# Ding Chao > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ding_Chao > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ding_Chao.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Chao > Source revision: 1346614768 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Chinese general}} {{family name hatnote|[Ding (Ting)](/source/Ding_(surname))|lang=Chinese}} thumb|upright|Ding Chao '''Ding Chao'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Specific spelling may render 'Ding' as 'Ting' and 'Chao' as 'Zhao'}} ({{zh|c=丁超|w='''Ting Ch'ao'''}}; 1883 - 1950 or 1954) was a military general of the [Republic of China](/source/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)), known for his [defense of Harbin](/source/defense_of_Harbin) during the [Japanese invasion of Manchuria](/source/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria) in 1931 and 1932. He later defected to [Manchukuo](/source/Manchukuo) and served as the governor of [Tonghua](/source/Tonghua_Province) and [Andong](/source/Andong_Province). ==Biography== Ding Chao's forces commenced mobilization in November 1931 at the request of [Ma Zhanshan](/source/Ma_Zhanshan).{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhwqXTVQG7oC&pg=PA129 | title=Defiance in Manchuria: The Making of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1931-1932 | publisher=University of California Press | author=Ogata, Sadako N. | year=1964}} Following the [Invasion of Manchuria](/source/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria) by the [Imperial Japanese Army](/source/Imperial_Japanese_Army) and the capture of [Liaoning](/source/Liaoning) and [Jilin](/source/Jilin) provinces. Hostilities did not commence in the Harbin area until the end of January 1932 when Ding Chao resolved to defend the northern metropolis, a key hub of rail and riverine communication, against the approach first of General [Xi Qia](/source/Xi_Qia)'s "New Kirin" Army and then Japanese troops. He appealed to the city's Chinese residents to join his [Jilin Self-Defence Army](/source/Jilin_Self-Defence_Army) made of railway garrison troops and other regulars in battle against the Japanese. On 29 January, Ding put the Chief Administrator under house arrest and took possession of the office. Formerly, Ding had been in control of the Railway Guard,{{cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41199351 | title=JAPANESE PREPARATIONS. | work=[Cairns Post (Qld. : 1909 - 1954)](/source/The_Cairns_Post) | date=29 December 1932 | accessdate=20 April 2014 | location=Qld.}} with the rank of brigade-general.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhiPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ting+Chao%22 | title=Appeal by the Chinese Government: report of the Commission of Enquiry ... signed by the members of the commission on September 4th, 1932, at Peiping | publisher=League of Nations | author=League of Nations | year=1932}} Ding was defeated on 5 February 1932 by a force combining Japanese troops and those of General Hai Hsia.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHainkH7pdEC&dq=Ting+Chao&pg=PA338 | title=Documents on the Tokyo International Military Tribunal: Charter, Indictment, and Judgments, Volume 1 | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Cryer, Robert | year=2008 | isbn=9780199541928}} Later after Ding's beaten forces retired from Harbin to the northeast down the [Sungari River](/source/Sungari_River), they joined the Lower Sungari garrison of Gen. [Li Du](/source/Li_Du) as the nucleus of armed opposition in the north. After his retreat from Harbin he was made Chairman of the Government of [Jilin](/source/Jilin), from where he opposed the new puppet government of [Manchukuo](/source/Manchukuo) in their [anti-bandit operations](/source/Manchukuoan_Anti_Bandit_Operations) of the [pacification campaign](/source/Pacification_of_Manchukuo). In 1933 Ding was captured by the Japanese but was granted amnesty by [Puyi](/source/Puyi). He then served as the governor of [Tonghua](/source/Tonghua_Province) and later [Andong](/source/Andong_Province). The rest of Ding's life after the fall of Manchukuo is unclear. Sources claim that he was either arrested by the Soviets and extradited to China in 1950, where he died in the same year at the [Fushun War Criminals Management Centre](/source/Fushun_War_Criminals_Management_Centre), or that he escaped to Beijing, where he was arrested and executed by the communist authorities in 1954.{{Cite web |title=丁超 |url=https://digroc.pccu.edu.tw/CNH/Personage/personage.aspx?ID=0000770 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=[Chinese Culture University](/source/Chinese_Culture_University)}} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ding, Chao}} Category:1883 births Category:1950s deaths Category:National Revolutionary Army generals from Liaoning Category:Chinese people of World War II Category:People from Fushun Category:People from Manchukuo Category:Chinese collaborators with the Empire of Japan --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ding Chao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Chao) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Chao?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.