# Dimale

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{{Short description|Ancient town in Illyria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox historic site
|name = Dimale
|native_name= Διμάλη
|native_language = el
|alternate_name= Διμάλλον, Dimallum
|image=
|caption=
|map_type = Albania
|map_alt =
|location = [Krotinë](/source/Krotin%C3%AB), [Berat County](/source/Berat_County), Albania
|region = [Illyria](/source/Illyria)
|coordinates = {{coord|40|42|59|N|19|47|49|E|display=title}}
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built =
|abandoned =
|epochs = Iron Age, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman
|cultures = Illyrian, Greek, Roman
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership = Public
|public_access =
|website =
|notes =
}}

'''Dimale''' or '''Dimallum''' ([Illyrian](/source/Illyrian_language): Διμάλη /Dimálē;{{sfn|Lippert|Matzinger|2021|p=131}} [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek): Διμάλη or Διμάλλον; [Latin](/source/Latin_language): ''Dimallum'') was a town in southern [Illyria](/source/Illyria) in classical antiquity which was situated in the vicinity or within the territory of the [Parthini](/source/Parthini), an [Illyrian](/source/Illyrians) tribe. It was built on a hill of 450&nbsp;m above sea level, in the hinterland of [Apollonia](/source/Apollonia_(Illyria)), about 30&nbsp;km from the eastern coast of the [Adriatic](/source/Adriatic). It is located in today [Krotinë](/source/Krotin%C3%AB), [Berat County](/source/Berat_County), [Albania](/source/Albania).<ref>{{harvnb|Muka|Heinzelmann|2014|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=64}}; {{harvnb|Jaupaj|2019|p=194}}; {{harvnb|Christ|1974|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RyBLAAAAMAAJ&q=Dimale+%2B+Illyrische 290]}}; {{harvnb|Bengtson|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=de6yYEMBJHEC&dq=Dimale+%2B+Illyrische&pg=PA399 399]}}; {{harvnb|Kaffka|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p83i6uZtZ_wC&dq=Dimallum+%2B+Illyrische&pg=PA10 10]}}; {{harvnb|Wilkes|1992|p=133}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkdCokrrp4gC&pg=PA381 381]}}; {{harvnb|Winnifrith|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ&q=Dimallum+%2B+Illyrian 33]}}; {{harvnb|Stipčević|1974|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1997|pp=144–145}}; {{harvnb|Šašel Kos|2005|p=406}}.</ref> 

The first walls of Dimale were built around mid-4th century BC when the Illyrians went through a dynamic development founding their own cities. The urban settlement was built on an already existent Illyrian hilltop proto-urban area dating back to the previous century.<ref>{{harvnb|Dautaj|2009|p=281}}; {{harvnb|Muka|Heinzelmann|2012|p=390}}; {{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=65}}; {{harvnb|Fiedler|Lahi|Shehi|Pánczél|Velo|Döhner|2021|p=137}}.</ref> In the [Hellenistic period](/source/Hellenistic_period) (between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC) the town experienced its climax, during a phase marked by intense urban planning, including the construction of a new [city wall](/source/city_wall) and the building of several [stoa](/source/stoa)s, a [temple](/source/temple), and a [theater](/source/Theater_(structure)), showing a significant influence of the [Ancient Greek culture](/source/Ancient_Greek_culture) on the local Illyrian inhabitants. Manufacturing and materials seem to witness an intense exchange with nearby Apollonia.<ref>{{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=65}}; {{harvnb|Muka|Heinzelmann|2012|p=390}}.</ref>

The fortified town of Dimale was regarded as impenetrable by Illyrians.{{sfn|Stipčević|1974|p=53|ps=: "Demetrus took refuge in the fortified town of Dimallum. The Illyrians had regarded Dimallum as impregnable, and this was precisely the reason why the Romans had decided to attack it.}} It was involved in the [Second Roman-Illyrian War](/source/Illyrian_Wars){{sfn|Errington|1989|pp=92–93}} and the [First Roman-Macedonian War](/source/First_Macedonian_War).{{sfn|Errington|1989|pp=98, 104}}

== Name ==
The Illyrian toponym is attested in literary sources and epigraphic material, written as Διμάλη in [Greek script](/source/Greek_script) and ''Dimallum'' in [Latin script](/source/Latin_script).{{sfn|Lippert|Matzinger|2021|p=131}} 

The toponym belongs to the southeast Dalmatian onomastic area of [Illyrian](/source/Illyrian_language).<ref>{{harvnb|De Simone|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1869 1869]}}</ref> It is a compound of ''di'' + ''mal''. The root ''mal'' – is reflected in many [ancient Balkan](/source/Paleo-Balkan_languages) (Illyrian or [Thracian](/source/Thracian_language)) toponyms such as ''Malontum'', ''Maloventum'', ''Malontina'', ''Dacia Maluensis'' etc.<ref name="Doçi">{{harvnb|Doçi|2008|p=718}}</ref><ref name=Illyés>{{harvnb|Illyés|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/ethniccontinuity0000illy_f0n9/page/220 220]|ps=: "''mal'': "shore, bank, edge." Thracian toponym ''Malua'', Dacia Maluensis, translated to Dacia Ripensis, also Illyrian ''Malontum, Dimallum'', cf., Alb. ''Dimale'', "two mountains." The ancient Albanian form is reconstructed as ''*mol-no''; modern Alb. ''mal'', "mountain," Romanian ''mal'', "bank, mountain"."}}</ref> The Illyrian toponym ''Dimallum'' has been connected to [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language) ''di-male'', meaning "two mountains", with the [Proto-Albanian](/source/Proto-Albanian_language) form of the second component reconstructed as ''mol-no''.<ref name=Illyés/> The Illyrian reconstruction of the first component has been rendered as ''*d(ṷ)i-'', 'two'. Therefore ''Dimale'' must have meant '(settlement between) two mountains' in Illyrian.{{sfn|Lippert|Matzinger|2021|p=131}}

== History ==

{{Southern Illyria Labeled Map}}

At Dimale an [Illyrian](/source/Illyrians) pre-urban and proto-urban settlement of the 5th-4th centuries BC is confirmed by pottery found in the site.{{sfn|Dautaj|2009|p=281|ps=: "Emërtimi qeramikë e pikturuar helenistike e Dimalit, në një farë mënyre, nënkupton vazhdimësinë e saj nga periudhat e mëparshme, konkretisht të qeramikës së pikturuar para dhe protourbane ilire, me të cilën ka mjaft dukuri e pika takimi, natyrisht me risi e novatorizëm në kushtet e zhvillimit të gjithanshëm të jetës urbane në periudhën helenistike."}}<ref name="Muka-Heinzelmann-2012-390a">{{harvnb|Muka|Heinzelmann|2012|p=390|ps=: "Në përmbledhje të rezultateve të dy fushatave arkeologjike, krijohet një panoramë më e plotë rreth Dimalit: vendbanimi ilir duket të ketë qenë banuar fillimisht gjatë shek. V-IV p.e. sonë, në një sipërfaqe më të vogël, të përqendruar kryesisht në kodrën e akropolit, e cila u fortifikua në shek. IV p.e. sonë."}}</ref> However physical architectural remains of this period have not been preserved.{{sfn|Muka|Heinzelmann|2014|p=228}} The Illyrian settlement seems to have included initially only a small inhabited area on the hill, which was fortified in the 4th century BC,<ref name="Lasagni-65">{{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=65|ps=: "l'insediamento illirico venne fortificato nel IV sec. a.C.; nel periodo III-II sec. a.C. la città conobbe il suo floruit, accompagnato da un'intensa attività urbanistica: a questa fase risale, tra le altre cose, l'edificazione di una nuova cinta muraria e del teatro; lavorazioni e materiali sembrano testimoniare un intenso scambio con la vicina Apollonia."}}</ref><ref name="Muka-Heinzelmann-2012-390a"/> representing one of the proto-urban centres that were established in the hinterland of southern [Illyria](/source/Illyria) (today [Albania](/source/Albania)), especially during the developed [Iron Age](/source/Iron_Age). These proto-urban centres were fortified sites different to the small unwalled villages known as ''komai''. The processes of the development of these proto-urban settlements are unclear to scholars, who also have not yet completely understood the role of these sites, whether they were hilltop shelters, towns or meeting centres of regional trading.{{sfn|Papadopoulos|2016|p=440}}

The development and prosperity of the town occurred in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. During this period a new wall was built replacing the first fortification. The new wall comprised the whole hill of Dimale. The town made available sufficient financial resources to undertake a social and religious construction program. Several [stoa](/source/stoa)s, a [temple](/source/temple), and a [theater](/source/Theater_(structure)) were built, showing a significant influence of the [Ancient Greek culture](/source/Ancient_Greek_culture) on the local Illyrian inhabitants.<ref name="Muka-Heinzelmann-2012-390b">{{harvnb|Muka|Heinzelmann|2012|p=390|ps=: "Zhvillimi dhe begatia e qytetit shënohen gjatë shek. III-II p.Kr., periudhë gjatë së cilës fotifikimi i parë i akropolit braktiset dhe në vend të tij qyteti fortifikohet me një mur të ri, i cili përfshin tashmë gjithë kodrën e Dimalit. Gjatë kësaj periudhe, qyteti vuri në dispozicion burime të mjaftueshme financiare për të ndërmarrë një program ndërtimesh me karakter shoqëror dhe religjioz, përfshirë këtu ndërtimin e disa stoave, një tempulli dhe një teatri. Gjithë këto ndërtime dëshmojnë për një gjurmë të konsiderueshme që kultura helene ka lënë tek banorët vendas ilirë."}}</ref> It has been indicated that the city was a centre of the Illyrian tribe of [Parthini](/source/Parthini), and was belatedly [Hellenized](/source/Hellenization) under the influence of [Apollonia](/source/Apollonia_(Illyria)) and the [Epirote League](/source/Epirote_League).<ref>{{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=65|ps=: "È da considerarsi del tutto superata l’ipotesi, avanzata da Hammond 1968, 14-15, che Dimalla fosse una polis di origine greca, fondata sotto Pirro con un contingente di coloni da Apollonia; cf. infatti Hatzopoulos 1997, 145, che indica piuttosto questa città come centro dell’ethnos illirico dei Parthini, senza alcuna origine greca, ma tardivamente ellenizzato grazie all’influenza di Apollonia e del koinon degli Epiroti."}}</ref>

=== Roman period ===

Dimale appears in ancient sources of the Roman period that describes the wars involving the [Roman Republic](/source/Roman_Republic). During the [Second Illyrian War](/source/Illyrian_Wars) in 219 BC, [Demetrius of Pharos](/source/Demetrius_of_Pharos), after expelling all his opponents from Dimale, fortified the city against an imminent [Roman](/source/Roman_Republic) attack and left to defend [Pharos](/source/Hvar). In spite of the fortress of Dimale being considered impregnable, the Romans, under the command of [L. Aemilius Paullus](/source/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)), captured the city in a seven-day siege with local Illyrian help. After Demetrius' complete defeat at Roman hands and ultimate flight to Macedonia, Dimale entered into a friendly relationship (''[amicitia](/source/amicitia)'') with Rome.{{sfn|Errington|1989|pp=92–93}} During the [First Macedonian War](/source/First_Macedonian_War), in 213 or 212 BC, [Philip V of Macedon](/source/Philip_V_of_Macedon) managed to take control of the city{{sfn|Errington|1989|p=98}} but, after an unsuccessful Roman assault led by [P. Sempronius Tuditanus](/source/Publius_Sempronius_Tuditanus) in 205 BC, the city reverted to its previous status in the negotiations between Philip V and [Rome](/source/Roman_Republic) [Phoenice](/source/Phoenice) ([Treaty of Phoenice](/source/Treaty_of_Phoenice)) the same year.{{sfn|Errington|1989|p=104}}

== Findings and organization ==
[[File:Praschniker Kalja Krot.jpg|thumb|Sketch of the fortress of Dimale at the site of [Krotinë](/source/Krotin%C3%AB) by [Camillo Praschniker](/source/Camillo_Praschniker), 1918.]]
The identification of the site of [Krotinë](/source/Krotin%C3%AB) with the ancient Illyrian city became possible thanks to the discovery of ancient [tiles](/source/tiles) stamped with the word ''DIMALLITAN'' (Greek: ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ).{{sfn|Wilkes|1992|p=133|ps=: "The location of Dimale (or Dimallum), a settlement in the territory of the Parthini, at Krotinc west of Berat, depends on tiles stamped DIMALLITAN (in Greek)."}}<ref name=Lasagni,64,74>{{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=64|ps=: "La città illirica di Dimalla (o Dimale), identificata nell’odierna Krotinë/Berat, a nordovest di Apollonia, ha restituito un insieme di documenti epigrafici costituito per la stragrande maggioranza di bolli su tegole databili tra III e II sec. a.C., e da alcune iscrizioni su pietra. Tra i primi, si segnalano in particolare una serie di bolli relativi ad ''ateliers'' pubblici, alcuni recanti il nome della ''polis'', ancora nella forma dorica-nordoccidentale Διμάλλας, altri recante l’etnico al genitivo plurale Διμαλλίταν, indicazioni che l’editore, B. Dautaj, suggeriva di interpretare come afferenti rispettivamente alla sola polis di Dimalla, da una parte, e al koinon dei Dimallitai, dall’altra." p. 74: "si vedano, quali esempi significativi, la compresenza delle scritte ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ e ΔΙΜΑΛΛΑ negli stampi su tegola da Dimalla"}}</ref> The epigraphic material found at Dimale is mainly constituted by stamps on tiles datable between the 3rd and 2nd century BC, and by some stone inscriptions.<ref name=Lasagni,64,74/> The inscriptions are written in [northwest Doric Greek](/source/Doric_Greek).{{sfn|Hatzopoulos|1997|pp=144–145}} The name of the ''polis'' is written in the form Διμάλλας, ''Dimallas'', while the name of the ''ethnicon'' is written in the genitive plural Διμαλλίταν, ''Dimallitan''.<ref name=Lasagni,64,74/>

Epigraphy in Dimale mentions a number of Greek offices{{sfn|Hatzopoulos|1997|pp=144–145}} such as prytanis, grammateus and phylarchos as well as a single dedication to [Phoebus](/source/Phoebus).<ref>{{harvnb|Myrto|1998|ps=: "Dimale"}}</ref> The inscriptions bear both non-Greek onomastics and Greek onomastics with names typical of Epirus and the Corinthian colonies.{{sfn|Hatzopoulos|1997|pp=144–145}} The city hosted a number of monuments, typical of the ancient Greek architectural style, such as a [stoa](/source/stoa).{{sfn|Hatzopoulos|1997|pp=144–145}} The indication of the office of ''phylarchos'', also attested at [Epidamnos](/source/Epidamnos), would imply that the Illyrian city of Dimale adopted in [Hellenistic times](/source/Hellenistic_period) a system of ''phylai'' on the model of the nearby [Corinthian](/source/Ancient_Corinth) poleis. Archaeological investigation suggests the economic and cultural influence of nearby [Apollonia](/source/Apollonia%2C_Illyria), however, in terms of institutional organization, the office of ''phylarchos'' at Dimale is hardly attributable to the Apollonian influence.<ref>{{harvnb|Lasagni|2019|p=65|ps=: "L’indicazione della carica del ''phylarchos'', che abbiamo visto essere attestata a Epidamnos, implicherebbe che la città illirica di Dimalla avesse adottato in età ellenistica un sistema di ''phylai'' – quali che fossero le loro precise funzioni e composizione – sul modello delle vicine poleis corinzie. L’influenza economica e culturale delle poleis hellenides dell’area, e in particolare di Apollonia, sembra emergere dalla stessa indagine archeologica; ma, sul piano istituzionale, sembra difficile credere che la figura del phylarchos possa essere esistita a Dimalla provenendo da tale matrice.}}</ref> It is difficult to determine whether Dimale was the capital of a ''koinon'' or organized as a city-state. The inscriptions of the ''ethnicon'' depicted on coins do not provide a definitive answer. The proximity of the theater and the agora seems to be closer to the Illyrian-Epirote model rather than to the Greek city model. It can therefore be assumed that the theater was used as a place for political assemblies.<ref name=Jaupaj,440,441>{{harvnb|Jaupaj|2019|pp=440–441}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[List of ancient cities in Illyria](/source/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Illyria)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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<!-- W -->
*{{Cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John J.|author-link=J. J. Wilkes|title=The Illyrians|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1992|isbn=0-631-19807-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C}}
*{{cite book|last=Winnifrith|first=Tom J.|title=Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania |publisher=Duckworth|year=2002|location=London|isbn=0-7156-3201-9|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ}}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 Polybius, Histories, 3.18 - Demetrius Fortifies Dimale]
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+7.9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234 Polybius, Histories, 7.9 - Treaty Between Hannibal and King Philip V of Macedon]
*[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/livy/liv.29.shtml#12 Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 29.12]
*[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AL/40/Krotine.html Krotine Locator]

{{Illyrians}}
{{Castles in Albania}}
Category:Archaeology of Illyria
Category:Buildings and structures in Berat County
Category:Cities in ancient Illyria
Category:Former populated places in Albania
Category:Former populated places in the Balkans
Category:Illyrian Albania
Category:Hellenistic Albania
Category:Tourist attractions in Berat County

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dimale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimale) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimale?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.