# Dinah

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Daughter of Jacob in Hebrew Bible

This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see [Dinah (disambiguation)](/source/Dinah_(disambiguation)).

Dinah דִּינָה The abduction of Dinah, depicted by James Tissot Pronunciation Dina Born 7 Tishrei Spouse unknown Parents Jacob (father) Leah (mother) Relatives Reuben (brother) Simeon (brother) Levi (brother) Judah (brother) Dan (half brother) Naphtali (half brother) Gad (half brother) Asher (half brother) Issachar (brother) Zebulun (brother) Joseph (half brother) Benjamin (half brother) Rachel (aunt/step-mother)

In the [Book of Genesis](/source/Book_of_Genesis), **Dinah** ([/ˈdaɪnə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language): דִּינָה, [Modern](/source/Modern_Hebrew): *Dīna*, [Tiberian](/source/Tiberian_vocalization): *Dīnā*, 'judged'; 'vindicated') was the seventh child and only named daughter of [Leah](/source/Leah) and [Jacob](/source/Jacob). The episode of her [rape](/source/Rape) by Shechem, son of a [Canaanite](/source/Canaan) or [Hivite](/source/Hivite) prince, and the subsequent [revenge](/source/Revenge) of her brothers [Simeon](/source/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)) and [Levi](/source/Levi), commonly referred to as *the rape of Dinah*, is told in [Genesis](/source/Book_of_Genesis) 34.[1]

## In Genesis

Further information: [Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34](/source/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible#Genesis_34)

Dinah is first mentioned in Genesis 30:21 of the [Hebrew Bible](/source/Hebrew_Bible) as the daughter of Leah and Jacob, born to Leah after she bore six sons to Jacob. In Genesis 34, Dinah went out to visit the women of [Shechem](/source/Shechem), where her people had made camp and where her father Jacob had purchased the land where he had pitched his tent. Shechem (son of Hamor, the prince of the land) then took her and [raped](/source/Rape) her, but how this text is to be exactly translated and understood is the subject of scholarly controversy.[2]

Shechem asked his father to obtain Dinah for him as his wife. Hamor came to Jacob and asked for Dinah for his son: "Make marriages with us; give your daughters to us, and take our daughters for yourselves. You shall dwell with us; and the land shall be open to you." Shechem offered Jacob and his sons any bride-price they named. But "the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and his father Hamor deceitfully, because he had defiled their sister Dinah"; they said they would accept the offer if the men of the city agreed to be [circumcised](/source/Circumcision) [like the Hebrews](/source/Brit_milah).

So the men of Shechem were deceived, and were circumcised. On the third day, when they were sore, two of the sons of Jacob and Leah, [Simeon](/source/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)) and [Levi](/source/Levi), led their army and massacred all the Shechemite men, including Hamor and Shechem, by sword, freed Dinah from Shechem's house, and stole the women and treasures.

"Then Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, 'You have brought trouble on me by making me odious to the inhabitants of the land, the [Canaanites](/source/Canaanites) and the [Perizzites](/source/Perizzites); my numbers are few, and if they gather themselves against me and attack me, I shall be destroyed, both I and my household.' But they said, 'Should he treat our sister as a harlot?'" (Genesis 34:31).

### Last mention of Dinah in the Bible

When Jacob's family prepares to descend to Egypt, Genesis lists the 70 family members who went down together (Genesis 46:8–27).[3] Dinah is specifically listed, in verse 15 ("These are the sons of Leah, that she bore to Jacob in Padan Aram, and Dinah his daughter"). Dovid Rosenfeld states that "That is it. The [Torah](/source/Torah) does not tell us anything about what happened to her for the remainder of her life, nor if she ever married and raised a family".[4]

### Origin of Genesis 34

17th-century depiction of the rape of Dinah.

Chapter 34 of the Book of Genesis deals primarily with the family of [Abraham](/source/Abraham) and his descendants, including Dinah, her father Jacob, and her brothers. The traditional view is that [Moses](/source/Moses) wrote Genesis as well as almost all the rest of the Torah, doubtlessly drawing on varied sources but synthesizing them into a written history of the Hebrews' ancestors. This view, which has been held for the past several thousand years, although it is not explicitly mentioned in either the Hebrew Bible or the [Christian Bible](/source/Christian_Bible), holds that Moses included this story in the Torah primarily because it happened and he considered it significant. It foreshadows later events and [prophecies](/source/Prophecy) in Genesis and the Torah concerning the two violent brothers.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Source-critical](/source/Source_criticism) scholars speculate that Genesis combines separate literary strands with different values and concerns and does not predate the 1st millennium [BCE](/source/BCE) as a unified account.[5] Within Genesis 34 itself, they suggest two layers of narrative: an older account ascribing the killing of Shechem to Simeon and Levi alone, and a later addition (verses 27 to 29) involving all the sons of Jacob.[6] [Jonathan Kirsch](/source/Jonathan_Kirsch) argues that the narrative combines a [Yahwist](/source/Yahwist) narrator describing a rape, and an [Elohist](/source/Elohist) speaker describing a seduction.[7]

On the other hand, another critical scholar, [Alexander Rofé](/source/Alexander_Rof%C3%A9), assumes that the earlier authors would not have considered rape to be defilement in and of itself and posits that the verb describing Dinah as "defiled" was added later (elsewhere in the Bible, only married or betrothed women are "defiled" by rape). He instead says that such a description reflected a "late, post-exilic notion that the idolatrous [gentiles](/source/Gentile) are impure [and supports] the prohibition of [intermarriage](/source/Exogamy) and intercourse with them." Such a supposed preoccupation with [ethnic purity](/source/Ethnic_purification) must therefore indicate a late date for Genesis in the 5th or 4th centuries BCE, when the restored Jewish community in Jerusalem was similarly preoccupied with anti-[Samaritan](/source/Samaritan) polemics. In Rofé's analysis, the "defilement" refers to [interracial sex](/source/Interracial_sex) rather than rape.[8]

## In rabbinic literature

[Midrashic](/source/Midrash) literature contains a series of proposed explanations of the Bible by [rabbis](/source/Rabbi). It provides further hypotheses of the story of Dinah, suggesting answers to questions such as her offspring: Osnat a daughter[9] from Shechem, and links to later incidents and characters.

One midrash states that Dinah was conceived as a male in Leah's womb but miraculously changed to a female, lest the maid-servants ([Bilhah](/source/Bilhah) and [Zilpah](/source/Zilpah)) be associated with more of the Israelite tribes than [Rachel](/source/Rachel).[10]

Another midrash implicates Jacob in Dinah's misfortune: when he went to meet [Esau](/source/Esau), he locked Dinah in a box, for fear that Esau would wish to marry her,[11] but God rebuked him in these words: "If thou hadst married off thy daughter in time she would not have been tempted to sin, and might, moreover, have exerted a beneficial influence upon her husband".[12] Her brother Simeon promised to find a husband for her, but she did not wish to leave Shechem, fearing that, after her disgrace, no one would take her to wife.[13][11] However, she was later married to [Job](/source/Job_(Bible)).[14][11] When she died, Simeon buried her in the land of [Canaan](/source/Canaan). She is therefore referred to as "the Canaanitish woman" (Genesis 46:10).[15][11] Joseph's wife [Asenath](/source/Asenath) (ib.) was her daughter by Shechem.[16][11][17][a]

Early Christian commentators such as [Jerome](/source/Jerome) likewise assign some of the responsibility to Dinah, in venturing out to visit the women of Shechem. This story was used to demonstrate the danger to women in the public sphere as contrasted with the relative security of remaining in private.[19]

### Simeon and Levi

Further information: [Simeon in rabbinic literature](/source/Simeon_in_rabbinic_literature)

On his deathbed, their father Jacob curses Simeon and Levi's "anger" (Genesis 49).[20] Their tribal portions in the [land of Israel](/source/Land_of_Israel) are dispersed so that they would not be able to regroup and fight arbitrarily. According to the Midrash, Simeon and Levi were only 14 and 13 years old, respectively, at the time of the rape of Dinah. They possessed great moral zealousness (later, in the episode of the [Golden Calf](/source/Golden_Calf), the [Tribe of Levi](/source/Tribe_of_Levi) would demonstrate their absolute commitment to Moses' leadership by killing all the people involved in idol worship), but their anger was misdirected here.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Gerard Hoet](/source/Gerard_Hoet): "Simeon and Levi slay the people of Shechem"

One midrash told how Jacob later tried to restrain their hot tempers by dividing their portions in the land of Israel, and neither had lands of their own. Therefore, Dinah's son by Shechem was counted among Simeon's progeny and received a portion of land in Israel, Dinah herself being "the Canaanite woman" mentioned among those who went down into Egypt with Jacob and his sons (Genesis 46:10).[21][11] When she died, Simeon buried her in the land of Canaan. (According to another tradition, her child from her rape by Shechem was [Asenath](/source/Asenath), the wife of [Joseph](/source/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)), and she herself later married the prophet Job.[22][11]) The [Tribe of Simeon](/source/Tribe_of_Simeon) received land within the territory of [Judah](/source/Tribe_of_Judah) and served as itinerant teachers in Israel, traveling from place to place to earn a living.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In the Hebrew Bible, the tribe of Levi received a few [Cities of Refuge](/source/Cities_of_Refuge) spread out over Israel, and relied for their sustenance on the priestly gifts that the Children of Israel gave them.

In medieval rabbinic literature, there were efforts to justify the killing, not merely of Shechem and Hamor, but of all the townsmen. [Maimonides](/source/Maimonides) argued that the killing was understandable because the townsmen had failed to uphold the seventh [Noachide law](/source/Noachide_laws) (*denim*) to establish a criminal justice system. However, [Nachmanides](/source/Nachmanides) disagreed, partly because he viewed the seventh law as a [positive commandment](/source/Positive_commandment) that was not punishable by death. Instead, Nachmanides said that the townsmen presumably violated other Noachide laws, such as idolatry or sexual immorality. Later, the [Maharal](/source/Maharal) reframed the issue—not as sin, but rather as a war. That is, he argued that Simeon and Levi acted lawfully insofar as they carried out a military operation as an act of vengeance or retribution for the rape of Dinah.[23]

### Travel to Egypt

The Torah lists the 70 members of Jacob's family who went down together into Egypt (Genesis 46:8–27).[24] Simeon's children include "Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman" (verse 10).[25] The medieval French rabbi [Rashi](/source/Rashi) hypothesized that this Shaul was Dinah's son by Shechem.[25] He suggests that after the brothers killed all the men in the city, including Shechem and his father, Dinah refused to leave the palace unless Simeon agreed to marry her[25] and remove her shame (according to [Nachmanides](/source/Nachmanides), she only lived in his house and did not have sex with him). Therefore, Shaul is counted among Simeon's progeny, and he received a portion of land in Israel in the time of [Joshua](/source/Joshua). The list of the names of the families of Israel in Egypt is repeated in Exodus 6:14–25[26] (including "Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman", verse 15).

## In apocryphical literature

In the apocryphal book *[Testament of Job](/source/Testament_of_Job)*, Dinah is said to have been Job's second wife after the death of [his first wife](/source/Job's_wife), who is referred to as "Sitidos".[27][28]

## In culture

### Symbol of black womanhood

*Dinah, Portrait of a Negress* by [Eastman Johnson](/source/Eastman_Johnson)

In 19th-century America, "Dinah" became a generic name for an [enslaved](/source/Slavery) African woman.[29] At the 1850 Woman's Rights Convention in New York, a speech by [Sojourner Truth](/source/Sojourner_Truth) was reported on in the *[New York Herald](/source/New_York_Herald)*, which used the name "Dinah" to symbolize black womanhood as represented by Truth:

In a convention where sex and color are mingled together in the common rights of humanity, Dinah, and [Burleigh](/source/Charles_Burleigh), and [Lucretia](/source/Lucretia), and [Frederick Douglas](/source/Frederick_Douglass) [sic], are all spiritually of one color and one sex, and all on a perfect footing of reciprocity. Most assuredly, Dinah was well posted up on the rights of woman, and with something of the ardor and the odor of her native Africa, she contended for her right to vote, to hold office, to practice medicine and the law, and to wear the breeches with the best white man that walks upon God's earth.[29]

Lizzie McCloud, a slave on a [Tennessee](/source/Tennessee) [plantation](/source/Plantations_in_the_American_South) during the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War), recalled that [Union](/source/Union_(American_Civil_War)) soldiers called all enslaved women "Dinah". Describing her fear when the Union army arrived, she said: "We was so scared we run under the house and the Yankees called 'Come out Dinah' (didn't call none of us anything but Dinah). They said 'Dinah, we're fightin' to free you and get you out from under bondage'."[30] After the end of the war in 1865 *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* exhorted the newly liberated slaves to demonstrate that they had the moral values to use their freedom effectively, using the names "[Sambo](/source/Sambo_(racial_term))" and "Dinah" to represent male and female former slaves: "You are free Sambo, but you must work. Be virtuous too, oh Dinah!"[31]

The name Dinah was subsequently used for dolls and other images of black women.[32]

### In literature

The novel *[The Red Tent](/source/The_Red_Tent_(Anita_Diamant_novel))* by [Anita Diamant](/source/Anita_Diamant) is a fictional autobiography of the biblical Dinah. In Diamant's version, Dinah falls in love with Shalem, the Canaanite prince, and goes to bed with him in preparation for marriage. Simeon and Levi, Jacob's sons, instigate the discord between Jacob and the men of the King of Shechem out of fear for their own prosperity, even though Dinah tells them the truth.

A fictionalized account of Dinah's life is included as one of the stories in the short story collection *[Sarah and After](/source/Sarah_and_After)* by [Lynne Reid Banks](/source/Lynne_Reid_Banks).

## See also

- [Rape in the Hebrew Bible](/source/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** In the [Midrash](/source/Midrash) and [Targum Pseudo-Jonathan](/source/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan), she is said to be the daughter of Dinah, Joseph's sister, and [Shechem](/source/Shechem_(biblical_figure)), born of an illicit union, described as either premarital sex or rape, depending on the narrative.[18] A later date [apocryphal](/source/Apocrypha) publication, written in Greek, believed to be a Christian document, called *[Joseph and Aseneth](/source/Joseph_and_Aseneth)*, supposedly details their relationship and their 48-year long reign over Egypt; in it, Asenath weds Joseph, whose brothers [Dan](/source/Dan_(son_of_Jacob)) and [Gad](/source/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)) plot to kill him for the sake of Pharaoh's son, who wants Asenath to be his wife, only for their efforts to be thwarted by Joseph's younger brother [Benjamin](/source/Benjamin).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Genesis 34](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0134.htm#1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Scholz_2014_2-0)** Scholz, Susanne (2021). [*Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible*](https://www.bol.com/nl/p/sacred-witness/9300000031495453/). Fortress Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781506482033](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506482033). (E-book edition)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Genesis 46:8–27](https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0146.htm#8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Rosenfeld, Dovid (13 April 2018). ["What Happened to Dinah After Her Abduction?"](https://www.aish.com/atr/What-Happened-to-Dinah-After-Her-Abduction.html). *[Aish.com](/source/Aish_HaTorah)*. Ask the Rabbi. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Barry L. Bandstra. ["Table D Source Analysis: Revisions and Alternatives"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010217052156/http://www.hope.edu/academic/religion/bandstra/RTOT/PART1/PT1_TBD.HTM). *Reading the Old Testament*. Archived from [the original](http://www.hope.edu/academic/religion/bandstra/RTOT/PART1/PT1_TBD.HTM) on 17 February 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Van Seters, John](/source/John_Van_Seters) (2001). ["The Silence of Dinah (Genesis 34)"](https://books.google.com/books?id=he2ueEIqZQAC&pg=PA239). In Jean-Daniel Macchi and Thomas Römer (ed.). *Jacob: Commentaire à Plusieurs Voix de Gen. 25–36. Mélanges Offerts à [Albert de Pury](/source/Albert_de_Pury)*. [Geneva](/source/Geneva): Labor et Fides. pp. 239–247. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [2-8309-0987-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8309-0987-9). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [248784525](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248784525).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Kirsch, Jonathan. [*Harlot by the Side of the Road*](https://books.google.com/books?id=focAQMezvSYC&dq=dinah+bible+story&pg=PT120), Random House, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rofe2005_8-0)** Rofé, Alexander (2005). ["Defilement of Virgins in Biblical Law and the Case of Dinah (Genesis 34)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004094918/http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/bibl86/Bib86Ani04.pdf) (PDF). *[Biblica](/source/Biblica_(journal))*. **86** (3): 369–375. Archived from [the original](http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/bibl86/Bib86Ani04.pdf) (PDF) on 4 October 2006. The Hebrew verb [...](to defile) applied to married or betrothed women only. The case of Dinah is an exception. In Genesis 34, it is stated three times that Jacob's daughter was defiled by Shechem (vv. 5.13.27). A plausible explanation of this state of affairs is that Genesis 34 reflects the late, postexilic notion that the idolatrous gentiles are impure which implies the prohibition of intermarriage and intercourse with them (Ezra 9, 11-12). The concept of the impurity of idolaters persisted in post-biblical literature. Thus, the assertion that Dinah was defiled by Shechem betrays a late date of composition in respect of this story. This confirms Kuenen's hypothesis that Genesis 34 in its present form is a late chapter, containing an anti-Samaritan polemic which originated in the Restoration Community of the Fifth-Fourth centuries BCE.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Kantor, Máttis (1 January 2005). [*Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History, Covering 5,764 Years of Biblical, Talmudic & Post-Talmudic History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6uK5pa3R4d8C&q=osnat+dinah+bible&pg=PA62). Zichron Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780967037837](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967037837).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** *Berakhot* 60a

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_DINAH_11-6) ["Dinah"](http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=364&letter=D&search=dinah#1), *JewishEncyclopedia.com*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Gen. R. lxxx.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Gen. R. l.c.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Bava Batra](/source/Bava_Batra) 15b; Gen. R. l.c.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [Genesis 46:10](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0146.htm#10)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Gen. R. l.c.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_-_ASENATH_17-0)** ["Asenath"](http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1904-asenath), *JewishEncyclopedia.com*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** See [|title=Asenath: Bible | Jewish Women's Archive|website=jwa.org|access-date=2019-09-05](https://web.archive.org/web/20100408121125/http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/asenath-bible)[|title=Jubilees 40|website=www.pseudepigrapha.com|access-date=2019-09-05](https://web.archive.org/web/20020627193444/http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/40.htm)*[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer](/source/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer)*, chapter 38.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Shemesh, Yael. ["Review of Joy A. Schroeder's *Dinah’s Lament: The Biblical Legacy of Sexual Violence in Christian Interpretation*"](http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/6216_6662.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102321/http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/6216_6662.pdf) 24 December 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Review of Biblical Literature*, July 2008, Society of Biblical Literature.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Genesis 49](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2049&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [Genesis 46:10](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2046:10&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** *Bava Batra* 15b; Gen. R. l.c.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Blau, Yitzkhak (2006). "BIBLICAL NARRATIVES AND THE STATUS OF ENEMY CIVILIANS IN WARTIME". *Tradition*. **39**: 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Genesis 46:8–27](https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0146.htm#8)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bereishit_-_Chapter_46_-_Genesis_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bereishit_-_Chapter_46_-_Genesis_26-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Bereishit_-_Chapter_46_-_Genesis_26-2) [Bereishit - Chapter 46 - Genesis](http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=8241&showrashi=true) at chabad.org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Exodus 6:14–25](https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0206.htm#14)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Wife of Job: Apocrypha"](https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wife-of-job-apocrypha#:~:text=Unique%20to%20the%20apocryphal%20account,of%20people%27s%20contempt%20and%20pity).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Divrei Iyov transforms the spouse as a main character regarding the plot that is entire | UNIFAMAZ"](http://www.vestibularfamaz.com.br/hotsite/divrei-iyov-transforms-the-spouse-as-a-main-6/).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-wom_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-wom_30-1) [Footnote 3](http://www.assumption.edu/whw/old/NY_HeraldII.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120806144555/http://www.assumption.edu/whw/old/NY_HeraldII.html) 6 August 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) to "Women's Rights Convention", *New York Herald*, 26 October 1850; U.S. Women's History Workshop.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [*Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves*](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11544/11544-h/11544-h.htm), The Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938. Library of Congress, 1941.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Gutmann, Herbert. "Persistent Myths about the Afro-American Family" in *The Slavery Reader*, Psychology Press, 2003, p. 263.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Husfloen, Kyle. *Black Americana*, Krause Publications, 2005, p. 64.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain): [Singer, Isidore](/source/Isidore_Singer); et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Dinah". *[The Jewish Encyclopedia](/source/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia)*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

## Further reading

- Schroeder, Joy A. *Dinah's Lament: The Biblical Legacy of Sexual Violence in Christian Interpretation* Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0800638436](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800638436)

- Shemesh, Yael (August 2007). "Rape is Rape is Rape: The story of Dinah and Shechem (Genesis 34)". *Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft*. **119** (1): 2–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/ZAW.2007.002](https://doi.org/10.1515%2FZAW.2007.002). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0044-2526](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2526). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [170947440](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170947440).

## External links

**Dinah**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dinah) from Wiktionary
- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dinah) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dinah) from Wikiquote
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122035) from Wikidata

- [Dinah's Abduction from a Jewish perspective](http://www.chabad.org/k1651) at [Chabad.org](/source/Chabad.org)

- Blyth, C. (2008). "Redeemed by His Love? The Characterization of Shechem in Genesis 34". *[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament](/source/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament)*. **33**: 3–18. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0309089208094457](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309089208094457). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2292/12408](https://hdl.handle.net/2292%2F12408). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [170966566](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170966566).

v t e Children of Jacob With Leah Reuben (1) Simeon (2) Levi (3) Judah (4) Issachar (9) Zebulun (10) Dinah (11) With Rachel Joseph (12) Benjamin (13) With Bilhah, Rachel's servant Dan (5) Naphtali (6) With Zilpah, Leah's servant Gad (7) Asher (8) Adopted Ephraim (12.1) Manasseh (12.2)

v t e People and things in the Quran Characters Non-humans Allāh ('The God') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey) The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider) Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth) Ḥimār (Wild ass) Naḥl (Honey bee) Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah (Angels) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit') Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn (Demons) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Prophets Mentioned Ādam (Adam) Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha) Ayyūb (Job) Dāwūd (David) Dhū'l-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs (Enoch?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq (Isaac) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ (Lot) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb (Jacob) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus (Jonah) Dhū'n-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Yaʿqūb (Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā (Zechariah) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā (Jesus) al-Masīḥ (The Messiah) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ (Noah) Debatable ones ʿUzayr (Ezra?) Dhū'l-Qarnayn Luqmān Maryam (Mary) Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon) Egyptians ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah) Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied or not specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd (Jews) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden') Jahannam (Hell) Door of Hittah Madyan (Midian) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars) Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām (Muzdalifah) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah (Mecca) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah (Kaaba) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ (Sheba) ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil (Babylon) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhu'l-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday) As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar 12 months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Months: Dhu'l-Qa'da Dhu'l-Hijja Muharram Rajab) Ramadan Pilgrimages Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayer or remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al-Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage Other Holy books Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At-Tawrāt (The Torah) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of people or beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols (cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas (Lentil) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber) Rummān (Pomegranate) Tīn (Fig) Zaytūn (Olive) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl (Tamarisk) Sidr (Lote-tree) Līnah (Tender Palm tree) Nakhl (Date palm) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink) Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dinah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.