# Disymphia

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Species of fish

Mud carp Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Suborder: Cyprinoidei Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Disymphia Endruweit, 2025 Species: D. molitorella Binomial name Disymphia molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) Synonyms Leuciscus molitorella Valenciennes, 1844 Labeo molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) Leuciscus chevanella Valenciennes, 1844 Cirrhinus chinensis Günther, 1868 Labeo garnieri Sauvage, 1884 Labeo jordani Oshima, 1919 Cirrhinus melanostigma Fowler & Bean, 1922 Labeo melanostigma (Fowler & Bean, 1922) Labeo collaris Nichols & Pope, 1927 Labeo pingi Wu, 1931

***Disymphia molitorella*** (**mud carp** or **dace**) is a species of [ray-finned fish](/source/Ray-finned_fish) in a monospecific genus found mainly in southern [China](/source/China) and [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam).

## History

The mud carp is a native Asian freshwater fish with a broad distribution from the [Mekong River](/source/Mekong_River) to the [Pearl River](/source/Pearl_River_(China)) deltas, inhabiting lakes, rivers and reservoirs.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Mud carp cultivation was introduced to China during the [Tang dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty) (618–907 AD) as a substitute for [common carp](/source/Common_carp), as the common carp was forbidden to fish due to a ban.[2] [Chinese aquaculture](/source/Aquaculture_in_China) farmers adapted by raising mud carp, which were bottom feeders, in [polyculture](/source/Polyculture) with top-feeding [grass carp](/source/Grass_carp), while [silver carp](/source/Silver_carp) or [bighead carp](/source/Bighead_carp) lived and fed in the middle depths.[3]

## Habitat

Mud carp is typically a subtropical fish.[4] The mud carp is found in the mud and [Mekong River](/source/Mekong_River) and [Pearl River](/source/Pearl_River_(China)) delta, as well as bodies of freshwater along these two rivers.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] In China's [Guangdong](/source/Guangdong) [province](/source/Province) and [Guangxi](/source/Guangxi) [autonomous region](/source/Autonomous_region), mud carp makes up about 30% of the freshwater fish population.[5]

The fish has been introduced to [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), [Singapore](/source/Singapore), [Japan](/source/Japan), [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan), and [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong).[2]

Within China the fish is raised on fish farms.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Dispersion

The mud carp is native to [Southern China](/source/Southern_China) and parts of [Mainland Southeast Asia](/source/Mainland_Southeast_Asia). It is present in major river systems such as the [Pearl River](/source/Pearl_River_(China)), [Red River](/source/Red_River_(Asia)) (China/Vietnam), [Mekong River](/source/Mekong_River), and [Chao Phraya River](/source/Chao_Phraya_River).[2]

## Diet

Mud carp is an omnivore and mainly consumes water plants or insects. Farm raised carp are fed pellets.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Culinary use

[Fried dace with salted black beans](/source/Fried_dace_with_salted_black_beans)

Due to low cost of production, the fish is mainly consumed by the poor and locally consumed; it is mostly sold live and eaten fresh, but can be dried and salted.[2] Increased fishing has threatened wild populations of mud carp.[1]

The fish is sometimes canned (typically as [fried dace with salted black beans](/source/Fried_dace_with_salted_black_beans)) or processed as fish cakes, fish balls [6] or dumplings. They can be found for retail sale within China and throughout the [Chinese diaspora](/source/Overseas_Chinese).[2] Canned dace from China has periodically been found to carry traces of [malachite green](/source/Malachite_green), a carcinogenic antimicrobial banned for use in food.[7][8][9]

## See also

- [Dace](/source/Dace_(disambiguation))

- [Common carp](/source/Common_carp)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1) Nguyen, T.H.T.; Van, N.S.; Thinh, D.V. (2011). ["*Cirrhinus molitorella*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/166016/6168828). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2011** e.T166016A6168828. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T166016A6168828.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T166016A6168828.en). Retrieved 15 August 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fao-species-information_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fao-species-information_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fao-species-information_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fao-species-information_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-fao-species-information_2-4) Z., Xinping (7 April 2006). ["Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Cirrhinus molitorella"](https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/culturedspecies/cirrhinus_molitorella/en). *FAO Fisheries Division [online]*. Rome: FAO Fisheries Division. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFagan2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbUQzDwAAQBAJpgPT287_Ch._17]_3-0)** [Fagan 2017](#CITEREFFagan2017), [Ch. 17](https://books.google.com/books?id=bUQzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFAO1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidf5hQjhu07r0CpgPA15_15]_4-0)** [FAO 1983](#CITEREFFAO1983), p. [15](https://books.google.com/books?id=f5hQjhu07r0C&pg=PA15).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERath2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQ8k4DwAAQBAJpgPA22_22]_5-0)** [Rath 2011](#CITEREFRath2011), p. [22](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8k4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Carp Family"](http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/sf_carpz.html). *Clovegarden*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FDA-IA16-131_7-0)** ["Detention Without Physical Examination of Aquacultured, Shrimp, Dace, and Eel from China-Presence of New Animal Drugs and/or Unsafe Food Additives"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091008220141/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_33.html). United States FDA. 2020-09-30. Archived from [the original](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/CMS_IA/importalert_33.html) on October 8, 2009. Retrieved 2020-11-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2015-malachite_8-0)** ["CFS finds traces of malachite green in two tinned fried dace samples"](https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201508/29/P201508290843.htm) (Press release). Hong Kong. Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety. 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2019-malachite_9-0)** ["CFS finds traces of malachite green in canned fried dace sample"](https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201909/19/P2019091900555.htm) (Press release). Hong Kong. Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety. 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

## Bibliography

- [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["*Cirrhinus molitorella*"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Cirrhinus&speciesname=molitorella). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*.

- Rath, Rajendra Kumar (2011). [*Freshwater aquaculture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8k4DwAAQBAJ) (3rd revised and enlarged ed.). Scientific Publishers (India). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-7233-694-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7233-694-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1138534747](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1138534747).

- [*Freshwater aquaculture development in China*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f5hQjhu07r0C) (Technical report). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. Vol. 215 (published 1983). 22 April – 20 May 1980. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [92-5-101113-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-101113-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [10455698](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10455698).

- Fagan, Brian (2017). [*Fishing: How the sea fed civilization*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bUQzDwAAQBAJ). [Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-21534-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21534-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [978291325](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978291325).

## External links

- [FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Cirrhinus molitorella](http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Cirrhinus_molitorella/en)

v t e Carp Carp groups Cyprinidae (the carp family) Asian carp True carp species African carp Bighead carp Black carp Catla Carnatic carp Chinese mud carp Common carp (European carp) Crucian carp Deccan white carp Fringed-lipped peninsula carp Giant salmon carp Goldfish Grass carp Hora white carp Japanese crucian carp Koi Krishna carp Mirror carp Mrigal carp Mud carp Nile carp Pigmouth carp Predatory carp Prussian carp Reba carp Sabre carp Siamese giant carp Siamese mud carp Silver carp Smallscale mud carp Other carp species Sea carp Diseases Carp lice Koi herpes virus Spring viraemia of carp Recreational fishing Carp fishing Redmire pool Chod rig Hair rig Yateley Complex Boilie Eliburn Reservoir Carp anglers Richard Walker Chris Yates As food Fisherman's soup Gefilte fish Kuai Taramosalata Related topics Benson Total Carp Carp streamers The Adventures of Little Carp Daughterless Carp Project Aquaculture in China Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Koi pond Goldfish pond

Taxon identifiers Cirrhinus molitorella Wikidata: Q139513 Wikispecies: Cirrhinus molitorella BOLD: 503587 CoL: VGTJ EoL: 206617 FishBase: 49051 GBIF: 5206449 iNaturalist: 97878 IRMNG: 11229035 ITIS: 688897 IUCN: 166016 NCBI: 172907 Open Tree of Life: 545616 Plazi: CE7FFF85-7A25-8B70-CC3F-0E7A85BBD177 TaiCOL: t0030546 WoRMS: 1026709

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Disymphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disymphia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disymphia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.