# Dina Pule > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Dina_Pule > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Dina_Pule.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Pule > Source revision: 1350901094 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|South African politician (born 1960)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | office = [Member of the National Assembly](/source/National_Assembly_(South_Africa)) | term_start = 14 June 2024 | term_start1 = 6 May 2009 | term_end1 = 6 May 2014 | office2 = [Deputy Secretary-General of the African National Congress Women's League](/source/ANC_Women's_League) | term_start2 = 23 July 2023 | president2 = [Sisi Tolashe](/source/Sisi_Tolashe) | 1blankname2 = Secretary-General | 1namedata2 = Nokuthula Nqaba | predecessor2 = [Weziwe Tikana](/source/Weziwe_Tikana) | office3 = [Minister of Communications](/source/Minister_of_Communications_(South_Africa)) | term_end3 = 9 July 2013 | term_start3 = 24 October 2011 | president3 = [Jacob Zuma](/source/Jacob_Zuma) | predecessor3 = [Roy Padayachie](/source/Roy_Padayachie) | successor = | successor3 = [Yunus Carrim](/source/Yunus_Carrim) | office4 = [Member of the Mpumalanga Executive Council for Agriculture and Land Administration](/source/Executive_Council_(South_Africa)) | successor4 = [David Mabuza](/source/David_Mabuza) | term_end4 = 14 May 2008 | term_start4 = 13 February 2007 | premier4 = [Thabang Makwetla](/source/Thabang_Makwetla) | party = [African National Congress](/source/African_National_Congress) | birth_place = [Hazyview](/source/Hazyview), [Transvaal](/source/Transvaal_Province)
[Union of South Africa](/source/Union_of_South_Africa) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|07|19|df=yes}} | alma_mater = [University of South Africa](/source/University_of_South_Africa) | predecessor4 = [Madala Masuku](/source/Madala_Masuku) | image = Dina Pule.webp | caption = Pule at the 13th National Conference of the [ANC Women's League](/source/ANC_Women's_League) in July 2023 | honorific_prefix = [The Honourable](/source/The_Honourable) | honorific_suffix = [MP](/source/Parliament_of_South_Africa) }} '''Dina Deliwe Pule''' (born 19 July 1960) is a South African politician who represents the [African National Congress](/source/African_National_Congress) (ANC) in the [National Assembly of South Africa](/source/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa). She has been the Deputy Secretary-General of the [ANC Women's League](/source/ANC_Women's_League) since July 2023. Before that, she was [Minister of Communications](/source/Minister_of_Communications_(South_Africa)) under President [Jacob Zuma](/source/Jacob_Zuma) from October 2011 to July 2013. Born in [Mpumalanga](/source/Mpumalanga), Pule first held public office as a member of the [Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature](/source/Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature) for a single term between 2004 and 2009. During that period, she held several portfolios as a [Member of the Executive Council](/source/Executive_Council_(South_Africa)) under former Premier [Thabang Makwetla](/source/Thabang_Makwetla). After her election to the [National Assembly](/source/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa) in 2009, she served under Zuma as Deputy [Minister of Communications](/source/Minister_of_Communications_(South_Africa)) from 2009 to 2010 and Deputy [Minister in the Presidency](/source/Minister_in_the_Presidency) for Performance Monitoring and Evaluation from 2010 to 2011, before being appointed to [Zuma's cabinet](/source/First_Cabinet_of_Jacob_Zuma) in 2011. She was fired from the cabinet in July 2013 during a parliamentary inquiry into allegations that she had contravened the parliamentary code of conduct. The allegations were ultimately substantiated by [Parliament](/source/Parliament)'s [Joint Committee on Ethics and Members' Interest](/source/Joint_Committee_on_Ethics_and_Members'_Interest)s and by the [Public Protector](/source/Public_Protector), leading Parliament to suspend and reprimand Pule. After this misconduct finding, Pule declined to stand for re-election as an ordinary [Member of Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_South_Africa) in the [2014 general election](/source/2014_South_African_general_election). At the ANC's [55th National Conference](/source/55th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress) in December 2022, Pule was elected to a five-year term as a member of the ANC [National Executive Committee](/source/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress). She had previously served on the committee between 2007 and 2012. Thereafter, she returned to the National Assembly in the [2024 general election](/source/2024_South_African_general_election). == Early life and career == Pule was born on 19 July 1960{{Cite web |date=6 April 2009 |title=2009 National and Provincial Election – Final Candidate Lists |url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/uploadedFiles/2009%20National%20and%20Provincial%20Election%20candidate%20lists.pdf?n=9151 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=Electoral Commission of South Africa}} in a village on the outskirts of [Hazyview](/source/Hazyview) in the former the [Eastern Transvaal](/source/Eastern_Transvaal) (now [Mpumalanga province](/source/Mpumalanga)).{{Cite web |title=Ms Dina Pule |url=https://www.itu.int:443/en/ITU-T/wtsa12/Pages/gss/session02/Dina-PULE.aspx |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=ITU |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=29 October 2011 |title=Mpumalanga makes cabinet comeback |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/mpumalanga-makes-cabinet-comeback-20150429 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=News24 |language=en-US}} She attended Elijah Mango College of Education in [Nelspruit](/source/Nelspruit) from 1987 to 1989, where she trained as a [secondary school](/source/secondary_school) teacher; while there, she served on the [student representative council](/source/Students'_representative_council) (first as secretary and then as deputy president) and as a founding member of the [anti-apartheid](/source/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid) South African National Students Congress.{{Cite web |title=Dina Deliwe Pule |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/dina-deliwe-pule/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}} In addition to her teaching diploma, Pule subsequently received a [Bachelor of Arts](/source/Bachelor_of_Arts) degree in [communications](/source/Communication_studies) from the [University of South Africa](/source/University_of_South_Africa). In 1990 and 1991, while working as a teacher, Pule was a founding member of the Eastern Transvaal Women's Union and the secretary of a local branch of the [South African Democratic Teachers' Union](/source/South_African_Democratic_Teachers_Union) (SADTU). From 1991 to 1993, she was Provincial Treasurer of the Mpumalanga branch of SADTU. At the same time, Pule became active in structures of the [African National Congress](/source/African_National_Congress) (ANC), which was unbanned by the apartheid government in 1990: from 1990 to 1991, she was the Provincial Secretary of the [ANC Women's League](/source/African_National_Congress_Women's_League) in Mpumalanga and a regional leader of the [ANC Youth League](/source/African_National_Congress_Youth_League) in the region. She joined the post-apartheid government as a [public servant](/source/public_servant) in 1996, when she was appointed community liaison officer at the health department in the [provincial government](/source/Provincial_governments_of_South_Africa) of Mpumalanga. The following year, she was elected secretary of her local ANC branch in Nelspruit. She held that position until 1999, when she was elected chairperson of the local branch of the ANC Women's League in Nelspruit. In 2001, Pule ascended a rung in the ANC hierarchy when she was elected deputy secretary of the ANC's entire [Ehlanzeni](/source/Ehlanzeni_District_Municipality) region; she held that position until 2004. == Provincial government: 2004–2009 == In the [2004 general election](/source/2004_South_African_general_election), Pule was elected as a [Member](/source/Member_of_the_Provincial_Legislature) of the [Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature](/source/Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature). In 2005, she was appointed as a [Member of the Executive Council](/source/Member_of_the_Executive_Council) (MEC) in Mpumalanga by [Thabang Makwetla](/source/Thabang_Makwetla), who was then the [Premier of Mpumalanga](/source/Premier_of_Mpumalanga). She was MEC for Safety and Security until February 2007, when – in what was viewed as a promotion for Pule{{Cite web |date=2007-02-18 |title=Premier's reshuffle seen as 'reward' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-02-19-premiers-reshuffle-seen-as-reward/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} – she was moved to the Agriculture and Land Administration portfolio in a [reshuffle](/source/Cabinet_reshuffle) by Makwetla.{{Cite web |date=13 February 2007 |title=Office of the Premier Media Release |url=http://www.mpumalanga.gov.za/otp |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Mpumalanga Provincial Government}} In a subsequent reshuffle in May 2008, she succeeded [Jabu Mahlangu](/source/Jabu_Mahlangu) as MEC for Culture, Sport and Recreation.{{Cite web |date=14 May 2008 |title=Changes to the Mpumalanga Cabinet |url=http://www.mpumalanga.gov.za/otp |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Mpumalanga Provincial Government}} In that capacity, she chaired the Mpumalanga government's political task team ahead of the [2010 Soccer World Cup](/source/2010_FIFA_World_Cup). Over the same period, Pule continued to rise in the ranks of the provincial ANC. She was Chairperson of the ANC's Ehlanzeni region from 2004 to 2007 and in June 2005 she was elected as a three-year term as Deputy [Provincial Secretary](/source/Provincial_Secretary_of_the_African_National_Congress) of the Mpumalanga ANC, serving under Provincial Secretary Lucas Mello.{{Cite news |date=9 June 2005 |title=Scramble for Top ANC Jobs in Volatile Province |work=Business Day |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200506090066.html |access-date=30 November 2022 |via=allAfrica}} Towards the end of her term as Deputy Provincial Secretary, at the ANC's [52nd National Conference](/source/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress) in December 2007, Pule was elected to a five-year term on the ANC [National Executive Committee](/source/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress). She was also elected to the party's [National Working Committee](/source/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress).{{Cite web |date=2008-01-08 |title=Who made it on to ANC's working committee? |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-01-08-who-made-it-on-to-ancs-working-committee/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} == National government: 2009–2013 == === Deputy Minister: 2009–2011 === In the [2009 general election](/source/2009_South_African_general_election), Pule was elected as a [Member of the National Assembly](/source/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa), the lower house of South Africa's [national Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_South_Africa). Newly elected President [Jacob Zuma](/source/Jacob_Zuma) appointed her Deputy [Minister of Communications](/source/Minister_of_Communications_(South_Africa)) under Minister [Siphiwe Nyanda](/source/Siphiwe_Nyanda). In a subsequent reshuffle on 31 October 2010, she became Deputy [Minister in the Presidency](/source/Minister_in_the_Presidency) for Performance Monitoring and Evaluation under Minister [Collins Chabane](/source/Collins_Chabane).{{Cite web |last=Naidoo |first=Nalini |date=2011-03-16 |title=Undercover ministers |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/archive/undercover-ministers-20150430/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Witness |language=en}} === Minister of Communications: 2011–2013 === On 24 October 2011, Zuma appointed Pule to succeed [Roy Padayachie](/source/Roy_Padayachie) as Minister of Communications in [his cabinet](/source/First_Cabinet_of_Jacob_Zuma).{{Cite web |last=de Wet |first=Phillip |date=2011-10-24 |title=Zuma announces far-reaching cabinet reshuffle, suspends Cele |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-24-zuma-announces-far-reaching-cabinet-reshuffle-suspends-cele/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}} According to [News24](/source/News24_(website)), Pule was the first post-apartheid cabinet minister from Mpumalanga. During Pule's tenure as Minister, her term on the ANC National Executive Committee expired, and she was not re-elected at [the next party elective conference](/source/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress) in December 2012.{{Cite web |date=2012-12-20 |title=Results of the elections for the ANC NEC 2012 |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/party/results-of-the-elections-for-the-anc-nec-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622051630/http://www.politicsweb.co.za:80/party/results-of-the-elections-for-the-anc-nec-2012 |archive-date=2017-06-22 |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}} More significantly, Pule was subject to public controversy surrounding allegations that she had abused her public office {{See below|content=below}}. On 9 July 2013, while an investigation into the allegations was ongoing, Zuma fired Pule and replaced her with [Yunus Carrim](/source/Yunus_Carrim).{{Cite web |date=2013-08-20 |title=Dina Pule: If I made a mistake, I'm sorry |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-20-dina-pule-i-made-a-mistake-im-sorry/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} The so-called [Gupta Leaks](/source/Presidency_of_Jacob_Zuma), published in 2017 after Pule had left government, appeared to suggest that Pule, while still a Minister, had met the controversial [Gupta family](/source/Gupta_family) at their home in [Saxonwold](/source/Saxonwold) in October 2012.{{Cite web |date=7 June 2017 |title=Disgraced Dina Pule 'not really interested in Gupta e-mail' exposé |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2017-06-07-disgraced-dina-pule-not-really-interested-in-gupta-e-mail-expos/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}} ==Misconduct finding: 2013== The misconduct allegations against Pule stemmed from her romantic relationship with Phosane Mngqibisa, a businessman who was alleged to have received improper benefits as a result of his relationship with Pule. In response, Pule initiated a public spat with the ''[Sunday Times](/source/Sunday_Times_(South_Africa))'', which had reported the initial allegations against her, according to her as part of a political conspiracy.{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=2013-08-07 |title=Dishonourable Dina: Down, but not out |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-08-08-dishonourable-dina-down-but-not-out/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}} She denied continuously that she had a relationship with Mngqibisa or that his trips abroad had been subsidised by the government. === Parliamentary inquiry === The allegations were investigated by a nine-member multi-party panel appointed by [Parliament](/source/Parliament)'s [Joint Committee on Ethics and Members' Interest](/source/Joint_Committee_on_Ethics_and_Members'_Interest)s. The chairperson of the panel, [Ben Turok](/source/Ben_Turok) of the ANC, later said that he and the committee's registrar had both been assigned bodyguards during the inquiry because they had received [death threat](/source/death_threat)s; Turok also said that witnesses at the inquiry had been bullied to change their testimony. ==== Findings ==== On 7 August, the panel released its findings, which affirmed most of the allegations against Pule. The panel found that Pule had contravened the parliamentary code of conduct by concealing her relationship with Mngqibisa, which it said appeared to have begun in 2009 while Pule was Deputy Minister of Communications, and that Mngqibisa, "through [Hon.](/source/The_Honourable) Pule's influence, benefited improperly by receiving [R](/source/South_African_rand)6-million for his company and enjoyed the benefit of the DOC [[Department of Communications](/source/Department_of_Communications_(South_Africa))] paying for his overseas trips and accommodation". Mngqibisa had received the R6 million through his company during [MTN](/source/MTN_Group)'s 2012 ICT [Indaba](/source/Indaba). However, the panel did not find sufficient evidence to substantiate the ''Sunday Times'''s further claim that Pule had received, and had failed to disclose, a gift from Mngqibisa (allegedly a pair of [Christian Louboutin](/source/Christian_Louboutin) shoes). ==== Sanctions ==== In addition to recommending that Pule should be subject to a criminal investigation,{{Cite web |date=2013-08-21 |title=Is Parliament's punishment of Pule enough? |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-21-is-a-scolding-enough-for-dina-pule/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} the parliamentary committee recommended that Pule should be subject to the harshest sanctions permitted by the parliamentary rules: a public reprimand in the National Assembly, a [fine](/source/Fine_(penalty)) equivalent to 30 days' salary, and 15 days' suspension from the assembly. The recommendations were accepted by the assembly and the sanctions were applied later in August. Following her public reprimand by [Speaker of the National Assembly](/source/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa) [Max Sisulu](/source/Max_Sisulu), Pule offered what the ''[Mail & Guardian](/source/Mail_%26_Guardian)'' called "a qualified apology": she said, "I want to say in this House that I gave the best I could do to do my job; and that if in the course of me doing my job, if I made a mistake I am sorry, I apologise". === Public Protector report === The allegations were also investigated by the [Public Protector](/source/Public_Protector), [Thuli Madonsela](/source/Thuli_Madonsela), who concurred with the parliamentary inquiry in finding Pule guilty of misconduct and of "persistently lying".{{Cite web |date=2013-12-05 |title=Madonsela report finds Pule guilty of 'persistently lying' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-05-madonsela-report-finds-pule-guilty-of-persistently-lying/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}} Madonsela's report, released in 2013, found that Pule's conduct had been unlawful; Madonsela added that it was "grossly improper and unethical that she tried to pass the buck to her staff". She recommended that Pule should apologise to Parliament, to the Department of Communications, and to the ''Sunday Times'', and that the department should be reimbursed fully for the money spent on Mngqibisa's travel. == Later offices == After being subject to dismissal and punishment, Pule completed her term as an ordinary member of the National Assembly. Controversially,{{Cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title=Dina Pule won't return to Parliament |url=https://ewn.co.za/2014/03/28/Pule-wont-return-to-parliament |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=EWN |language=en}} in the [2014 general election](/source/2014_South_African_general_election), she was again included on the ANC's [party list](/source/party_list). Although she was ranked high enough (70th) to secure a seat, she withdrew her name from the party list and retreated from frontline politics. In 2019, ''[City Press](/source/City_Press_(South_Africa))'' reported that Pule was "set for a big comeback" in provincial politics as a contender for election as [Provincial Chairperson](/source/Provincial_Chairperson_of_the_African_National_Congress) of the Mpumalanga ANC. According to the newspaper, Pule's supporters also supported the election of [Lindiwe Ntshalintshali](/source/Lindiwe_Ntshalintshali), [Mandla Ndlovu](/source/Mandla_Ndlovu), [Pat Ngomane](/source/Pat_Ngomane), and [Vusi Shongwe](/source/Vusi_Shongwe) to top positions in the provincial party.{{Cite web |last=Yende |first=Sizwe sama |date=24 September 2019 |title=Dina Pule set for big comeback in Mpumalanga |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/dina-pule-set-for-big-comeback-in-mpumalanga-20190924 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=City Press |language=en-US}} However, the party's elective conference was delayed due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa); when it was finally held in 2022, Pule did not contest a top position.{{Cite web |last=Madisa |first=Kgothatso |date=2 April 2022 |title=Mandla Ndlovu is ANC's new provincial chairperson in Mpumalanga |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2022-04-02-mandla-ndlovu-is-ancs-new-provincial-chairperson-in-mpumalanga/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}} In August 2021, Pule was appointed to a four-year term as deputy chairperson of the Mpumalanga Economic Growth Agency, a [public entity](/source/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa).{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Disgraced Dina Pule returns to public admin |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-18-disgraced-dina-pule-returns-to-public-admin/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}} The following month, the Mpumalanga ANC appointed her as one of three members of an internal panel that was tasked with resolving disputes about the selection of ANC candidates for the [2021 local government elections](/source/2021_South_African_municipal_elections).{{Cite web |last=Mavuso |first=Sihle |date=3 September 2021 |title=Controversial ex-communications minister Dina Pule to join ANC disputes committee |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/controversial-ex-communications-minister-dina-pule-to-join-anc-disputes-committee-3b8f0688-0712-448e-bddf-87570751fc15 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=IOL |language=en}} By that time, Pule was also a full-time staff member of the ANC in Mpumalanga. === ANC Women's League === In 2022, Pule was appointed to the interim task team formed to lead the national [ANC Women's League](/source/ANC_Women's_League) after the league's elected leadership, headed by [Bathabile Dlamini](/source/Bathabile_Dlamini), was disbanded.{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=ANC appoints Baleka Mbete to lead women's league task team |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2022-06-30-anc-appoints-baleka-mbete-to-lead-womens-league-task-team/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}} At the ANC's [55th National Conference](/source/55th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress) in December 2022, she was additionally elected to a five-year term on the ANC National Executive Committee. She was ranked 67th of the 80 candidates elected to the committee by the number of votes received.{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=ANC NEC election results |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/anc-nec-election-results-2022 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}} The ANC Women's League held its 13th National Conference in July 2023, and Pule was nominated from the floor of the conference to stand for election as the league's Deputy Secretary-General. She was elected to the office on 23 July, deputising Nokuthula Nqaba.{{Cite web |last=Masuabi |first=Queenin |date=2023-07-23 |title=Ramaphosa ally Sisisi Tolashe beats Bathabile Dlamini to be elected as ANCWL president |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-07-23-ramaphosa-ally-sisisi-tolashe-beats-bathabile-dlamini-to-be-elected-as-ancwl-president/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}} === Return to Parliament: 2024–present === Amid the ANC experiencing a decline in electoral support in the [May 2024 general election](/source/2024_South_African_general_election), Pule was elected to return to an ANC seat in the National Assembly.{{Cite web |last=Dentlinger |first=Lindsay |date=5 June 2024 |title=Naledi Pandor, Bheki Cele, Thandi Modise and Thulas Nxesi among ministers not returning to Parliament |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/06/05/naledi-pandor-bheki-cele-thandi-modise-and-thulas-nxesi-among-ministers-not-returning-to-parliament |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=EWN |language=en}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{People's Assembly (South Africa)|dina-deliwe-pule/|Mrs Dina Deliwe Pule}} {{Jacob Zuma cabinet 1}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pule, Dina}} Category:Living people Category:1960 births Category:People from Mbombela Local Municipality Category:20th-century South African politicians Category:20th-century South African women politicians Category:21st-century South African women politicians Category:African National Congress politicians Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2024–2029 Category:Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa Category:Members of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature Category:Women members of provincial legislatures of South Africa Category:University of South Africa alumni --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dina Pule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Pule) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Pule?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.