# DirectCompute

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Application programming interface from Microsoft

**Microsoft DirectCompute** is an [application programming interface](/source/Application_programming_interface) (API) that supports running [compute kernels](/source/Compute_kernel) on [general-purpose computing on graphics processing units](/source/GPGPU) on Microsoft's [Windows Vista](/source/Windows_Vista), [Windows 7](/source/Windows_7) and later versions. DirectCompute is part of the [Microsoft DirectX](/source/Microsoft_DirectX) collection of APIs, and was initially released with the [DirectX 11](/source/DirectX_11) API but runs on graphics processing units that use either [DirectX 10](/source/DirectX_10) or DirectX 11.[1] The DirectCompute architecture shares a range of computational interfaces with its competitors: [OpenCL](/source/OpenCL) from [Khronos Group](/source/Khronos_Group), compute shaders in [OpenGL](/source/OpenGL), and [CUDA](/source/CUDA) from [NVIDIA](/source/NVIDIA).

The DirectCompute API brings enhanced multi-threading capabilities to leverage the emerging advanced compute resources.[2] The API is designed for non-graphical applications to access and use [GPU](/source/Graphics_processing_unit) resources.[3]

## Compute Pipeline

The Compute pipeline is a type of [graphics pipeline](/source/Graphics_pipeline) used for dispatching and executing compute [shaders](/source/Shader). Compute pipelines are run through compute [command lists](/source/Display_list), which are restricted to recording only copy and compute commands. Compute shaders are used for general-purpose algorithms and computations, and are run through parallel [processors](/source/Processor_(computing)) on the GPU. This parallel execution model done by the compute pipeline is organized into a dispatch, thread groups, and [threads](/source/Thread_(computing)). The dispatch is a 3-dimensional container of thread groups, and a thread group is a 3-dimensional container of threads.[4] Thread groups are ran on the GPU in *waves.*[5]

This pipeline allows for workloads to be easily sent to the GPU without the need for restructuring all of a program's code.[6]

A typical compute pipeline contains a read-only shader resource view as an input, constant buffer views for additional resource constants, and an unordered access view for an output. It is important to set the resource states of these resources in order to improve performance.[7]

## Example code

The initialization of the compute pipeline involves creating the root signature, reading the compute shader, and creating the pipeline state object.

// Set the root signature
CD3DX12_VERSIONED_ROOT_SIGNATURE_DESC root_signature_desc{
    1, root_parameters,
    0, nullptr
};

// Serialize the root signature
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3DBlob> root_signature_blob{nullptr};
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3DBlob> error_blob{nullptr};
D3DX12SerializeVersionedRootSignature(
    &root_signature_desc, D3D_ROOT_SIGNATURE_VERSION_1_1,
    root_signature_blob.GetAddressOf(), error_blob.GetAddressOf()
);

// Create the root signature
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D12RootSignature> root_signature{nullptr};
device->CreateRootSignature(
    0, root_signature_blob->GetBufferPointer(),
    root_signature_blob->GetBufferSize(),
    IID_PPV_ARGS(root_signature.GetAddressOf())
);

// Read the compute shader
Windows::WRL::ComPtr<ID3DBlob> compute_shader{nullptr};
D3DReadFileToBlob(L"C:/path/to/compute/shader", compute_shader.GetAddressOf());

// Create the compute pipeline state object (PSO)
struct PipelineStateStream {
    CD3DX12_PIPELINE_STATE_STREAM_ROOT_SIGNATURE root_signature;
    CD3DX12_PIPELINE_STATE_STREAM_CS compute_shader;
} pipeline_state_stream;

// Setting the root signature and the compute shader to the PSO
pipeline_state_stream.root_signature = root_signature.Get();
pipeline_state_stream.compute_shader = CD3DX12_SHADER_BYTECODE{compute_shader.Get()};

D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_STREAM_DESC pipeline_state_stream_desc{
    sizeof(PipelineStateStream), &pipeline_state_stream
};

// Create pipeline state
device->CreatePipelineState(
    &pipeline_state_stream_desc,
    IID_PPV_ARGS(pipeline_state_stream.GetAddressOf())
);

After the initialization of the compute pipeline, every frame, the pipeline state must be set, the compute root signature must be set, and the dispatch is run.

command_list->SetPipelineState(pipeline_state);
command_list->SetComputeRootSignature(root_signature);
command_list->Dispatch(groups_x, groups_y, groups_z);

## See also

- [OpenCL](/source/OpenCL)

- [CUDA](/source/CUDA)

- [C++ AMP](/source/C%2B%2B_AMP)

- [Graphics Processing Unit](/source/Graphics_Processing_Unit)

## Further reading

- [Compute Shaders in D3D12](https://logins.github.io/graphics/2020/10/31/D3D12ComputeShaders.html)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["DirectCompute"](https://developer.nvidia.com/directcompute). *developer.nvidia.com*. [NVIDIA](/source/NVIDIA). 28 September 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** James, Dave; Chiapetta, Marco. ["The Directx Evolution"](https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=108366162&site=eds-live&scope=site) (PDF). *Maximum PC*. **19** (8): 52–59. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1522-4279](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-4279). Retrieved 2024-08-07 – via MasterFILE Complete.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Mohr, Neil. ["Beyond Graphics with Gpgpus: Maximum PC"](https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=131014389&site=eds-live&scope=site). *Maximum PC*: 46–51. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1522-4279](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-4279) – via MasterFILE Complete.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Young, Eric (2010-09-20). ["DirectCompute - Optimizations and Best Practices"](https://www.nvidia.com/content/gtc-2010/pdfs/2260_gtc2010.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2024-02-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Lively, David; Gruen, Holger (2017-03-03). ["Wave Programming in D3D12 and Vulkan"](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/GDC2017-Wave-Programming-D3D12-Vulkan.pdf) (PDF). *gpuopen*. Retrieved 2024-02-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Graham-Smith, Darien (September 2021). ["The Return of GPU Computing"](https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=151222838&site=eds-live&scope=site). *PCPro* (323): 44–47. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1355-4603](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-4603). Retrieved 2024-06-10 – via MasterFILE Complete.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Kramer, Lou (2022-07-22). ["Compute Shaders"](https://gpuopen.com/presentations/2021/ComputeShaders-final.pdf) (PDF). *gpuopen*. Retrieved 2024-03-11.

## External links

- [Compute Shader Overview](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff476331%28v=VS.85%29.aspx)

- [DirectCompute Lecture Series](https://channel9.msdn.com/Tags/directcompute-lecture-series)

- [Advanced DirectX 11: DirectCompute by Example](http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1013698/Advanced-DirectX-11-DirectCompute-by)

- [GTC On-Demand](http://on-demand-gtc.gputechconf.com/gtcnew/on-demand-gtc.php?searchByKeyword=DirectCompute&searchItems=&sessionTopic=&sessionEvent=&sessionYear=&sessionFormat=&submit=&select=+)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [DirectCompute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectCompute) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectCompute?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.