# Diorygma

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Genus of lichens

Diorygma Diorygma antillarum found in Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Florida Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Graphidales Family: Graphidaceae Genus: Diorygma Eschw. (1824) Type species Diorygma tinctorium Eschw. (1824) Species See text Synonyms[1] Cyclographina D.D.Awasthi (1979)

***Diorygma*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae). The genus was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by [Franz Gerhard Eschweiler](/source/Franz_Gerhard_Eschweiler) in 1824.[2] Species of the genus are widely distributed in [tropical](/source/Tropical) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropical) regions of the world. These lichens form paint-like [crusts](/source/Crustose_lichen) on bark and rock that range from chalky white to light green, with elongated, pencil-like slits containing their [spores](/source/Spore) that may flex and branch across the surface. The genus was established in 1824 for tropical [script lichens](/source/Script_lichen) with large, many-celled [spores](/source/Spore), but [molecular](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) studies in the 2000s and 2010s expanded it significantly by transferring species from other genera and revealing new diversity.

## Taxonomy

The name *Diorygma* was coined by [Franz Gerhard Eschweiler](/source/Franz_Gerhard_Eschweiler) in 1824 for a group of neotropical [script lichens](/source/Script_lichen) in the family [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae) that have large, many-celled ([muriform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#muriform)) spores and a thin, naked [hymenium](/source/Hymenium).[2] [Elias Fries](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries) accepted the genus in 1825—likening it to what is now *[Arthonia](/source/Arthonia)*—but made no additional [combinations](/source/Combinatio_nova). Eschweiler himself broadened the concept in 1833 by adding several species that subsequent work has reassigned to *[Fissurina](/source/Fissurina)* and *[Platythecium](/source/Platythecium)*. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, [Johannes Müller Argoviensis](/source/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_Argoviensis) erected the genus *[Graphina](/source/Graphina)* for [muriform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#muriform)-spored taxa, retaining a handful of *Diorygma* species within his [sections](/source/Section_(botany)) *Platygraphina* and *Platygrammina*, thereby narrowing the scope of Eschweiler's original [taxon](/source/Taxon).[3]

Interest in the group revived in the twentieth century. [Dharani Dhar Awasthi](/source/Dharani_Dhar_Awasthi) and Mamta Joshi, while revising *[Helminthocarpon](/source/Helminthocarpon)* in 1979, recognised that these lirellate lichens formed a discrete [lineage](/source/Lineage_(evolution)), but instead of resurrecting Eschweiler's name they introduced *Cyclographina*. In a comprehensive [monograph](/source/Monograph) of 2002, [Bettina Staiger](/source/Bettina_Staiger) restored *Diorygma* for this assemblage and, on the basis of its rather unusual tissue organisation, suggested that it might fall outside the core Graphidaceae. Subsequent [molecular](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) analyses have confirmed that *Diorygma* does indeed belong within that family and have expanded its limits to include species with either single-spored, muriform asci or with spores divided only by transverse walls.[3]

## Description

Species of *Diorygma* form a [crustose](/source/Crustose_lichen) (tightly adherent, paint-like) [thallus](/source/Thallus) that ranges in hue from chalky white or cream to light olive-grey or green. The surface is generally dull and may be uneven, slightly wrinkled, or minutely warted; fine cracks are common. Unlike many other [script lichens](/source/Script_lichen), the thallus lacks special powdery [propagules](/source/Propagule) ([soralia](/source/Soralia) or [isidia](/source/Isidia)). A true outer "skin" ([pseudocortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#pseudocortex)) is poorly developed or absent, while the interior [medulla](/source/Medulla_(lichenology)) is white and often riddled with conspicuous crystal deposits. The embedded partner alga is *[Trentepohlia](/source/Trentepohlia_(alga))*, a filamentous [green alga](/source/Green_alga) that imparts a faint orange tinge when exposed.[4]

The [sexual](/source/Sexual_reproduction) fruit-bodies are [lirellae](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lirellae)—elongate, pencil-like slits that may flex and branch across the thallus. Their margins can be thick and swollen or remain almost flush with the surface, and the exposed [disc](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#disc) is usually brown, sometimes dusted with a whitish or yellowish bloom ([pruina](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#pruina)). Internally, the lateral wall ([exciple](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#exciple)) may be pale or blackened ("[carbonised](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#carbonised)") and often shows fine striations produced by repeated regrowth events. The [hymenium](/source/Hymenium)—the spore-producing layer—is clear and oil-free but [stains](/source/Staining) bluish-violet in [iodine](/source/Iodine) at its upper and outer portions. At its roof lies a tangle of gelatinous, net-like [paraphyses](/source/Paraphyses) that carry nodular tips and brown or colourless [granules](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#granules). Club-shaped [asci](/source/Ascus) have the so-called "*Graphis*-type" apex with a thickened inner cap, and they bear one to eight colourless [ascospores](/source/Ascospore). These spores are oblong with rounded ends, occasionally spindle-shaped, and show transverse walls (sometimes with additional vertical walls to give a brick-like, [muriform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#muriform) pattern); they measure roughly 15–250 × 5–60 μm and may turn blue-violet in iodine.[4]

[Asexual reproduction](/source/Asexual_reproduction) is rare and takes place in tiny [pycnidia](/source/Pycnidia) embedded in wart-like swellings about 0.1 mm across. These structures release minute, sausage-shaped to rod-shaped conidia 3.5–6 × 1–1.5 μm. Chemically, most species contain compounds of the [norstictic](/source/Norstictic_acid) or [stictic acid](/source/Stictic_acid) families, while others produce [protocetraric](/source/Protocetraric_acid)-series substances—[secondary metabolites](/source/Secondary_metabolite) that can aid in species identification through chemical [spot tests](/source/Spot_test_(lichen)) and [thin-layer chromatography](/source/Thin-layer_chromatography).[4]

## Species

As of June 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma&action=edit), [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) accepts 80 species of *Diorygma*.[5]

[Type specimen](/source/Type_(biology)) of *Diorygma isabellinum*

*Diorygma poitaei*, Amazon, Peru

- *[Diorygma aeolum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_aeolum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stirt.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2017)

- *[Diorygma africanum](/source/Diorygma_africanum)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[6]

- *[Diorygma agumbense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_agumbense&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Khadilkar (2012)[7] – India

- *[Diorygma alagoense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_alagoense&action=edit&redlink=1)* M.Cáceres & Lücking (2007)[8] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma albocinerascens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_albocinerascens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Makhija, Chitale & B.O.Sharma (2009)[9] – India

- *[Diorygma albovirescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_albovirescens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Makhija, Chitale & B.O.Sharma (2009)[9] – India

- *[Diorygma angusticarpum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_angusticarpum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma antillarum](/source/Diorygma_antillarum)* (Vain.) Nelsen, Lücking & Rivas Plata (2012)

- *[Diorygma archeri](/source/Diorygma_archeri)* S.Joshi & Hur (2013)[11] – Vietnam

- *[Diorygma australasicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_australasicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Elix) Lücking, Elix & A.W.Archer (2009)

- *[Diorygma basinigrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_basinigrum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Seavey & J.Seavey (2014)

- *[Diorygma cameroonense](/source/Diorygma_cameroonense)* Kalb (2020)[12] – Africa

- *[Diorygma chumphonense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_chumphonense&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma circumfusum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_circumfusum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stirt.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[13]

- *[Diorygma citri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_citri&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma confluens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_confluens&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fée) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[14]

- *[Diorygma conprotocetraricum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_conprotocetraricum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma dandeliense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_dandeliense&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Khadilkar (2012)[7] – India

- *[Diorygma dealbatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_dealbatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009) – India[15]

- *[Diorygma defectoisidiatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_defectoisidiatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)[16] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma epiglaucum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_epiglaucum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Müll.Arg.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[17]

- *[Diorygma erythrellum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_erythrellum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[18]

- *[Diorygma excipuloconvergentum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_excipuloconvergentum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Makhija, Chitale & B.O.Sharma (2009)[9] – India

- *[Diorygma extensum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_extensum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sipman (2014)[19]

- *[Diorygma fuscopruinosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_fuscopruinosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma fuscum](/source/Diorygma_fuscum)* Jian Li bis & Z.F.Jia (2016)[20] – China

- *[Diorygma guizhouense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_guizhouense&action=edit&redlink=1)* Wei Wu & S.B.Fu (2025)[21] – China

- *[Diorygma gyrosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_gyrosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)[16] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma hieroglyphicellum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_hieroglyphicellum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma hieroglyphicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_hieroglyphicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb (2004)

- *[Diorygma hololeucum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_hololeucum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[22]

- *[Diorygma hydei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_hydei&action=edit&redlink=1)* Wei Wu & S.B.Fu (2025)[21] – China

- *[Diorygma inaequale](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_inaequale&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009) – India[15]

- *[Diorygma incantatum](/source/Diorygma_incantatum)* S.C.Feuerst. & Eliasaro (2014)[23] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma inexpectatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_inexpectatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2013)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma intermedium](/source/Diorygma_intermedium)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[24]

- *[Diorygma isabellinum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_isabellinum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) Z.F.Jia & Lücking (2017)

- *[Diorygma isidiolichexanthonicum](/source/Diorygma_isidiolichexanthonicum)* Aptroot (2020)[25] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma junghuhnii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_junghuhnii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[26]

- *[Diorygma karnatakense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_karnatakense&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Khadilkar (2012)[7] – India

- *[Diorygma kurnoolense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_kurnoolense&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mohabe, Nayaka & A.M.Reddy (2015)[27] – India

- *[Diorygma leigongshanense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_leigongshanense&action=edit&redlink=1)* Wei Wu & S.B.Fu (2025)[21] – China

- *[Diorygma lichexanthonicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_lichexanthonicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)[16] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma locitonitrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_locitonitrum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Wei Wu & S.B.Fu (2025)[21] – China

- *[Diorygma longilirellatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_longilirellatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009)[28] – India

- *[Diorygma longisporum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_longisporum&action=edit&redlink=1)* E.L.Lima, M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2013)[29] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma macgregorii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_macgregorii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vain.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[30]

- *[Diorygma manipurense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_manipurense&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009) – India[15]

- *[Diorygma megaspermum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_megaspermum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Makhija, Chitale & B.O.Sharma (2009)[9] – India

- *[Diorygma megasporum](/source/Diorygma_megasporum)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[31]

- *[Diorygma megistosporum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_megistosporum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Makhija, Chitale & B.O.Sharma (2009)[9] – India

- *[Diorygma microsporum](/source/Diorygma_microsporum)* M.Cáceres & Lücking (2011)

- *[Diorygma minisporum](/source/Diorygma_minisporum)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[32]

- *[Diorygma monophorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_monophorum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[33]

- *[Diorygma nigricans](/source/Diorygma_nigricans)* Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)[34] – Peru

- *[Diorygma norsubmuriforme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_norsubmuriforme&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)[16] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma occultum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_occultum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Adaw. & Makhija) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2020)

- *[Diorygma panchganiense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_panchganiense&action=edit&redlink=1)* Makhija, Chitale & B.O.Sharma (2009)[9] – India

- *[Diorygma pauciseptatum](/source/Diorygma_pauciseptatum)* S.C.Feuerst., I.P.R.Cunha, Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014)[23] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma poitaei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_poitaei&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fée) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[35]

- *[Diorygma pruinosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_pruinosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Eschw.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[36]

- *[Diorygma radiatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_radiatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (D.D.Awasthi & S.R.Singh) Kr.P.Singh & Swarnal. (2008)

- *[Diorygma reniforme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_reniforme&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fée) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[37]

- *[Diorygma roseopruinatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_roseopruinatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Papong, Lücking & Parnmen (2014)[38] – New Caledonia

- *[Diorygma rufopruinosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_rufopruinosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.W.Archer) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[39]

- *[Diorygma rufosporum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_rufosporum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Patw. & C.R.Kulk.) B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009)[28] – India

- *[Diorygma rupicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_rupicola&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Khadilkar (2012)[7] – India

- *[Diorygma salazinicum](/source/Diorygma_salazinicum)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma salvadoriense](/source/Diorygma_salvadoriense)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[40]

- *[Diorygma salxanthonicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_salxanthonicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)[16] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma saxicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_saxicola&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009)[28] – India

- *[Diorygma sipmanii](/source/Diorygma_sipmanii)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[41]

- *[Diorygma soozanum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_soozanum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)

- *[Diorygma sophianum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_sophianum&action=edit&redlink=1)* E.L.Lima & Lücking (2019)[42] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma spilotum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_spilotum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stirt.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2017)

- *[Diorygma sticticum](/source/Diorygma_sticticum)* Sutjar., Kalb & Lücking (2011)

- *[Diorygma streimannii](/source/Diorygma_streimannii)* A.W.Archer & Elix (2017)[43] – Australia

- *[Diorygma subalbatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_subalbatum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Patw. & Makhija) B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009)[28] – India

- *[Diorygma subpruinosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_subpruinosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma talisense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_talisense&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2007)

- *[Diorygma thailandicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_thailandicum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sutjar. & Kalb (2014)[10] – Thailand

- *[Diorygma tibellii](/source/Diorygma_tibellii)* Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[44]

- *[Diorygma tocantinsense](/source/Diorygma_tocantinsense)* S.C.Feuerst., I.P.R.Cunha & Aptroot (2014)[23] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma toensbergianum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_toensbergianum&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2023)[16] – Brazil

- *[Diorygma tuberculosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_tuberculosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stirt.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (2004)[45]

- *[Diorygma upretii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_upretii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sipman (2018)[46]

- *[Diorygma verrucirimosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_verrucirimosum&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.O.Sharma & Makhija (2009) – India[15]

- *[Diorygma wallamanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_wallamanensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* A.W.Archer & Elix (2008)[47] – Australia

- *[Diorygma weii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_weii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Wei Wu & S.B.Fu (2025)[21] – China

- *[Diorygma wilsonianum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorygma_wilsonianum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer (2005)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Species_Fungorum_synonymy_1-0)** ["Synonymy. Current Name: *Diorygma* Eschw., Syst. Lich.: 25 (1824)"](http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=1593). [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum). Retrieved 30 June 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Eschweiler_1824_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Eschweiler_1824_2-1) Eschweiler, FG. (1824). *Systema Lichenum, Genera Exhibens rite distincta, Pluribus Novis Adaucta* (in Latin). J. L. Schrag. pp. 13, 24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004134_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004134_3-1) [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 134.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004141_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004141_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004141_4-2) [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 141.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CoL-Species_Fungorum_5-0)** Source dataset. [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. ["*Diorygma*"](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62R4N). *[Catalog of Life](/source/Catalog_of_Life) Version 2021-12-18*. Retrieved 17 June 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004144_6-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 144.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004145_13-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 145.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004146_14-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 146.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sharma_2009_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sharma_2009_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sharma_2009_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Sharma_2009_15-3) Sharma, B.; Makhija, U. (2009). ["Four new species in the lichen genus *Diorygma*"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0107/0087.htm). *[Mycotaxon](/source/Mycotaxon)*. **107**: 87–94. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5248/107.87](https://doi.org/10.5248%2F107.87).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_16-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_16-5) Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023). ["New species and records of Graphidaceae and Gomphillaceae (lichenized fungi) from Brazil"](https://doi.org/10.35535%2Fpfsyst-2023-0010). *Plant and Fungal Systematics*. **68** (2): 249–261. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0010](https://doi.org/10.35535%2Fpfsyst-2023-0010).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004148_17-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 148.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004150_18-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 150.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Wu_&_Fu_2025_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Wu_&_Fu_2025_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Wu_&_Fu_2025_21-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Wu_&_Fu_2025_21-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Wu_&_Fu_2025_21-4) Wu, Wei; Jiang, Shu‑Hao; Chai, Lin‑Shan; Bo, He‑Yun; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Fu, Shao‑Bin; Meng, Qing‑Feng (2025). ["Four new species of the lichen genus *Diorygma* (Graphidaceae, Ostropales) from Guizhou, China"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397770). *MycoKeys*. **121**: 111–142. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/mycokeys.121.157714](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fmycokeys.121.157714). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12397770](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397770).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004155_22-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 155.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Feuerstein_et_al._2014_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Feuerstein_et_al._2014_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Feuerstein_et_al._2014_23-2) Feuerstein, Shirley Cunha; Cunha-Dias, Iane Paula Rego; Aptroot, André; Eliasaro, Sionara; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2014). "Three new *Diorygma* (Graphidaceae) species from Brazil, with a revised world key". *The Lichenologist*. **46** (6): 753–761. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/s002428291400036x](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002428291400036x).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Mohabe_et_al._2015_27-0)** Mohabe, S.; Nayaka, S.; Reddy, A.M.; Anjali, B.D. (2015). "*Diorygma kurnoolensis* (Graphidaceae), a new saxicolous lichen species from Andhra Pradesh, India". *Geophytology*. **45** (1): 47–50.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sharma_&_Makhija_2009_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sharma_&_Makhija_2009_28-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sharma_&_Makhija_2009_28-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Sharma_&_Makhija_2009_28-3) Sharma, B.O.; Makhija, U. (2009). ["New species and new reports of *Diorygma* (lichenized Ascomycotina, Graphidaceae) from India"](https://doi.org/10.5248%2F109.209). *Mycotaxon*. **109**: 209–217. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5248/109.209](https://doi.org/10.5248%2F109.209).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-de_Lima_et_al._2013_29-0)** de Lima, Edvaneide Leandro; Maia, Leonor Costa; Aptroot, André; da Silva Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia (2013). "New lichen species from Vale do Catimbau, Pernambuco, Brazil". *The Bryologist*. **116** (4): 327–329. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-116.4.327](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-116.4.327).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalbStaigerElix2004160_31-0)** [Kalb, Staiger & Elix 2004](#CITEREFKalbStaigerElix2004), p. 160.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-de_Lima_et_al._2019_42-0)** de Lima, Edvaneide Leandro; Maia, Leonor Costa; Barroso Martins, Mônica Cristina; da Silva, Nicácio Lima; Lücking, Robert; da Silva Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia (2019). "Five new species of Graphidaceae from the Brazilian Northeast, with notes on *Diorygma alagoense*". *The Bryologist*. **122** (3): 414–422. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-122.3.414](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-122.3.414).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Archer_&_Elix_2017_43-0)** Archer, A.W.; Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species of *Diorygma* (Graphidaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia containing neotricone". *Australasian Lichenology*. **81**: 93–95.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sipman_2018_46-0)** Sipman, H.J.M. (2018). "*Diorygma upretii* spec. nov., a poleotolerant lichen in the tropics". *Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment*. Special volume (2018: 1–5.

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### Cited literature

- Kalb, K.; Staiger, B.; Elix, J.A. (2004). "A monograph of the lichen genus *Diorygma* – a first attempt". *Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses*. **34** (1): 133–181.

Taxon identifiers Diorygma Wikidata: Q5279571 Wikispecies: Diorygma AusLichen: 30017427 CoL: 62R4N EoL: 31597 GBIF: 2601673 iNaturalist: 462831 IndexFungorum: 1593 IRMNG: 1369631 MycoBank: 1593 NCBI: 299550 Open Tree of Life: 724039 SpeciesFungorum: 1593

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Diorygma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorygma) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorygma?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.