# Deutschlandfunk

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German radio station

Deutschlandfunk Cologne Germany Broadcast area National and international Programming Language German Format News, speech Ownership Owner Deutschlandradio Sister stations Deutschlandfunk Kultur, Deutschlandfunk Nova History First air date 1 January 1962; 64 years ago (1962-01-01) Links Website www.deutschlandfunk.de

**Deutschlandfunk** (**DLF**, German: [\[ˈdɔʏtʃlantˌfʊŋk\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Deutschlandfunk.ogg) *Broadcast Germany*) is a [public-broadcasting](/source/Public_broadcasting) radio station in [Germany](/source/Germany), concentrating on news and current affairs. It is one of the four national radio channels produced by [Deutschlandradio](/source/Deutschlandradio).

## History

Deutschlandfunk [Satellite truck](/source/Satellite_truck) in front of [Glocke](/source/Die_Glocke_(Bremen)) in [Bremen](/source/Bremen)

Broadcasting in the [Federal Republic of Germany](/source/Federal_Republic_of_Germany) is reserved under the [Basic Law](/source/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany) (constitution) to the [states](/source/States_of_Germany). This means that all [public broadcasting](/source/Public_broadcasting) is regionalised. National broadcasts must be aired through the national consortium of regional public broadcasters ([ARD](/source/ARD_(broadcaster))) or authorized by a treaty negotiated between the states.

In the 1950s, the [German Democratic Republic](/source/German_Democratic_Republic) (GDR) began broadcasting its [Deutschlandsender](/source/Deutschlandsender) station on [longwave](/source/Longwave).[1] In response to this, the then-[Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk](/source/Nordwestdeutscher_Rundfunk) applied for a licence to operate a similar longwave service on behalf of the ARD. This was granted in 1956 and operated as [Deutscher Langwellensender](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Langwellensender&action=edit&redlink=1) ("German Longwave Station").[2]

On 29 November 1960, the federal government under [Konrad Adenauer](/source/Konrad_Adenauer) created *Deutschlandfunk* as a national broadcasting corporation based in [Cologne](/source/Cologne).[3][4] At the same time, the government's attempted creation of a national television channel under its direct control (later to become [ZDF](/source/ZDF)) prompted a complaint from several states to the [Federal Constitutional Court](/source/Federal_Constitutional_Court) regarding broadcasting powers. In the "[First Broadcasting Judgement](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Rundfunk-Urteil)", handed down on 28 February 1961, the court held while that broadcasting *to* Germany was not a power granted to the federal government and therefore delegated to the states, broadcasting *from* Germany to other countries fell under the federal government's responsibility to conduct foreign affairs.

When [Norddeutscher Rundfunk](/source/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk)'s licence to broadcast on longwave expired, the federal government acquired the frequencies for Deutschlandfunk and began transmissions on 1 January 1962,[2] joining the ARD on 7 June.

Deutschlandfunk broadcast primarily in German, targeting the GDR and [German-speaking](/source/German_language) minorities in Eastern Europe. However, its European Department was responsible for foreign-language transmissions to neighbouring countries in Europe, primarily from the [Ehndorf transmitter](/source/Ehndorf_transmitter). From 7 June 1963 it began foreign language transmissions in [Czech](/source/Czech_language), [Croatian](/source/Croatian_language), [Polish](/source/Polish_language) and [Serbian](/source/Serbian_language). Later it focused on the Federal Republic's neighbours in northern Europe, including English programming for [Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland) and the [UK](/source/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland). Inter-continental broadcasts were the responsibility of [Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle). Back in 1989, also news on the half-hour were placed next to the hourly news.

### Post-reunification

Deutschlandfunk headquarters in Cologne, Germany

After [reunification](/source/German_reunification), negotiations between the states and the Federal Government led to a reorganization of Germany's national and international public broadcasters in which DLF lost its independence and ARD membership.

On 1 July 1993, DLF's European Department was transferred to [Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle). DLF English programmes were phased out over several years and replaced by DW's intercontinental programmes.

The rest of DLF was merged into [Deutschlandradio](/source/Deutschlandradio) ("Germany Radio"), a public broadcasting institution created to oversee national services, from 1 January 1994.[5] DLF was given a new remit as a news and current affairs service, while retaining its staff and studio facilities in Cologne. The service remains free of advertising. In the years immediately after the merger it was sometimes referred to as *DeutschlandRadio Köln* ("Germany Radio Cologne").

Deutschlandradio developed its service and beside of Deutschlandfunk (mainly news and information) and [Deutschlandfunk Kultur](/source/Deutschlandfunk_Kultur) (culture in a broader sense) they started [Deutschlandfunk Nova](/source/Deutschlandfunk_Nova), which is also based on production from Deutschlandfunk and targets young adults, mainly with spoken-word. The [Dokumente und Debatten](/source/Dokumente_und_Debatten) is an opt-out channel, often for special events and significant parliamentary debates.

## Programming

Deutschlandfunk's schedules are largely made up of news and documentaries, covering politics, economics and science. Music is also aired, especially during nighttime and weekend hours, it can account for half of the airtime.

### News

Deutschlandfunk broadcasts a news bulletin every half hour weekdays between 04:00 and 18:00, and every hour at all other times (except Saturday at 21:00). In even-numbered hours between 06:00 and 20:00; every day at 13:00 and weekdays at 23:00, the bulletins can last up to 10 minutes; and 5 minutes at all other times.

On weekdays, the morning news magazine *Informationen am Morgen* is broadcast between 05:00 and 09:00, with frequent news bulletins. News magazines are also broadcast between 12:00 and 13:30 (*Informationen am Mittag*), and between 18:00 and 18:40 (*Informationen am Abend*). The main evening bulletin (*Das war der Tag* ("That was the Day")) is from 23:10 to 23:57. Selections from German and international newspaper commentaries are interspersed in the morning, noon, and midnight news magazines.

### Culture

On Sundays, a discussion programme called *Essay und Diskurs* is broadcast between 09:30 and 10:00,[6] covering subjects as varied as Islam in Germany, neurophysiology and the history of art. These discussions are archived on the internet.[7]

### International cooperation

Deutschlandfunk provides programming for the German-language Belgian radio station BRF-DLF in [Brussels](/source/Brussels).[8] It also cooperates with the main [Belgischer Rundfunk](/source/Belgischer_Rundfunk) (BRF) domestic radio service for the [East Cantons](/source/German-speaking_community_of_Belgium) of Walonia, BRF1.

## Technologies

[Ravensburg-Horgenzell transmitter](/source/Ravensburg-Horgenzell_transmitter)

Deutschlandfunk broadcasts on [FM](/source/FM_broadcasting), [DAB+](/source/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting), and broadcast digitally via the [Astra satellite](/source/Astra_satellite) system and used in the German and some European [cable television systems](/source/Cable_television_system).

Until the [Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975](/source/Geneva_Frequency_Plan_of_1975) came into effect on 23 November 1978, Deutschlandfunk was transmitted on longwave from [Sender Donebach](/source/Sender_Donebach) and on mediumwave from [Bad Dürrheim](/source/Bad_D%C3%BCrrheim_transmitter), [Cremlingen](/source/Cremlingen_transmitter), [Ravensburg](/source/Ravensburg-Horgenzell_transmitter), [Ehndorf](/source/Ehndorf_transmitter), and [Mainflingen](/source/Mediumwave_transmitter_Mainflingen). With implementation of the plan [Bad Dürrheim](/source/Bad_D%C3%BCrrheim_transmitter) was shut down. In 1979 new transmitters came into service: in [Erching](/source/Longwave_transmitter_Erching) for daytime longwave transmission and in 1980/81 in [Nordkirchen](/source/Nordkirchen_transmitter) and [Thurnau](/source/Transmitter_Thurnau) for mediumwave transmission.

On 1 January 1989 the [Aholming transmitter](/source/Aholming_transmitter) replaced [Erching](/source/Longwave_transmitter_Erching) and allowed 24-hour service on the second longwave frequency. On 1 October 1994 [Heusweiler transmitter](/source/Transmitter_Heusweiler), which had previously transmitted "Europawelle Saar", began transmitting Deutschlandfunk. On 31 December 1994 [Mainflingen transmitter](/source/Mediumwave_transmitter_Mainflingen) was shut down. On 31 December 2014 longwave transmissions from Donebach on 153 kHz and Aholming on 207 kHz ceased, although Donebach 153 kHz continued into the early hours of 1 January 2015 before being shut down. On 31 December 2015 all remaining medium wave transmissions ceased at 2350 CET.[9]

### FM

FM transmitters broadcast Deutschlandfunk signal throughout Germany but there are gaps in coverage, especially — but not only — in the southern states of [Bavaria](/source/Bavaria) and [Baden-Württemberg](/source/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg). As the state authorities have the power to allocate frequencies to broadcasters, they give preference to the regional public and commercial broadcasters under their jurisdiction.

### Streaming

Several streams of Deutschlandfunk are available in [MP3](/source/MP3), [AAC](/source/Advanced_Audio_Coding) and [Opus](/source/Opus_(audio_format)) formats.[10]

The radio station is available on the apps for Android and iOS. There are two options: 1. Live stream 2. Catchup of the latest news summary.

## Mainflingen transmitter

The Mainflingen mediumwave transmitter (Mainflingen B) is a [mediumwave](/source/Mediumwave) transmission facility south of the [A3 motorway](/source/A3_motorway_(Germany)) near [Mainflingen](/source/Mainflingen), [Hesse](/source/Hesse), [Germany](/source/Germany). Mainflingen was the first mediumwave [transmitter](/source/Transmitter) for the radio station Deutschlandfunk. It went into service in 1962 with a transmission power of 50 [kW](/source/Kilowatt), on a frequency of 1538 [kHz](/source/Kilohertz), at the upper end of the mediumwave band. This frequency has a bad [groundwave](/source/Groundwave) [propagation](/source/Radio_propagation) and therefore a low range at daytime, but an excellent [skywave](/source/Skywave) propagation with a long range at night.

In December 1962 the transmission power of Mainflingen was increased to 300 kW. Until 1967 its antenna was on the same site as the [Mainflingen longwave transmitters](/source/Mainflingen_longwave_transmitter). This resulted in interference problems, which made the desired further increase of transmission power impossible. A new transmitter, with a directional and an omnidirecional [antenna](/source/Antenna_(radio)), was built in the mid-1960s on a site south of the A3, at a distance great enough from the longwave transmitters that even when using a power of 1000 kW, no greater interference problems would occur. This facility went into service on 1 January 1967.

The directional and the omnidirectional antennas were somewhat unusual for mediumwave broadcasting antennas. The omnidirectional antenna consisted of a ground-fed 142-metre-tall guyed mast, carrying a double conical cage antenna with a diameter of 64 metres. This construction allowed its usage for all mediumwave frequencies, and therefore also as backup antenna for Deutschlandfunk's mediumwave transmitters at other sites. The directional antenna consisted of two horizontal [dipoles](/source/Dipole) which were mounted on 4.85-metre-tall guyed masts at a height of 75 metres, with a radiation maximum showing in northeast and southwest direction. As the omnidirectional antenna could not be used for the full available transmission power of 700 kW, in 1974 a 95-metre-tall guyed ground-fed mast radiator was built. A transmission power of 1050 kW was also possible by switching the third backup transmitter in parallel, but for economical reasons was never used. The transmitter was now run during the day with 700 kW and omnidirectional radiation, and at night with 350 kW and directional radiation, and was also used in the evenings for transmitting English-language programmes.

The introduction of the [wave plan of Geneva](/source/Wave_plan_of_Geneva) resulted in an increase of the transmission frequency from 1538 kHz to 1539 kHz. Mainflingen's daily operation mode was not affected. However, according to the wave plan, it was no longer allowed to use the double conical antenna as backup antenna for Deutschlandfunk's other mediumwave transmitters. The regulations of the wave plan of Geneva do not normally allow operation of backup transmitters more than 50 kilometres away from the standard site without special coordinative measures. This antenna was therefore dismantled in 1982.

After 1 March 1983 Deutschlandfunk was also broadcast at night using omnidirectional radiation, and the four masts of the directional antenna was dismantled afterwards. From 1 April 1988 the transmission power was reduced to 350 kW. Beside the bad groundwave propagation of the used frequency, broadcasts from the transmitter were only sufficiently well-received during daytime, despite the high power output. This resulted in a shut-down of the transmitter on 31 December 1994, some years after the cancellation of foreign language transmissions.

As a replacement, [Saarländischer Rundfunk](/source/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk)'s Heusweiler transmitter was leased. It was first planned to demolish the Mainflingen facility, but on 1 April 1996 Evangeliums-Rundfunk (ERF), a religious broadcaster, which already hired transmission time at Trans World Radio restarted its operation.

Several disputes between [Deutsche Telekom](/source/Deutsche_Telekom) and the [Mainhausen](/source/Mainhausen) municipality occurred, as after the relaunch, problems with electromagnetic influence of electric devices were reported. Local residents were therefore opposed to continued use of the transmitter. In 1998 it was decided that the site could be used for mediumwave transmission and modernization of the facility started. First the old transmitter was replaced by a new, fully [transistorized](/source/Transistor) transmitter, which would be also able to operate in [DRM](/source/Digital_Radio_Mondiale) mode.

In order to allow a good night-time transmission without causing too many problems with electromagnetic influence, a cross-dipole antenna with a radiation maximum pointing vertically into the sky was built in early 2006. This antenna, which is one of the few applications of [circular polarisation](/source/Circular_polarisation) for broadcasting, is mounted on 5 guyed masts. The central mast of this antenna is grounded. It carries the feeder cables running to the dipole, while the masts at the edge are standing on insulators and grounded via [inductances](/source/Inductance) in such way that they radiate as low a frequency as possible. In this way, undesired parasitic radiations, which are the cause of electromagnetic influence, are suppressed. The radiated wave must be right-hand polarized, otherwise the signal reflected on the [ionosphere](/source/Ionosphere) would be 20 [dB](/source/Decibel) less strong. In spring 2006 this new antenna went into service. It is used only for night-time transmissions, as the desired ionospheric reflection occurs only at night. During the day the old mast is used.

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Titelseite_1-0)** ["Langwellensender in Deutschland"](http://www.wabweb.net/radio/radio/lw3.htm). *wabweb.net* (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Köring_2018_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Köring_2018_2-1) Köring, Ulrich (28 February 2018). ["Langwelle: Deutschlandfunk-Antennen werden am Freitag gesprengt"](https://www.radioszene.de/118960/langwelle-antennen-sprengung.html). *RADIOSZENE* (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Deutschlandfunk_2021_3-0)** ["Zwei neue Sender für das Land"](https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/zwei-neue-sender-fuer-das-land-100.html). *Deutschlandfunk* (in German). 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bundesarchiv_Internet_2006_4-0)** ["Kabinettsprotokolle Online "C. Deutsche Welle und Deutschlandfunk" (2.17.5:)"](https://www.bundesarchiv.de/cocoon/barch/01/k/k1961k/kap1_2/kap2_17/para3_5.html). *Bundesarchiv Internet* (in German). 1 March 2006. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tagesspiegel_2014_5-0)** ["Das Vereinigungsradio"](https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/20-jahre-deutschlandradio-das-vereinigungsradio/9654024.html). *[Der Tagesspiegel](/source/Der_Tagesspiegel)* (in German). 22 March 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zeitung_2016_6-0)** ["Deutschlandfunk und Deutschlandradio Kultur: Radio, das sich noch lohnt"](https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.deutschlandfunk-und-deutschlandradio-kultur-radio-das-sich-noch-lohnt.33048970-7ad4-4d81-b02b-b648f21dcbd5.html). *[Stuttgarter Zeitung](/source/Stuttgarter_Zeitung)* (in German). 16 October 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** deutschlandfunk.de. ["Alle Sendungen"](https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/sendungen). *Deutschlandfunk* (in German). Retrieved 8 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BRF_Unternehmen_2021_8-0)** ["BRF-DLF"](https://u.brf.be/produkte/brfdlf/). *BRF Unternehmen* (in German). 2 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Deutschlandfunk – Abschaltung Mittelwelle"](http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/abschaltung-mittelwelle.2571.de.html?dram:article_id=266956). *Deutschlandfunk*. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Empfang und Kanäle > Streamingdienste"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190327141256/https://www.deutschlandradio.de/streamingdienste.219.de.html) [Reception and channels > Streaming services] (in German). Archived from [the original](https://www.deutschlandradio.de/streamingdienste.219.de.html) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

### Sources

- Shutdown of Medium Wave Services 31 December 2015. *[\[1\]](http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/abschaltung-mittelwelle.2571.de.html?dram:article_id=266956)*

- ARD *[ARD: 50 Jahre Erste Reihe](http://web.ard.de/cgi-bin/chronik/start?lrafilter=lra&bg=lra)*. Accessed on 4 January 2009.

- Paulu, Burton *Radio and Television Broadcasting on the European Continent* Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1967; pp. 63–69, p. 187.

## Further reading

- Müller, Hansjörg Friedrich (2 June 2020). ["Deutschlandfunk: Ein Selbstversuch als Hörer und Kritiker"](https://www.nzz.ch/international/konstruktiver-journalismus-in-gruen-ein-selbstversuch-mit-dem-deutschlandfunk-ld.1534835). *[Neue Zürcher Zeitung](/source/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung)* (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2022.

- Schleider, Tim (15 December 2017). ["Deutschlandfunk: Der Chef vom Radio mit Sinn"](https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.deutschlandfunk-der-chef-vom-radio-mit-sinn.35d6a10b-c793-4f22-955f-2f3b11622287.html). *[Stuttgarter Zeitung](/source/Stuttgarter_Zeitung)* (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2022.

- Hartung, Helmut (6 April 2022). ["DLR-Intendant Stefan Raue: Kein halbes Jahr Pause beim Rundfunkbeitrag"](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/intendant-des-deutschlandfunks-ueber-berichterstattung-im-krieg-17940071.html). *[FAZ.NET](/source/FAZ.NET)* (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2022.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Deutschlandfunk](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deutschlandfunk).

- [DRadio official website](https://www.deutschlandradio.de/) (in German)

- [Deutschlandfunk website](https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/) (in German)

- [ARD Radio](https://www.ardaudiothek.de/) (in German)

v t e Public broadcasting in Germany Broadcasters ARD Current BR HR MDR NDR RB RBB SR SWR WDR DW Former NWDR ORB SFB SDR SWF ZDF Deutschlandradio Television channels National ARD Das Erste tagesschau24 ARD-alpha one DW-TV ZDF ZDF ZDFinfo ZDFneo ARD and ZDF 3sat arte KiKA phoenix Funk Regional ARD BR Fernsehen hr-fernsehen MDR Fernsehen NDR Fernsehen Radio Bremen TV RBB Fernsehen SR Fernsehen SWR Fernsehen WDR Fernsehen Radio stations National DLR Deutschlandfunk Deutschlandfunk Kultur Dokumente und Debatten Deutschlandfunk Nova International Deutsche Welle Regional (ARD) BR Bayern 1 Bayern 2 Bayern 3 BR-Klassik BR24 BR24live BR Heimat BR Schlager BR Verkehr HR hr1 hr2-kultur hr3 hr4 hr4 Mitte hr4 Nord hr4 Rhein-Main hr-info You FM MDR MDR Sachsen [de] MDR Sachsen-Anhalt [de] MDR Thüringen – Das Radio [de] MDR Aktuell MDR Jump MDR Klassik MDR Kultur MDR Schlagerwelt MDR Sputnik MDR Tweens [de] Sorbischer Rundfunk NDR NDR 1 NDR 1 Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) NDR 1 Radio MV [de] (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) NDR 1 Welle Nord [de] (Schleswig-Holstein) NDR 90,3 [de] (Hamburg) NDR 2 [de] NDR Blue [de] NDR Info [de] NDR Info Spezial [de] NDR Kultur [de] N-JOY NDR Schlager [de] RB Bremen Eins Bremen Zwei Bremen Next Bremen Vier Bremen Fünf [de] Cosmo RBB Antenne Brandenburg COSMO Fritz [de] Inforadio [de] radio3 [de] rbb 88.8 [de] Radio Eins [de] Sorbischer Rundfunk SR Antenne Saar [de] SR 1 [de] SR kultur [de] SR 3 Saarlandwelle [de] Unserding [de] SWR DASDING SWR1 [de] SWR1 Baden-Württemberg SWR1 Rheinland-Pfalz SWR Kultur [de] Archivradio SWR3 [de] SWR4 [de] SWR4 Baden-Württemberg SWR4 Rheinland-Pfalz SWR Aktuell [de] WDR 1LIVE 1LIVE diggi COSMO WDR 2 WDR 3 WDR 4 WDR 5 WDR Event Discontinued Television channels ARD 1 Plus ARD 2 Deutscher Fernsehfunk EinsPlus RBB Berlin RBB Brandenburg ZDF 2 ZDF Musikkanal ZDFdokukanal ZDFkultur ZDFtheaterkanal Radio stations 1LIVE Kunst [de] Bayern 2 plus Bayern mobil Berliner Rundfunk D-Plus [de] DT64 [de] Hansawelle hr XXL hr-chronos Hr-klassik hr-info plus [de] hr-skyline hr1 plus KiRaKa MDR Life Das Modul Ferienwelle [de] NDR 2 Plus [de] NDR Traffic [de] Nordwestradio NWDR on3-radio Puls (BR) Radio 3 [de] Radio 4U [de] Radio DDR 1 Radio DDR 2 Radio Kultur [de] Radio Multikulti [de] Radio B Zwei Radio Bremen 2 Radio Bremen Melodie Radio Brandenburg Radio Dortmund Rockradio B [de] Radio Wolga SDR 1 [de] SDR 3 [de] SFB 3 [de] SR 4 [de] SWF 1 [de] S2 Kultur [de] SWF 3 [de] S4 Baden-Württemberg [de] SWF4 Rheinland-Pfalz [de] SWR cont.ra [de] SWRinfo [de] WDR 1 WDR 2 Klassik WDR Info WDR VERA International Berliner Welle [de] Deutschlandsender Radio Berlin International Stimme der DDR [de]

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND National United States Israel Artists MusicBrainz Other MusicBrainz label Yale LUX

[50°54′10″N 6°57′34″E / 50.90278°N 6.95944°E / 50.90278; 6.95944](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deutschlandfunk&params=50_54_10_N_6_57_34_E_region:DE-NW_type:landmark)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Deutschlandfunk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.