# Diyari

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Diyari
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Diyari.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyari
> Source revision: 1326505127
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Aboriginal Australian people

This article is about the Indigenous Australian group. For their language, see [Diyari language](/source/Diyari_language).

The **Diyari** ([/ˈdiːjɑːri/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)), alternatively transcribed as **Dieri** ([/ˈdɪəri/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)),[1] is an [Indigenous Australian](/source/Indigenous_Australian) group of the [South Australian](/source/South_Australia) desert originating in and around the delta of [Cooper Creek](/source/Cooper_Creek) to the east of [Lake Eyre](/source/Lake_Eyre).

## Language

Main article: [Diyari language](/source/Diyari_language)

[Diyari](/source/Diyari_language) is classified as one of the [Karnic languages](/source/Karnic_languages). Though earlier described in *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* as extinct, and later "nearly extinct", [Peter Austin](/source/Peter_Austin_(linguist)) has attested that the language still has fluent native speakers and hundreds of Diyari who retain some knowledge of it.[2] Lutheran missionaries developed an orthography to transcribe the language, together with a German-Diyari dictionary, as early as 1893 and, as later modified by [Johann Flierl](/source/Johann_Flierl), this was taught to many Diyari-speakers, who corresponded in the language from the 1880s down to the 1960s.[3] Diyari was the first Aboriginal language for which a complete translation of the New Testament was made.[4]

The Diyari also had a highly developed [sign language](/source/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages),[5] which was first noticed by [Alfred William Howitt](/source/Alfred_William_Howitt) in 1891, who first mistook them for defiant or command gestures until he realised that they formed part of an integral system of hand signs, of which he registered 65.[6] One of their functions was to allow women to communicate during mourning, when a speech taboo prevailed.[7]

## Country

The traditional lands of the Diyari were estimated by [Norman Tindale](/source/Norman_Tindale) to have encompassed roughly 8,400 square miles (22,000 km2),[8] and lay in the delta of the Barcoo River ([Cooper Creek](/source/Cooper_Creek)) to the east of [Lake Eyre](/source/Lake_Eyre).[9][10] The southern boundary was marked by [Mount Freeling](/source/Yudnamutana%2C_South_Australia), its most northern reach by the Pirigundi Lake, on the Cooper Creek. The most easterly edge was constituted by [Lake Hope](/source/Lake_Hope_(South_Australia)), and the western limits lay some 80 miles west of Lake Hope.[a] Their neighbouring tribes were the [Yandruwandha and Yawarrawarrka](/source/Yandruwandha_language), respectively to their east and north-east and, to the north, the [Ngameni](/source/Ngamini_language). To their north-west were the [Wangganguru](/source/Wangganguru_dialect), to their west the [Thirrari](/source/Tirari_Desert) and Arabana, while on the southern fringes were the [Kuyani](/source/Kuyani) and [Adnyamathanha](/source/Adnyamathanha).[11]

The environment was harsh, and foraging for vegetables was a staple since the kangaroo was absent from their terrain and the [emu](/source/Emu), their favourite food, quite rare. [Native rats](/source/Bush_rat), snakes and lizards were, however, abundant.[12][13]

## Mythology

[Lorimer Fison](/source/Lorimer_Fison) (1880):

After the creation, brothers, sisters, and others of the closest kin, intermarried promiscuously, until — the evil effects of these alliances becoming manifest — a council of the chiefs was assembled to consider in what way they might be averted, the result of their deliberations being a petition to the Muramura (Good Spirit), in answer to which he ordered that the tribe should be divided into branches, and distinguished one from another by different names, after objects animate and inanimate, such as dogs, mice, emu, rain, iguana, and so forth; the members of any such branch not to intermarry, but with permission for one branch to mingle with another. Thus, the son of a dog might not marry the daughter of a dog, but either might form an alliance with a mouse, rat, or other family. This custom is still observed, and the first question asked of a stranger is, "What murdoo?", i.e., "Of what family are you?".[b][14][15]

The Diyari creation story imagined *Mooramoora*, the good spirit, making small black lizards at first, and delighted with them, they decided should hold sway over all other created beings. It was by remodulating this variety of lizard, cutting off the tail, and using his forefinger to create a nose, that man was created, and then divided into male and female.[16] Mooramoora then had the Moon create all creatures. Man could not run down the fleet, tasty emu, and the deity was asked to make heat so that it would tire and allow men to catch up and trap it. Men were asked to perform certain ceremonies, considered obscene by Gason, and after their compliance, Mooramoora created the sun.[16]

## History of contact

Lutheran missionaries established the [Bethesda or Killalpaninna Mission](/source/Tirari_Desert) among the Dieri in 1866. The first ethnographic reports regarding the Diyari were written by a police trooper, Samuel Gason (1845–1897) in 1874.[17] He estimated the numbers of Aborigines in the Cooper Creek area at 1000-1200, of which the Diyari were the most prominent, with an estimated 230 members. By the end of WW2, they were estimated to number around 60.[10]

## Kinship system

The Diyari foundational myths stated that originally man was incestuously promiscuous, fathers, mothers, sons and daughter all marrying each other. To overcome the strife that ensued, the Elders petitioned the Mooramoora creator for a solution, which consisted in splitting the tribe into distinct branches, each designated by an animal or natural name, and then disallow marriage among members of the same branch.[18]

Before the white intrusion on their lands made its impact, the Dieri were divided into two tribal groups, the *Ku'na:ri* around Cooper Creek and the *Pandu* in proximity of Lake Hope.[13]

Their kinship system was first studied by Howitt, who took it as exemplifying a form of one of the most socially backward of Australian tribes.[19] [Alfred Radcliffe-Brown](/source/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown) analysed the Diyari kinship structure as a variant of the [Arrernte system](/source/Aranda_people).[20] Their [moieties](/source/Moiety_(kinship)) were *Matharri* and *Kararrhu,* in accordance with the general divisions among speakers of [Thura-Yura languages](/source/Thura-Yura_languages) in South Australia.[21]

## Social system

Gason thought the Diyari extremely treacherous, nourished by suspicion from infancy. At the same time, he said they displayed exemplary hospitality, revered the aged, and adored their children. Any stranger who passed through their camp, was provided with food. Infanticide was widespread, by Gason's calculation, affecting some 30% of births and was performed by the mother.[22] They were very attached to their camp [dingos](/source/Dingo), treating them as they would a human.[12]

## Native title

The Dieri Aboriginal Corporation[23] incorporated in 2001 and by 2014 had 600 members living in [Marree](/source/Marree%2C_South_Australia), [Lyndhurst](/source/Lyndhurst%2C_South_Australia), [Port Augusta](/source/Port_Augusta), [Whyalla](/source/Whyalla) and in [Broken Hill](/source/Broken_Hill) in New South Wales. The group purchased the Marree Station property surrounding Marree in 2008. In May 2012 the [Federal Court of Australia](/source/Federal_Court_of_Australia) made a determination that recognised Diyari rights to 47,000 square kilometres (18,000 mi2) of land along Cooper Creek, with boundaries extending to part of the [Strzelecki Regional Reserve](/source/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve) and the [Lake Eyre National Park](/source/Lake_Eyre_National_Park).[24]

## Alternative names

- *Diari, Diyeri, Dieyerie, Dieri*

- *Deerie, Dieyrie, Dayerrie*

- *Dthee-eri, Dickeri (misprint)*

- *Kunari* (the native name for Cooper Creek)

- *Koonarie*

- *Wongkadieri* ([Arabana](/source/Arabana) [exonym](/source/Exonym))

- *Wonkadieri*

- *Ti:ari* (Southern [Aranda](/source/Aranda_language) exonym)

- *Urrominna* (southern name not only for the Diyari, but also for the [Kuyani](/source/Kuyani))[8]

## Some words

- *kunki* (man of high degree/clever man/medicine man)[25]

- *kutyi* (malign spirit, devil)[26]

## See also

- [Adno-artina](/source/Adnoartina), a spirit that appears in Diyari stories

- [Kadimakara](/source/Kadimakara), monsters in Diyari stories that have been associated with extinct megafauna

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** " Cooper Creek between [Killalapaninna](/source/Killalpaninna_Mission) and near [Coongie](/source/Coongie_Lakes); at [Cowarie](/source/Cowarie_Station), [Mulka](/source/Mulka_Station), Lake Howitt, and [Lake Hope](/source/Lake_Hope_(South_Australia)); south to [Lake Gregory](/source/Lake_Gregory_(South_Australia)) and Clayton River and low country north of [Mount Freeling](/source/Yudnamutana%2C_South_Australia)." ([Tindale 1974](#CITEREFTindale1974), p. 211)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** "In a communication received from the Rev. H. Vogelsang, of the Lutheran Mission, Kopperamana, during the preparation of this work for the press, he says — 'The question 'Minna murdu?' is connected with eating and with hospitality. For instance, when a stranger blackfellow arrives here, the question is, *Minna murdu*? – 'what are you?', Kangaroo, or Rat, or Mouse, or whatever else it may be. All those of the same name go to the same camp, eat together, live together, even lend each other their women.'" ([Fison & Howitt 1880](#CITEREFFisonHowitt1880), p. 52, note)

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2007_1-0)** [Bauer 2007](#CITEREFBauer2007).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin20142_2-0)** [Austin 2014](#CITEREFAustin2014), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin20143–4_3-0)** [Austin 2014](#CITEREFAustin2014), pp. 3–4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin20145_4-0)** [Austin 2014](#CITEREFAustin2014), p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisonHowitt188055_5-0)** [Fison & Howitt 1880](#CITEREFFisonHowitt1880), p. 55.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendon198817–18_6-0)** [Kendon 1988](#CITEREFKendon1988), pp. 17–18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendon198848_7-0)** [Kendon 1988](#CITEREFKendon1988), p. 48.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974211_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974211_8-1) [Tindale 1974](#CITEREFTindale1974), p. 211.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowitt190444–45_9-0)** [Howitt 1904](#CITEREFHowitt1904), pp. 44–45.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorn197141_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorn197141_10-1) [Korn 1971](#CITEREFKorn1971), p. 41.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin20041491_12-0)** [Austin 2004](#CITEREFAustin2004), p. 1491.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879259_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879259_13-1) [Gason 1879](#CITEREFGason1879), p. 259.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorn197142_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorn197142_14-1) [Korn 1971](#CITEREFKorn1971), p. 42.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason187913_16-0)** [Gason 1879](#CITEREFGason1879), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisonHowitt188025_17-0)** [Fison & Howitt 1880](#CITEREFFisonHowitt1880), p. 25.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879260_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879260_18-1) [Gason 1879](#CITEREFGason1879), p. 260.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879_19-0)** [Gason 1879](#CITEREFGason1879).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879160–161_20-0)** [Gason 1879](#CITEREFGason1879), pp. 160–161.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowitt190443_21-0)** [Howitt 1904](#CITEREFHowitt1904), p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorn197139_22-0)** [Korn 1971](#CITEREFKorn1971), p. 39.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochHercusKelly2018141–142_23-0)** [Koch, Hercus & Kelly 2018](#CITEREFKochHercusKelly2018), pp. 141–142.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGason1879258_24-0)** [Gason 1879](#CITEREFGason1879), p. 258.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [https://dieri.org.au/](https://dieri.org.au/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin20148–9_26-0)** [Austin 2014](#CITEREFAustin2014), pp. 8–9.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaul2016244_27-0)** [McCaul 2016](#CITEREFMcCaul2016), p. 244.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaul2016245_28-0)** [McCaul 2016](#CITEREFMcCaul2016), p. 245.

## Sources

- [Austin, Peter](/source/Peter_Austin_(linguist)) (2004). ["Diyari (Pama-Nyungan)"](https://books.google.com/books?id=l7UWMZq7FGIC&pg=PA1491). In Booij, G. E.; Lehmann, Christian; Mugdan, Joachim (eds.). *Morphologie: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Flexion und Wortbildung*. Vol. 2. [Walter de Gruyter](/source/Walter_de_Gruyter). pp. 1490–1500. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-110-17278-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-17278-2).

- [Austin, Peter](/source/Peter_Austin_(linguist)) (2014). ["And still they speak Diyari: the life history of an endangered language"](http://win.ethnorema.it/pdf/numero%2010/03%20Austin.pdf) (PDF). *Ethnorema*. **10**: 1–17.

- Bauer, Laurie (2007). *The Linguistics Student's Handbook*. [Edinburgh University Press](/source/Edinburgh_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0748627592](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748627592).

- [Berndt, Ronald Murray](/source/Ronald_Berndt); Vogelsang, T. (1939). *Notes on the Dieri tribe of South Australia*. [Royal Society of South Australia](/source/Royal_Society_of_South_Australia).

- [Berndt, Ronald Murray](/source/Ronald_Berndt); Vogelsang, T. (1941). *The Initiation of Native-doctors, Dieri Tribe, South Australia*. [South Australian Museum](/source/South_Australian_Museum).

- [Fison, Lorimer](/source/Lorimer_Fison); [Howitt, Alfred William](/source/Alfred_William_Howitt) (1880). [*Kamilaroi and Kurnai*](https://archive.org/download/kamilaroikurnaig00fiso/kamilaroikurnaig00fiso.pdf) (PDF). Melbourne: [G Robinson](/source/George_Robertson_(bookseller)).

- [Fison, Lorimer](/source/Lorimer_Fison); [Taplin, George](/source/George_Taplin) (1879). [*Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines*](https://archive.org/download/folkloremannersc00taplrich/folkloremannersc00taplrich.pdf) (PDF). Adelaide: E Spiller, Acting Government Printer. pp. 28–29.

- Gason, Samuel (1879) [First published 1874]. ["The Dieyerie tribe of Australian Aborigines"](https://archive.org/details/nativetribessou00taplgoog). In Woods, J. D. (ed.). *Native Tribes of South Australia*. Adelaide: E. S. Wigg & Son. pp. 253–307.

- [Howitt, Alfred William](/source/Alfred_William_Howitt) (1891). ["The Dieri and Other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia"](https://zenodo.org/record/2000996). *[The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland](/source/Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland)*. **20**: 30–104. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2842347](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2842347). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2842347](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2842347).

- [Howitt, Alfred William](/source/Alfred_William_Howitt) (1904). [*The native tribes of south-east Australia*](https://archive.org/stream/nativetribesofso00howiuof). [Macmillan Publishers](/source/Macmillan_Publishers).

- [Howitt, Alfred William](/source/Alfred_William_Howitt); Siebert, Otto (January–June 1904). "Legends of the Dieri and Kindred Tribes of Central Australia". *[The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland](/source/Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland)*. **34**: 100–129. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2843089](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843089). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2843089](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843089).

- Kendon, Adam (1988). [*Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YonNUqqnIRkC&pg=PA17). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-36008-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36008-1).

- Koch, Harold; [Hercus, Luise](/source/Luise_Hercus); Kelly, Piers (2018). "Moiety Names in South-Eastern Australia: Distribution and Reconstructed History". In McConvell, Patrick; Kelly, Piers; Lacrampe, Sébastian (eds.). [*Skin, kin and clan: the dynamics of social categories in indigenous Australia*](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324240235) (pdf). [Australian National University Press](/source/Australian_National_University_Press). pp. 139–178.

- Korn, Francis (1971). ["Terminology and "Structure": The Dieri Case"](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90002791). *Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde*. **127** (1): 39–81. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/22134379-90002791](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90002791). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [27861162](https://www.jstor.org/stable/27861162).

- [Lévi-Strauss, Claude](/source/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss) (1969). *The Elementary Structures of Kinship*. [Beacon Press](/source/Beacon_Press).

- McCaul, Kim (2016). ["The making of a Simpson Desert clever man"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315711012). In [Austin, Peter K.](/source/Peter_Austin_(linguist)); Koch, Harold; Simpson, Jane (eds.). *Language, Land and Song*. London: EL Publishing. pp. 344–357.

- [Tindale, Norman Barnett](/source/Norman_Tindale) (1974). ["Dieri (SA)"](http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/dieri.htm). *Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names*. Australian National University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-708-10741-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6).

- Trefry, David (1970). "The phonological word in Dieri". In Laycock, D. C. (ed.). *Linguistic trends in Australia*. [AIATSIS](/source/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies). pp. 65–73.

## Further reading

- [Dieri Aboriginal Corporation](https://www.nativetitle.org.au/find/pbc/3890) Dieri Native Title Claims info

v t e Aboriginal peoples of South Australia Peoples Adnyamathanha Antakirinja Arabana Barngarla Bodaruwitj Bungandidj Dhirari Dieri Jarildekald, (including the Mulbarapa) Karangura Kaurna Kokatha Kuyani Malyangapa Maralinga Tjarutja Mardidjali Meintangk Mirning Narungga Nauo Ngaanyatjarra Ngadjuri Ngayawang Ngalia Ngameni Ngangaruku Ngaralda Ngarkat Ngarrindjeri Ngawadj Ngintait Ngurunta Nukunu Peramangk Pilatapa Pitjantjatjara Portaulun Ramindjeri Tanganekald Thangkaali Wailpi Warki Western Desert people Wirangu Wongkanguru Yandruwandha Yankunytjatjara Yardliyawara Yarluyandi Yawarrawarrka Yirawirung Communities APY Lands: Amaṯa Iltur Indulkana Kalka Kaltjiti (Fregon) Kaṉpi Makiri Mimili Mintabie Nyapaṟi Pipalyatjara Pukatja (Ernabella) Umuwa Watarru Yunyarinyi Other: Akenta (Poonindie) Davenport (Umeewarra) Gerard Koonibba Manunka Nepabunna Oak Valley Point Pearce Raukkan (Point McLeay) Swan Reach Yalata Former: Colebrook Killalpaninna Ooldea Notable people Ian Abdulla Josie Agius Jimmy Baker Maringka Baker Poltpalingada Booboorowie (Tom Walker) Richie Bray Jack Buckskin Iris Burgoyne Peter Burgoyne Shaun Burgoyne Hector Burton Kevin Buzzacott Malcolm Cooper Vince Copley Nyakul Dawson Deadly Nannas Gladys Elphick Stevie Goldsmith Adam Goodes Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin Cecil Graham Colin Graham Michael Graham Ruby Hammond Ruby Hunter Ivaritji Tjungkara Ken Kudnarto Natascha McNamara Patty Mills Betty Muffler Douglas Nicholls Lewis O'Brien Lowitja O'Donoghue Michael O'Loughlin Alitya Rigney Frances Rings Nura Rupert Tauto Sansbury Eileen Yaritja Stevens Moogy Sumner Faith Thomas David Unaipon James Unaipon Gavin Wanganeen Natasha Wanganeen Ginger Wikilyiri Norah Wilson Chad Wingard Tjayanka Woods Organisations Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Aṉangu schools Koonibba Football Club Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa Maralinga Tjarutja Nunga Court Tauondi Aboriginal College List of Aboriginal schools Religion and culture Arkaroo Dreamtime (muda, mura-mura, tjukurrpa, etc.) Tjilbruke Muldjewangk Ngiṉṯaka Wati-kutjara Indigenous protected areas: Watarru Mount Willoughby Co-managed protected areas: Dhilba Guuranda-Innes Elliot Price Conservation Park Gawler Ranges National Park Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part) Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park Lake Gairdner National Park Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park Innamincka Regional Reserve Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park Mamungari Conservation Park Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area Nullarbor Regional Reserve Pureba Conservation Park Strzelecki Regional Reserve Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park Witjira National Park Yumbarra Conservation Park Languages Adnyamathanha Antakirinja Arabana Barngarla Dieri Kaurna Narungga Ngadjuri Ngamini (Yarluyandi) Ngarrindjeri Paakantyi Wangkangurru Western Desert language (dialects: Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara) Wirangu Yandruwandha Yarli (Malyangapa) Yuyu Language groups: Lower Murray languages Thura-Yura languages Sign languages Words: Aṉangu (Western Desert language) Nunga (Aboriginal English) Laws Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 Aboriginal Witnesses Act Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 Laws concerning Indigenous Australians Letters Patent Cases: List of native title claims in South Australia History Aboriginal reserve Aborigines' Friends' Association Aborigines Protection Board Australian frontier wars Avenue Range Station massacre British colonisation of South Australia British nuclear tests at Maralinga (Royal Commission) Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy (Royal Commission) History of South Australia Maria massacre Native School Protector of Aborigines Royal Commission on the Aborigines St Francis House Stolen Generations (Federal Parliamentary inquiry)) United Aborigines Mission Waterloo Bay massacre By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Diyari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyari) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyari?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.