# Dirce

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Greek mythological Theban princess

For the geometer moth genus, see [*Dirce* (moth)](/source/Dirce_(moth)).

The punishment of Dirce on a [Lucanian red-figure](/source/Lucanian_vase_painting) [pelike](/source/Pelike) from [Policoro](/source/Policoro) (ancient [Herakleia](/source/Heraclea_(Lucania))), c. 400 BCE

**Dirce** ([/ˈdɜːrsiː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Δίρκη, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek): *Dírkē*, [lit.](/source/Literal_translation) 'double' or 'cleft', pronounced [\[dírkɛː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek), modern Greek [\[ˈðirci\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek),) was a queen of Thebes as the wife of [Lycus](/source/Lycus_(brother_of_Nycteus)) in [Greek mythology](/source/Greek_mythology).

## Family

Dirce was a daughter of the [river-gods](/source/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)) [Achelous](/source/Achelous)[1] or [Ismenus](/source/Ismenus),[2] or of [Helios](/source/Helios).[3]

## Mythology

Amphion and Zethus subject Dirce to the bull, from the [House of the Vettii](/source/House_of_the_Vettii), [Pompeii](/source/Pompeii), 1st century CE

After [Zeus](/source/Zeus) impregnated Dirce's niece-by-marriage [Antiope](/source/Antiope_(mother_of_Amphion)), the latter fled in shame to King [Epopeus](/source/Epopeus) of [Sicyon](/source/Sicyon), but was brought back by Lycus through force, giving birth to the twins [Amphion and Zethus](/source/Amphion_and_Zethus) on the way. Lycus gave Antiope to Dirce. Dirce hated Antiope and treated her cruelly, until Antiope, after many years, escaped.[4]

In [Euripides](/source/Euripides)'s lost play *Antiope*, Antiope flees back to the cave where she gave birth to Amphion and Zethus; they are now living there as young men. They disbelieve her claim to be their mother and refuse her pleas for sanctuary, but when Dirce comes to find Antiope and orders her to be killed, the twins are convinced by the shepherd who raised them that Antiope is their mother. They kill Dirce by tying her to the horns of a bull.

Dirce was devoted to the god [Dionysus](/source/Dionysus), who caused a spring to flow where she died, either at [Mount Cithaeron](/source/Mount_Cithaeron) or at [Thebes](/source/Thebes%2C_Greece), and it was a local tradition for the outgoing Theban [hipparch](/source/Hipparch) to swear in his successor at her tomb.[5] In [Statius](/source/Statius)'s *[Thebaid](/source/Thebaid_(Latin_poem))*, the spring is a symbol of [Thebes](/source/Thebes%2C_Greece), and its name is often used metonymically to refer to the city itself.

## In Roman culture

The Farnese Bull

The death of Dirce is depicted in a marble statue known as the [Farnese Bull](/source/Farnese_Bull), which is now in the collections of the [National Archaeological Museum](/source/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum) in [Naples](/source/Naples). The colossal piece, a first-century-AD Roman copy of a second-century-BC [Hellenistic](/source/Hellenistic) Greek original, was first excavated in the 16th century in the [Baths of Caracalla](/source/Baths_of_Caracalla). Some scholars identify it with the statue group mentioned in Pliny's *Natural History*, but this is disputed.

*A Christian Dirce*, by [Henryk Siemiradzki](/source/Henryk_Siemiradzki).

This scene was recreated in spectacles in the Roman arena.

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Euripides](/source/Euripides), *[Bacchae](/source/The_Bacchae)* 519

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Callimachus](/source/Callimachus), *Hymn 4 to Delos* 77; Euripides, *[Heracles](/source/Heracles)* 784; [Nonnus](/source/Nonnus), 44.10;

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Bell, s. v. [Dirce (1)](https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/168/mode/2up?view=theater)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), [3.5.5](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.5.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022); [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), [9.25.3](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.25.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Tripp, p. 213.

## References

- [Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), *The Library* with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022) [Greek text available from the same website](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021).

- [Callimachus](/source/Callimachus), *Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair*, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. Internet Archive

- Callimachus, *Works*. A.W. Mair. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. [Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0481).

- [Euripides](/source/Euripides), *The Tragedies of Euripides* translated by T. A. Buckley. Bacchae. London. Henry G. Bohn. 1850. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0092)

- Euripides, *Euripidis Fabulae.* *vol. 3*. Gilbert Murray. Oxford. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1913. [Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0091).

- Euripides, *[Heracles](/source/Herakles_(Euripides))*, translated by E. P. Coleridge in *The Complete Greek Drama*, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0102%3Acard%3D1)

- Euripides, *Euripidis Fabulae.* *vol. 2*. Gilbert Murray. Oxford. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1913. [Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0101%3Acard%3D1)

- [Nonnus of Panopolis](/source/Nonnus), *[Dionysiaca](/source/Dionysiaca)* translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. [Online version at the Topos Text Project.](https://topostext.org/work/529)

- Nonnus of Panopolis, *Dionysiaca. 3 Vols.* W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940–1942. [Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0485).

- [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), *Description of Greece* with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-674-99328-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99328-4). [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160)

- Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio.* *3 vols*. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. [Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159).

- [Publius Papinius Statius](/source/Statius)*, [The Thebaid](/source/Thebaid_(Latin_poem))* translated by John Henry Mozley. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. [Online version at the Topos Text Project.](https://topostext.org/work/149)

- Publius Papinius Statius, *The Thebaid. Vol I-II*. John Henry Mozley. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1928. [Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0498)

- Tripp, Edward. *Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology*. New York: Thomas Crowell Press, 1970.

## External links

- Images of Dirce in the [Warburg Institute Iconographic Database](http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=868) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025435/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=868) 2016-03-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dirce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirce) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirce?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.