] while in the United States, it was referred to as *shaping up* or assembling for the *shape-up*.[20][21]

Dock workers have been a prominent part of the modern [labor movement](/source/Labor_movement).[22]

	- Container handling in [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong) – 2005

		- At anchor, two [barges](/source/Barges) with cranes (floating derricks) at port

		- A container is lifted from the deck.

		- Dockworkers on the containers in the ship's hatch

		- Strong tidal current, loading work in adverse conditions

## Notable dockworkers

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Former stevedores and dockworkers include:

- [Crispus Attucks](/source/Crispus_Attucks) – First American to be killed in the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution) at the [Boston Massacre](/source/Boston_Massacre)

- [Harry Bridges](/source/Harry_Bridges) – founder of the [International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU)](/source/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union_(ILWU))

- [Joey Coyle](/source/Joey_Coyle) – basis for the movie *[Money for Nothing](/source/Money_for_Nothing_(1993_film))*

- [Jack Dash](/source/Jack_Dash) – British dock workers' trade union leader

- [Peter Fraser](/source/Peter_Fraser) – Prime Minister of New Zealand (1940–1949)

- [Danny Greene](/source/Danny_Greene) – American mobster

- [Eric Hoffer](/source/Eric_Hoffer) – philosopher and social critic

- [Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy](/source/P._J._Kennedy) – American businessman and grandfather of 35th U.S. President [John F. Kennedy](/source/John_F._Kennedy)

- [Artie Lange](/source/Artie_Lange) – actor and comedian

- [Jacques Loew](/source/Jacques_Loew) – French [Catholic priest](/source/Catholic_priest) who began the [worker priest](/source/Worker_priest) movement as a dockworker in [Marseille](/source/Marseille)

- [Tom Mann](/source/Tom_Mann) – British trade unionist and organizer of the [London Dock Strike of 1889](/source/London_Dock_Strike_of_1889)

- [Peter MacKay](/source/Peter_MacKay) – Canadian former government minister and conservative party leader (a stevedore for two summers while a teenager)[23]

- [Bruce Nelson](/source/Bruce_Nelson_(historian)) – labor historian, author of *[Workers on the Waterfront](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workers_on_the_Waterfront&action=edit&redlink=1)*

- [Benito Quinquela Martín](/source/Benito_Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn) – [painter](/source/Painter) from [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), Argentina. His works reflect the work at the docks in La Boca, a portuary district of Buenos Aires.

- [Keith William Richards](/source/Keith_William_Richards) - Actor

- [Stan Weir](/source/Stan_Weir_(academic)) – blue-collar intellectual and sociologist, founder of [Singlejack Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singlejack_Press&action=edit&redlink=1)

## In popular culture

- In 1949, reporter [Malcolm Johnson](/source/Malcolm_Johnson_(journalist)) was awarded a [Pulitzer Prize](/source/Pulitzer_Prize) for a 24-part investigative series titled *Crime on the Waterfront*, published in the *[New York Sun](/source/New_York_Sun_(historical))*.

- The material from Malcolm Johnson's investigative series was fictionalized and used as a basis for the influential film *[On the Waterfront](/source/On_the_Waterfront)* (1954), starring [Marlon Brando](/source/Marlon_Brando) as a longshoreman, and the working conditions on the docks figure significantly in the film's plot. *On the Waterfront* was a critical and commercial success that received twelve [Academy Award](/source/Academy_Awards) nominations and won eight, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Brando, Best Supporting Actress for [Eva Marie Saint](/source/Eva_Marie_Saint), and Best Director for [Elia Kazan](/source/Elia_Kazan). The [American Film Institute](/source/American_Film_Institute) ranked it the 8th-greatest American movie of all time in 1997 and 19th in 2007.[24]

- Playwright [Arthur Miller](/source/Arthur_Miller) was involved in the early stages of the development of *On the Waterfront*; his play *[A View from the Bridge](/source/A_View_from_the_Bridge)* (1955) also deals with the troubled life of a longshoreman.[25]

- In [season 2](/source/The_Wire_(season_2)) of the [HBO](/source/HBO) series *[The Wire](/source/The_Wire_(TV_series))*, which first aired in 2003, the Stevedore Union and its members working in Baltimore, particularly [Frank Sobotka](/source/Frank_Sobotka), figure prominently in the second season's story.[26][27]

- The 2013 video game *[Grand Theft Auto V](/source/Grand_Theft_Auto_V)* features a character, Floyd Hebert, who works as a longshoreman at the city port. One of the main characters, [Trevor Philips](/source/Trevor_Philips), uses Floyd's job to prepare a cargo ship robbery during the game's storyline.

## See also

- [Transport portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport)

- [1913 Sligo Dock strike](/source/1913_Sligo_Dock_strike)

- [Admiralty law](/source/Admiralty_law)

- [Battle of Ballantyne Pier](/source/Battle_of_Ballantyne_Pier) (Canada)

- [Dockers Union (disambiguation)](/source/Dockers_Union_(disambiguation))

- [Dunnage](/source/Dunnage)

- [Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union](/source/Federated_Ship_Painters_and_Dockers_Union)

- [History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963](/source/History_of_Squamish_and_Tsleil-Waututh_longshoremen%2C_1863%E2%80%931963)

- [International Longshore and Warehouse Union](/source/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union) (United States)

- [Liverpool dockers' strike (1995–98)](/source/Liverpool_dockers'_strike_(1995%E2%80%9398)) (UK)

- [Mersey Docks and Harbour Company](/source/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Company)

- [Mudlark](/source/Mudlark)

- [National Union of Dock Labourers](/source/National_Union_of_Dock_Labourers)

- [Scottish Union of Dock Labourers](/source/Scottish_Union_of_Dock_Labourers)

- [Teamster](/source/Teamster)

- [Weeks Marine](/source/Weeks_Marine)

- [2024 United States port strike](/source/2024_United_States_port_strike)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Dockworker"](https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dockworker). *[Dictionary.com](/source/Dictionary.com)*. Retrieved August 27, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-khan_2-0)** Khan, Khalil U. (15 September 2014). ["Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping"](https://www.iims.org.uk/the-role-of-stevedores-in-shipping/). *The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)*. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Maclachlan1875_3-0)** David Maclachlan (1875). [*A Treatise on the Law of Merchant Shipping*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8WVMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA387). W. Maxwell & Son. pp. 387–.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Modern Greek Verbs – στοιβάζω, στοίβαξα, στοιβάχτηκα, στοιβαγμένος – I pile up"](https://moderngreekverbs.com/stoibazo.html). *moderngreekverbs.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Stevedores – definition of stevedores by The Free Dictionary"](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stevedores). *TheFreeDictionary.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["America on the Move collection"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070612014852/http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_199.html). Archived from [the original](http://americanhistory.si.edu/ONTHEMOVE/collection/object_199.html) on June 12, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Harper, Douglas. ["longshoreman (n.)"](https://www.etymonline.com/word/longshoreman#etymonline_v_12416). *[Online Etymology Dictionary](/source/Online_Etymology_Dictionary)*. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Hazzard, Shirley (2008). *The Ancient Shore: Dispatches from Naples*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Horejs, Barbara (2003). *Ports of Trade: Al Mina and Geometric Greek Pottery in the Levant*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Casson, Lionel (1959). *The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Casson, Lionel (1994). *Seafaring in Ancient Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Meier, Dirk (October 15, 2009). *Seafarers, Merchants, and Pirates in the Middle Ages*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["The position of dockers and sailors in 1897 and the International Federation of Ship, Dock and River Workers"](https://www.marxists.org/archive/mann-tom/1897/dockers1897.htm). *www.marxists.org*. Retrieved 2024-02-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Labor on the Waterfront"](https://southstreetseaportmuseum.org/labor-on-the-waterfront/). *South Street Seaport Museum*. Retrieved 2024-02-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["The ILWU Story"](https://www.ilwu.org/history/the-ilwu-story/). *ILWU*. Retrieved 2024-02-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Kim, Kap Hwan; Günther, Hans-Otto, eds. (2007). *Container Terminals and Cargo Systems: Design, Operations Management, and Logistics Control Issues*. Springer.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-box_17-0)** Marc Levinson (2006). [*The Box, How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger*](https://archive.org/details/boxhowshippin00levi). Princeton Univ. Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-691-12324-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12324-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** "Uniform Containerization of Freight: Early Steps in the Evolution of an Idea". *[Business History Review](/source/Business_History_Review)*. **43** (1): 84–87. 1969. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3111989](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3111989). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3111989](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3111989). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [246479077](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246479077).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Standing on the Stones [BFI Film and TV Database, London Dockers (1964)](https://web.archive.org/web/20071112112747/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/473673?view=synopsis)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["shape-up"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shape%20up). *Dictionary.com*. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Blum, Howard (March 13, 1978). ["The 'Shape-Up' on Piers Gives Way to 'Show- Up'"](https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/13/archives/new-jersey-pages-the-shapeup-on-piers-gives-way-to-showup-the.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2019-10-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["British History in depth: Banners of the British Labour Movement"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/banners_01.shtml). [BBC](/source/BBC).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [MacKay, Peter](/source/Peter_MacKay) (August 25, 2012). ["Peter MacKay learned to appreciate Arctic life working as a stevedore"](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/summer-jobs-as-a-young-man-peter-mackay-learned-to-appreciate-arctic-life-working-as-a-stevedore). *[National Post](/source/National_Post)*. Retrieved March 13, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Rapf, Joanna E. (2003). *On the Waterfront*. Cambridge University Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Epstein, Arthur D. (1965). "A Look at A View from the Bridge". *Texas Studies in Literature and Language*. **7** (1): 109–122.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Warren, Kenneth W. (2011). "Sociology and The Wire". *Critical Inquiry*. **38** (1): 200–207. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/661649](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F661649). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [161316328](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161316328).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Herbert, Daniel (2012). "'It Is What It Is': The Wire and the Politics of Anti-Allegorical Television Drama". *Quarterly Review of Film and Video*. **29** (3): 191–202. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/10509200903120047](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10509200903120047). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [155014315](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155014315).

## Further reading

- Arnesen, Eric (1994). *Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923*.

- Connolly, Michael C. (2010). *Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and Its Irish Longshoremen*. University Press of Florida.

- Callebert, Ralph (2017). *On Durban's Docks: Zulu Workers, Rural Households, Global Labor*. University of Rochester Press.

- Davis, Colin J. (2003). *Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61*.

- Land, Isaac (2007). "Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution". *[Journal of Social History](/source/Journal_of_Social_History)*. **40** (3): 731–743. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/jsh.2007.0051](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2007.0051). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [143564724](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143564724).

- Mello, William J. (2010). *New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks*.

- Nelson, Bruce (1990). *Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s*.

- Parnaby, Andrew (2008). *Citizen Docker: Making a New Deal on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939*.

- Phillips, Jim (2005). ["Class and Industrial Relations in Britain: The 'Long' Mid-century and the Case of Port Transport, 1920–70"](http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/6663/1/6663.pdf) (PDF). *Twentieth Century British History*. **16** (1): 52–73. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/tcbh/hwi009](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwi009).

- Safford, Jeffrey J. (2008). "The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936: Another View". *[Pacific Historical Review](/source/Pacific_Historical_Review)*. **77** (4): 585–615. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1525/phr.2008.77.4.585](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2008.77.4.585).

- Vaughan Wilson, Matt (2008). ["The 1911 Waterfront Strikes in Glasgow: Trade Unions and Rank-and-File Militancy in the Labour Unrest of 1910–1914"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859008003441). *[International Review of Social History](/source/International_Review_of_Social_History)*. **53** (2): 261–292. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0020859008003441](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859008003441).

- Velasco e Cruz, Maria Cecília (2006). "Puzzling Out Slave Origins in Rio de Janeiro Port Unionism: The 1906 Strike and the Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café". *[Hispanic American Historical Review](/source/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review)*. **86** (2): 205–245. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1215/00182168-2005-002](https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-2005-002).

- ["Longshore Workers and Their Unions"](https://depts.washington.edu/dock/longshore_intro.shtml). *[Waterfront Workers History Project](/source/Waterfront_Workers_History_Project)*.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Dock workers](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dock_workers).

Look up ***[dockworker](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dockworker)***, ***[stevedore](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stevedore)***, ***[longshoreman](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/longshoreman)***, or ***[docker](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/docker)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- ["The Irish on the Docks of Portland"](http://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/1124/page/1605/display) by Michael Connolly

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