# Department of Lima

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Department of Peru

Department in Peru

Lima Nimaja (Jaqaru) Department Jirishanca and Rondoy mountains Flag Coat of arms Location of Lima within Peru Coordinates: 11°51′S 76°27′W / 11.85°S 76.45°W / -11.85; -76.45 Country Peru Established August 4, 1821 Capital Lima[a] Provinces List Barranca Cajatambo Cañete Canta Huaral Huarochirí Huaura Lima[a] Oyón Yauyos Government • Type Regional Government[a] • Governor Rosa Vásquez Cuadrado Area [b] • Total 32,129.31 km2 (12,405.20 sq mi) Highest elevation 5,654 m (18,550 ft) Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft) Population (2017)[b] • Total 864,853 • Density 26.9179/km2 (69.7170/sq mi) Demonym limeño/a UBIGEO 15 Dialing code 01 ISO 3166 code PE-LIM Website www.gob.pe/regionlima/

**Lima** (Spanish pronunciation: [\[ˈlima\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish); [Jaqaru](/source/Jaqaru_language): *Nimaja*, [\[niˈmaxa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA)) is a [department of Peru](/source/Regions_of_Peru). Located in the country's central coast, it is administered by a [regional government](/source/Regional_Government_of_Lima) based in [Huacho](/source/Huacho), whose jurisdiction does not include the [quasi-autonomous special regime](/source/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima) of the [province of Lima](/source/Lima_province), coterminous with the country's capital, [Lima](/source/Lima).

## Etymology

Further information: [Lima § Etymology](/source/Lima#Etymology)

The name comes from one of two sources: Either the Aymara language *lima-limaq* (meaning "yellow flower"), or the Spanish pronunciation of the [Quechua](/source/Quechuan_languages) word *rimaq* (meaning "talker", and actually written and pronounced *limaq* in the nearby [Quechua I](/source/Quechua_languages#Geographic_distribution) languages). It is worth nothing that the same Quechua word is also the source of the name given to the river that feeds the city, the [Rímac River](/source/R%C3%ADmac_River) (pronounced as in the politically dominant [Quechua II](/source/Quechua_languages#Geographic_distribution) languages, with an "r" instead of an "l"). It is known in [Jaqaru](/source/Jaqaru_language), a language spoken in the department's districts of [Catahuasi](/source/Catahuasi_District) and [Tupe](/source/Tupe_District), as *Nimaja*.

It was also known simply as the *Department of the Capital* from 1821 until 1823.[3]

## History

Further information: [History of Lima](/source/History_of_Lima)

On the northern coast of the region, the first known civilization in the Americas, [Caral](/source/Caral), emerged around the 4th millennium BC, with some characteristics that were maintained by later cultures of [Pre-Columbian Peru](/source/Pre-Columbian_Peru): the use of the *[quipu](/source/Quipu)*, regional trade, and monumental religious architecture. The [Aymara](/source/Aymaran_languages) and [Quechua](/source/Quechuan_languages) language families also originated in this region.

The remains of early Andean inhabitants, [hunters](/source/Hunter) and harpoon fishermen from more than 6500 years ago, are to be found in the department. Theey were found in [Chivateros](/source/Chivateros), near the [Chillón River](/source/Chill%C3%B3n_River), and in various other places. These persons incorporated nets, hooks, farming, ceramics and weaving to their everyday objects. The inhabitants of the coast lived in the *lomas* and the valleys, where they built temples and dwelling complexes, leading to huge ceremonial centres, such as the [Huacoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huacoy&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Ancón](/source/Ancon_(archaeological_site)) ((where lithic prehistoric projectile points of [Paijan](/source/Paijan) were found) on the [Chillón River](/source/Chill%C3%B3n_River); [Garagay](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garagay&action=edit&redlink=1) and [La Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Florida_(prehistoric)&action=edit&redlink=1) on the [Rímac River](/source/R%C3%ADmac_River), [Manchay](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchay&action=edit&redlink=1) on the [Lurín River](/source/Lur%C3%ADn_River); and [Chancay](/source/Chancay), [Supe](/source/Supe_District) and many other valleys to the north and south. There are finely ornamented temples with figures modelled in clay. The 5,000-year-old ruins known as [El Paraíso](/source/El_Para%C3%ADso%2C_Peru) are also located in this area.

The [Lima culture](/source/Lima_culture) (100 to 650 AD) arose in this area, specially in the central valleys from [Chancay](/source/Chancay) to [Lurín](/source/Lur%C3%ADn_District). It was distinguished by painted adobe buildings. During this time, the [Huari](/source/Wari_culture) conquest took place, thus giving rise to Huari-style ceramics, together with a local style known as Nievería. As the population grew, their culture changed. With the decline of the Huari, whose most important center was [Cajamarquilla](/source/Cajamarquilla), new local cultures arose. The [Chancay](/source/Chancay_culture) are the most well-known. They developed large urban centers and a considerable textile production, as well as mass-produced ceramics.

At this stage in the mid-[15th century](/source/15th_century), the [Incas](/source/Incas) arrived from their base in the Andes. They conquered and absorbed the regional cultures and occupied important sites such as [Pachacamac](/source/Pachacamac), turning it into an administrative centre.

### Spanish period

The Spanish [conquered and occupied the area](/source/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire) in the 16th century. From 1784 to 1821, the area (today part of Lima—except [Cajatambo](/source/Cajatambo_province) and [Oyón](/source/Oy%C3%B3n_province)—and [Ica](/source/Department_of_Ica), as well of the coast of [Ancash](/source/Department_of_Ancash)) was administered as the [Intendancy of Lima](/source/Intendancy_of_Lima) (the *Cercado de la Capital*), subdivided into *[partidos](/source/Partido_(region))*. During the [Peruvian War of Independence](/source/Peruvian_War_of_Independence), the town of [Huaura](/source/Huaura) served as the location for the first proclamation of the independence of Peru. [José de San Martín](/source/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn) made the announcement from [a balcony](/source/Huaura_Museum) on November 27, 1820.

The **Department of the Coast** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Departamento de la Costa*) was established on February 12, 1821, through an [official document](/source/Reglamento_Provisional) issued by San Martín that also created the departments of [Huaylas](/source/Department_of_Huaylas), [Tarma](/source/Department_of_Tarma) and [Trujillo](/source/Department_of_Trujillo), each headed by a president. Their jurisdiction extended to the territory occupied by the [Liberating Expedition of Peru](/source/Liberating_Expedition_of_Peru).[4] Its capital was Huaura, the seat of its president, whose lone officeholder was [Vicente Dupuy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Dupuy&action=edit&redlink=1) [[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Dupuy)].[5] It was subdivided into three provinces: [Santa](/source/Santa_province), [Chancay](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chancay_province&action=edit&redlink=1) [[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Chancay)], and [Canta](/source/Canta_province). It was represented at the first [Congress of Peru](/source/Constituent_Congress_of_Peru_(1822)) in 1822 by the following:[6][7][8]

Constituent Deputy Title Name Titular Toribio Dávalos [es] Titular Cayetano Requena [es] Titular Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza Substitute Pedro Sayán [es]

San Martín's forces did not reach [Lima](/source/Lima)—located south of the department—for five more months, where he again proclaimed the independence of Peru on July 28, 1821. This time, the announcement took place in four of the city's urban squares: [La Merced](/source/Basilica_and_Convent_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Merced), [Plaza Mayor](/source/Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima), [Santa Ana](/source/Plaza_Italia%2C_Lima) and [Inquisición](/source/Plaza_Bol%C3%ADvar%2C_Lima).[9] The announcement in the main square was made from the [Casa del Oidor](/source/Casa_del_Oidor)

### Republican period

The **Department of the Capital** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Departamento de la Capital*) was created through the a Provisional Statute of August 4, 1821,[3] composed of the *partidos* of [Cercado de la Capital](/source/Lima_province), [Yauyos](/source/Yauyos_province), [Cañete](/source/Ca%C3%B1ete_province), and [Ica](/source/Ica_province), also including the [government of Huarochirí](/source/Huarochir%C3%AD_province). On November 4, 1823, the department of the Coast was annexed into its territory.[4][10] In 1835, Santa was transferred to Huaylas.

On August 11, 1836, the [Republic of North Peru](/source/Republic_of_North_Peru) was created following a [civil war](/source/Salaverry-Santa_Cruz_War). Nine days later, [Callao](/source/Callao) was granted autonomy by Protector [Andrés de Santa Cruz](/source/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz). On October 28, North Peru, to which the [department of Lima](/source/Department_of_Lima_(Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation)) belonged, joined the [Peru–Bolivian Confederation](/source/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation). The [War of the Confederation](/source/War_of_the_Confederation) threatened the country's stability, with a [seccessionist government](/source/Peruvian_Republic_(1838%E2%80%931839)) headed by [Luis José de Orbegoso](/source/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_de_Orbegoso) taking control of North Peru. Orbegoso's forces were defeated in a [confrontation](/source/Battle_of_Portada_de_Gu%C3%ADas) that took place north of Lima. The [Chilean–dissident Peruvian alliance](/source/United_Restoration_Army) eventually defeated the Confederate forces, and the state dissolved in 1839.

In 1855, the [province of Ica](/source/Ica_province) was separated from the department. It was elevated eleven years later by [Mariano Ignacio Prado](/source/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado). The [Villa de Huacho](/source/Huacho) was elevated to city level through the law of November 10, 1874, which also made it the provincial capital. The law was passed by [Manuel Pardo](/source/Manuel_Pardo_(politician)).

In 1879, a war between a Peruvian–Bolivian alliance against Chile began, known as the [War of the Pacific](/source/War_of_the_Pacific). The latter's military campaign was successful, and Lima was [occupied by the Chilean Army](/source/Occupation_of_Lima) following a [brief land campaign](/source/Lima_campaign) that began in [Pisco](/source/Pisco%2C_Peru).

In 1916, [Cajatambo province](/source/Cajatambo_province), which also included what later became [Oyón province](/source/Oy%C3%B3n_province) at the time, was transferred to Lima.

### Contemporary period

During the [Internal conflict in Peru](/source/Internal_conflict_in_Peru), parts of the territory were occupied by the [Shining Path](/source/Shining_Path). In 1985, Oyón province was created. In 1988, Chancay province was dissolved.

In 2006, a team of [archeological](/source/Archeological) researchers led by Robert Benfer announced their findings from a four-year excavation at [Buena Vista](/source/Buena_Vista%2C_Peru) in the [Chillón River](/source/Chill%C3%B3n_River) valley a few kilometres north of present-day Lima. They had discovered a 4200-year-old observatory constructed by an early Andean civilization, a three-dimensional sculpture, unique for the time period in this region, and sophisticated carvings. The observatory is on top of a 10-meter [pyramidal](/source/Pyramidal) [mound](/source/Mound) and has architectural features for sighting the astronomical [solstices](/source/Solstices). The discovery pushes back the time for the development of complex civilisation in the area and has altered scholars' understanding of [Preceramic](/source/Preceramic) period cultures in Peru.[11]

## Politics

The department is administered by a [regional government](/source/Regional_governments_of_Peru) based in [Huacho](/source/Huacho). The [province of Lima](/source/Lima_province) is administered by the [Metropolitan Municipality of Lima](/source/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima). The former is headed by a regional governor, while the latter is headed by the [metropolitan mayor](/source/List_of_mayors_of_Lima).

### List of governors

Main article: [Regional Government of Lima § List of representatives](/source/Regional_Government_of_Lima#List_of_representatives)

Since 2023, the regional governor of Lima is [Rosa Vásquez Cuadrado](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_V%C3%A1squez_Cuadrado&action=edit&redlink=1) [[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_V%C3%A1squez_Cuadrado)].

### Subdivisions

Map of provinces

The department is divided into ten provinces, which are composed of 171 districts.

- [Barranca](/source/Barranca_province) ([Barranca](/source/Barranca%2C_Lima))

- [Cajatambo](/source/Cajatambo_province) ([Cajatambo](/source/Cajatambo))

- [Cañete](/source/Ca%C3%B1ete_province) ([San Vicente de Cañete](/source/San_Vicente_de_Ca%C3%B1ete))

- [Canta](/source/Canta_province) ([Canta](/source/Canta))

- [Huaral](/source/Huaral_province) ([Huaral](/source/Huaral))

- [Huarochirí](/source/Huarochir%C3%AD_province) ([Matucana](/source/Matucana%2C_Peru))

- [Huaura](/source/Huaura_province) ([Huacho](/source/Huacho))

- [Lima](/source/Lima_province) ([Lima](/source/Lima))

- [Oyón](/source/Oy%C3%B3n_province) ([Oyón](/source/Oy%C3%B3n%2C_Peru))

- [Yauyos](/source/Yauyos_province) ([Yauyos](/source/Yauyos))

## Geography

The department of Lima is bordered by the departments of [Ancash](/source/Department_of_Ancash) on the north, [Huánuco](/source/Department_of_Hu%C3%A1nuco), [Pasco](/source/Department_of_Pasco), and [Junín](/source/Department_of_Jun%C3%ADn) on the east, [Huancavelica](/source/Department_of_Huancavelica) on the southeast, [Ica](/source/Department_of_Ica) on the south, and the [Pacific Ocean](/source/Pacific_Ocean) and the [Lima Province](/source/Lima_Province) on the west.[12]

The department has a coastal and an [Andean](/source/Andean) zone, and has a great diversity of natural regions: the Coast or *Chala* (0 to 500 meters above sea level) up to the *Janka* or *Mountain range* ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Cordillera*, over 4800 meters). The predominating regions are the *Yunga* (500 to 2300 meters above sea level) and *Quechua* (2300 to 3500 meters)

### Climate

The department's climate is [subtropical](/source/Subtropics), [desert](/source/Desert) and [humid](/source/Humid_subtropical_climate); a microclimate with temperatures that fluctuate between temperate and warm. The average temperature is 18 °C. The coast has cloudy skies from June to November, with sporadic appearances of the sun in those months, although the areas and places far from the sea in the climatic region called [Yungas](/source/Yungas), above 500 metres above sea level and where Chosica, Cieneguilla, La Molina and Canto Grande are located in San Juan de Lurigancho, they have sunny afternoons and higher average temperatures (especially if we are above 1310 meters above sea level). On the coastal coast, the mass of clouds is due to the cold waters of the [Humboldt Current](/source/Humboldt_Current) that run through the South Pacific Ocean, which reduces the ambient temperature between 6 and 9 °C, and therefore evaporation from the sea is less. The garúa or drizzle is the typical rain of the region. The humidity level has a permanent average of 80%. The usual average annual temperature is 14°C during winter and 25.5°C during all summers.[13]

## Economy

The department is the main centre of economic-financial, service and manufacturing activity in the country. In agriculture, its [tangüis cotton crops](/source/Cotton), its [sugar crops](/source/Sugarcane), [fruit trees](/source/Fruit) and take-out bread products stand out. In livestock farming, the raising of cattle, sheep and pigs. In poultry farming, there are countless poultry farms; In artisanal fishing, fish and mollusks are extracted for immediate human consumption. 70% of the country's industries are concentrated in the region, from those that process [fish oil](/source/Fish_oil) and [meal](/source/Fish_meal) (in Chancay, Supe and Huacho), to others that refine [oil](/source/Petroleum) (in La Pampilla and Conchán) and [zinc](/source/Zinc) (in Cajamarquilla), or that are dedicated to metal-mechanics, textiles, manufacturing and food processing. In terms of energy, there are the Moyopampa, Huampani, Matucana, Huinco, Sheque and Cahua hydroelectric plants. In addition, there is the Santa Rosa thermal power plant. Because it is the first economy in the country, it is the most developed in areas that other departments do not consolidate and it is the most prone to suffer problems from abroad due to the importance of international trade for Peru, it controls the greatest development and at the moment the country can double its size in 2014.

## Demographics

According to the [Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática](/source/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica), most of the country's inhabitants are located in the department's capital which, in 2025, was numbered at 10,432,133 people, or 30.4% of the total population.[14]

## Transportation

The department is served by a railway system operated by the [Ferrocarril Central Andino](/source/Ferrocarril_Central_Andino) consortium that connects Lima with [Huancayo](/source/Huancayo) and [Cerro de Pasco](/source/Cerro_de_Pasco). A railway that would connect the city of Lima with [Ica](/source/Ica%2C_Peru) is also planned.[15]

Metropolitan Lima is serviced by the [Metropolitano bus system](/source/Metropolitano_(Lima)), as well as a [metro system](/source/Lima_and_Callao_Metro) it shares with Callao.

## Culture

### Education

In 2020, Lima was the department where the monthly spending in education was the highest (S/. 108), followed by [Arequipa](/source/Department_of_Arequipa) (S/ 76.3), [Callao](/source/Callao) (S/ 60.9), [Junín](/source/Department_of_Jun%C3%ADn) (S/ 52.0) and [Ica](/source/Department_of_Ica) (S/ 46.0).[16]

### Landmarks

Points of interest in the department include [Caral](/source/Caral), [Lachay National Reserve](/source/Lachay_National_Reserve) and [Nor Yauyos-Cochas Landscape Reserve](/source/Nor_Yauyos-Cochas_Landscape_Reserve).

Lachay National Reserve

The [Lachay National Reserve](/source/Lachay_National_Reserve), in the [Huaura province](/source/Huaura_Province), is a unique mist-fed [eco-system](/source/Eco-system) of wild plant and animal species, is a natural reserve located in the [north of the department](/source/Norte_Chico_civilization).

[Huacho](/source/Huacho) is the capital of the Lima Region and the most populous city of the department (excluding [Lima](/source/Lima) which is administered by an [autonomous government, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima](/source/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima)). Sitting at the bottom of a wide bay, it has a pleasant and dry climate. In its vicinity is the [Huaura River](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaura_River&action=edit&redlink=1) where rice, cotton, sugar cane and different fruits and cereals are grown. This has given rise to an important cotton industry as well as soap and oil factories.[17]

[Lunahuaná District](/source/Lunahuan%C3%A1_District) of [Cañete Province](/source/Ca%C3%B1ete_Province), is located 38 km (24 mi) away from the south city of [San Vicente de Cañete](/source/San_Vicente_de_Ca%C3%B1ete). The [Incahuasi](/source/Incahuasi) Archeological complex is located there. [Lunahuaná](/source/Lunahuan%C3%A1) has a dry climate and the sun shines during most of the year. Lately, Lunahuaná has become an adventure sports paradise, such as: *Canotaje* (Whitewater Rafting), *Parapente* & *Ala Delta*. Whitewater rafting is possible due to the [Cañete River](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ca%C3%B1ete_River&action=edit&redlink=1), which has rapids up to level 4. The main settlement in this district is the town of [Lunahuaná](/source/Lunahuan%C3%A1).

## See also

- [Administrative divisions of Peru](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru)

- [Regions of Peru](/source/Regions_of_Peru)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Government_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Government_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Government_3-2) The department operates under two different jurisdictions: The [Metropolitan Municipality of Lima](/source/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima) administers Lima, a province under an autonomous *special regime*, and the remaining provinces are administered by the [Regional Government of Lima](/source/Regional_Government_of_Lima), based in [Huacho](/source/Huacho).[1][2]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Excluding_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Excluding_4-1) Excluding [Lima province](/source/Lima_province).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Toledo, Alejandro](/source/Alejandro_Toledo) (2002-07-17). ["Ley N° 27783: Ley de Bases de la Descentralización"](https://www.mef.gob.pe/es/normatividad/por-temas/descentralizacion/6833-ley-n-27783-3/file). *[Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas](/source/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Peru))*. p. 11-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EP2021_2-0)** ["Ley Nº 31140: Ley que modifica la Ley 27783, Ley de Bases de la Decentralización, precisando el ámbito territorial de competencias de nivel regional en el Departamento de Lima"](https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/1935706-2). *[El Peruano](/source/El_Peruano)*. 2021-03-16.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ElPeruano2022_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ElPeruano2022_5-1) ["ORDENANZA REGIONAL Nº 15: Declaran de interés y prioridad regional fijar el día 04 de agosto de 1821 como fecha de creación política de hecho de los distritos de Yauyos, Laraos, Omas, Huañec, Ayavirí, Tauripampa, Viñac y Colonia, pertenecientes a la provincia de Yauyos"](https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2092257-1). *[El Peruano](/source/El_Peruano)*. 2022-07-01.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gob.pe_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gob.pe_6-1) ["202 AÑOS de la promulgación del REGLAMENTO PROVISIONAL expedida por GRAL. DON JOSE DE SAN MARTIN en la ciudad de HUAURA"](https://www.gob.pe/institucion/munihuaura-huaura/noticias/698734-202-anos-de-la-promulgacion-del-reglamento-provisional-expedida-por-gral-don-jose-de-san-martin-en-la-ciudad-de-huaura). *[Gob.pe](/source/Gob.pe)*. 2023-02-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Las Heras Zamorano, Isabel Josefa. ["Vicente Dupuy"](https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/70807/vicente-dupuy). *[Real Academia de la Historia](/source/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Gálvez Montero, José Francisco. *Las bases del Estado Peruano y el proceso de independencia* (Thesis) (in Spanish). Madrid: [Universidad Complutense de Madrid](/source/Universidad_Complutense_de_Madrid). pp. 426–428. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-8466-047-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8466-047-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Constitución Política del Perú de 1823"](http://www4.congreso.gob.pe/dgp/constitucion/constituciones/Constitucion-1823.pdf) (PDF). *[Congreso del Perú](/source/Congress_of_Peru)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Tuesta Soldevilla, Fernando. ["Constituyentes 1822-1825"](http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/fernandotuesta/wp-content/uploads/sites/945/2016/05/1822-1825-Constituyentes.pdf) (PDF). *[Politika](/source/PUCP)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Garay, Karina (2023-07-28). ["Fiestas Patrias: estas son las 4 plazas de Lima donde se gritó la Independencia"](https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-fiestas-patrias-estas-son-las-4-plazas-lima-donde-se-grito-independencia-fotos-853502.aspx).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Guarisco, Claudia (2023). ["José de San Martín y el espacio político indígena. Departamento de Lima, 1821-1822"](https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/revistaira/article/download/26981/25247/) [José de San Martín and the indigenous political space. Department of Lima, 1821-1822]. *[RIRA](/source/Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_Institute)*. **8** (1): 154. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.18800/revistaira.202301.005](https://doi.org/10.18800%2Frevistaira.202301.005). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2415-5896](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-5896).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lovett_13-0)** [Richard Lovett, "Oldest Observatory in Americas Discovered in Peru"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060610222013/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/observatory-peru.html), *National Geographic*, May 2006, accessed 2 Nov 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["INEI: CONOCIENDO LIMA"](https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0266/CAP01-02.htm). *proyectos.inei.gob.pe*. Retrieved 2026-04-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["INEI: CONOCIENDO LIMA"](https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0266/CAP01-05.htm). *proyectos.inei.gob.pe*. Retrieved 2026-04-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Lima supera los 10 millones 400 mil habitantes"](https://www.gob.pe/institucion/inei/noticias/1092367-lima-supera-los-10-millones-400-mil-habitantes). *[Gob.pe](/source/Gob.pe)*. [Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática](/source/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica). 2025-01-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Salinas Tipiani, Camila (2024-10-08). ["Tren de Cercanías Lima-Ica: Fecha de inauguración, estaciones y conexión con la Línea 1 del Metro de Lima"](https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2024/09/13/tren-de-cercanias-lima-ica-tendra-14-estaciones-y-conectara-con-la-linea-1-del-metro-de-lima-fecha-de-inauguracion-y-tramos-232921). *[La República](/source/La_Rep%C3%BAblica)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Lima: educación"](https://data-peru.itp.gob.pe/profile/geo/lima#educacion). *[Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción](/source/Ministry_of_Production_(Peru))*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Flores, Edwin H. Adriazola (2008-06-15). ["ILO : NUESTRA HISTORIA: LA INDUSTRIA. LA FABRICA PACOCHA"](http://eadriazola.blogspot.com/2008/06/la-industria-la-fabrica-pacocha.html). *ILO*. Retrieved 2020-12-29.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Lima Department](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lima_Department).

- [Lima Region Information Hub](http://www.regionlima.com) – Lima Region Information Hub official website

- [Lima Region Tourism Board](http://www.nortechico.com) – Lima Region Tourism Board (CEPTUR) official website

- [North Lima Region](http://www.huacho.info) – Lima Region: Social, Cultural and Tourist Information

- [Lima Travel Guide](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704033058/http://www.e-peru-travel.com/peru-travel-guide/lima-travel-guide.html) – General facts and travel information about Lima

v t e Department capitals of Peru Chachapoyas (Amazonas) Huaraz (Ancash) Abancay (Apurímac) Arequipa (Arequipa) Ayacucho (Ayacucho) Cajamarca (Cajamarca) Callao (Callao) Cusco (Cusco) Huancavelica (Huancavelica) Huánuco (Huánuco) Ica (Ica) Huancayo (Junín) Trujillo (La Libertad) Chiclayo (Lambayeque) Lima Huacho (Lima) Iquitos (Loreto) Puerto Maldonado (Madre de Dios) Moquegua (Moquegua) Cerro de Pasco (Pasco) Piura (Piura) Puno (Puno) Moyobamba (San Martín) Tacna (Tacna) Tumbes (Tumbes) Pucallpa (Ucayali)

v t e Regions of Peru Amazonas Áncash Apurímac Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Cusco Huancavelica Huánuco Ica Junín La Libertad Lambayeque Lima Metropolitan Lima Loreto Madre de Dios Moquegua Pasco Piura Puno San Martín Tacna Tumbes Ucayali Italics indicate provinces under a special regime. The Constitutional Province of Callao does not belong to any region.

Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States Spain Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Department of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Lima) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Lima?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.