# Dendra

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{{Short description|Prehistoric archaeological site in Greece}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Dendra
| native_names = {{native name|el|Δενδρά}}
| alternate_name = 
| image = Dendra tholos tomb.JPG
| alt = View down the passageway of an ancient tomb, made out of limestone blocks: the camera looks at a doorway into the burial chamber.
| caption = The {{lang|el|tholos}} tomb at Dendra
| map_type = Greece
| map_alt = 
| coordinates = {{coord|37|39|21|N|22|49|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Dendra, [Argolis](/source/Argolis), [Greece](/source/Greece)
| region = 
| type = Settlement
| part_of = 
| length = 
| width = 
| area = 
| height = 
| builder = 
| material = 
| built = 
| abandoned = 
| epochs = [Early Bronze Age](/source/Bronze_Age) to [Mycenaean](/source/Mycenaean_Greece)
| cultures = 
| dependency_of = 
| occupants = 
| event = 
| excavations = 
| archaeologists = [Axel W. Persson](/source/Axel_W._Persson)
| condition = 
| ownership = Public
| management = Ephorate of Antiquities of Argolis
| public_access = Yes
| website = [http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=18442 Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism]
| notes = 
| map_relief = yes
}}

'''Dendra''' ({{langx|el|Δενδρά}}) is a [prehistoric](/source/prehistoric) [archaeological](/source/archaeological) site situated outside the village with the same name belonging to the municipality of [Midea](/source/Midea%2C_Greece) in the [Argolid](/source/Argolis), [Greece](/source/Greece).

The site was inhabited during the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) and [Early Helladic](/source/Early_Helladic) periods, and is known for its Late Bronze Age [cemetery](/source/cemetery). In the first half of the 20th century, the Swedish archaeologist [Axel W. Persson](/source/Axel_W._Persson) excavated an unplundered [tholos tomb](/source/tholos_tomb) and many [Mycenaean chamber tomb](/source/Mycenaean_chamber_tomb)s, presumably belonging to the ruling classes of the nearby [citadel](/source/citadel) of [Midea](/source/Midea_(Argolid)). The finds from the site include the [Dendra panoply](/source/Dendra_panoply), a set of Mycenaean bronze armour found in one of its chamber tombs, and the [Dendra Octopus Cup](/source/Dendra_Octopus_Cup) from the {{Lang|frc|tholos}}. From the [Hellenistic](/source/Hellenistic_period) into the [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) periods, it was the site of a village: local tradition recalled that it had once been known as "Sanga".

== History ==
The site of Dendra is approximately {{Convert|6|km|mi}} from the town of [Argos](/source/Argos%2C_Peloponnese).{{Refn|1={{cite web| url=https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=330&page=1| title=Dendra, Argolid| publisher=Swedish Institute at Athens| access-date=2025-04-06| date=2020-05-06}}|name=SIA}} It was inhabited during the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) and [Early Helladic](/source/Early_Helladic) periods,{{Refn|name=SIA}} and used as a cemetery between the Late Helladic II period and Late Helladic IIIB (that is, {{Circa|1450|1180 BCE}}).{{Refn|{{harvnb|Hope Simpson|1965|p=14}}. For the chronological dates, see {{harvnb|Shelmerdine|2008|p=4}}.}} The Swedish archaeologist [Axel W. Persson](/source/Axel_W._Persson), who excavated both sites, considered the cemetery to have been used by the elites of the nearby citadel of [Midea](/source/Midea_(Argolid));{{Sfn|Persson|1942|p=3}} this view remains generally upheld by modern archaeologists, though Schallin suggests that people from other sites may have also used the cemetery.{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|pp=88–89}}

The cemetery consists of a {{Lang|grc|[tholos](/source/Beehive_tomb)}} tomb, three [tumuli](/source/Tumulus) and sixteen [chamber tombs](/source/Mycenaean_chamber_tomb), and is one of the richest known from the Mycenaean period.{{Refn|name=SIA}} Persson named the {{Lang|grc|tholos}} tomb the "Royal Tomb",{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|p=81}} and determined that it dated to the Late Helladic IIIA period ({{Circa|1350 BCE}}).{{Refn|name=SIA}} Although the chamber itself was empty, several burials in it were made in pits in the floor.{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|p=81}} They included a female skeleton, dubbed "a little princess" by Persson,{{Refn|{{harvnb|Persson|1931|p=14}}; {{harvnb|Schallin|2016|p=81}}}} a second female skeleton which he called "the queen", and a male skeleton he called "the king",{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|p=81}} as well as further bones belonging to at least three additional people, and a further burial in the tomb's {{Lang|grc|stomion}} dating to the [Protogeometric period](/source/Protogeometric_period).{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|p=82}} The tomb also contained a gold cup, known as the "[Dendra Octopus Cup](/source/Dendra_Octopus_Cup)", buried with the "king".{{Sfn|Hurwit|1979|p=413}}

Several of the chamber tombs contained the bones of donkeys, which Peter Mitchell suggests may have had supernatural significance or recalled the horses often buried with high-status individuals at Dendra and other sites.{{Sfn|Mitchell|2018|p=112}} Chamber Tomb 12 contained the [Dendra panoply](/source/Dendra_panoply), a set of bronze armour (the oldest such armour from Europe),{{sfnm|1a1=Schofield|1a2=Parkinson|1y=1994|1p=164|2a1=Molloy|2y=2008|2p=124}} as well as a [boar's tusk helmet](/source/boar's_tusk_helmet).{{Sfn|Schofield|Parkinson|1994|p=164}} Chamber Tomb 1 included the burials of five individuals including several ceramic [phi figurines](/source/phi_figurines), one of the {{Lang|grc|kourotrophos}} type.{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|p=82}} The chamber of Chamber Tomb 2 was found empty; Persson concluded that it was a [cenotaph](/source/cenotaph) intended for a warrior killed on a raid into Egypt,{{Sfn|Casson|1932|p=367}} though Schallin suggests that it was more probably looted, and calls Persson's explanation "fanciful". A woman's burial was found in the {{Lang|grc|dromos}}, alongside [grave goods](/source/grave_goods) consisting of [spindle whorls](/source/Spindle_whorl), a needle, and various [glass paste](/source/glass_paste) objects once coated in [gold leaf](/source/gold_leaf).{{Sfn|Schallin|2016|p=88}} 

A settlement at the site existed from the [Hellenistic](/source/Hellenistic_period) into the [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) periods: in the twentieth century, a local tradition recorded that a village there had once been called "Sanga".{{Sfn|Persson|1942|p=20}}

== Excavation ==
thumb|One of the chamber tombs of the Dendra necropolis|258x258px|alt=The passageway of a chamber tomb: a narrow rectangular cutting, sloping downwards from the viewer.The cemetery at Dendra was first excavated in 1926, when Nikolaos Bertos, the local [ephor](/source/Ephor_(archaeology)) of the [Greek Archaeological Service](/source/Greek_Archaeological_Service), invited Persson to excavate its tholos tomb.{{Sfn|Shapland|2025|p=42}} Although looters had attempted to rob the tomb since at least the 11th century BCE, the fact that its burials were made in pits in the floor had saved the tomb from successful looting.{{Sfn|Casson|1932|p=367}} 
 
In 1927, Persson excavated three chamber tombs at the site, and Bertos excavated a further two.{{Refn|name=SIA}} While excavating at Midea in 1937, Persson made further excavations at Dendra to investigate what was called the "Dendra Mystery": the alleged discovery and disappearance, in the nearby village, of a large golden vessel. Although he determined that the cup never existed,{{Sfn|Persson|1942|p=20}} he excavated a further chamber tomb, and returned in 1939 to excavate an additional four.{{Refn|name=SIA}} Persson's excavations were frequently visited by villagers from modern Dendra and by tourists from other areas of Greece: an innkeeper from [Mykines](/source/Mycenae), near the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae, walked three hours to the site, and drank wine from the Octopus Cup at the archaeologists' invitation.{{Sfn|Sakka|2021|pp=96–97}}

Subsequent excavations (following partly successful attempts to plunder the unexcavated tombs) unearthed in 1960 the [Dendra panoply](/source/Dendra_panoply) of bronze armour, currently exhibited at the [Archaeological Museum](/source/Archaeological_Museum_of_Nafplion) in nearby [Nafplio](/source/Nafplio), and Bronze Age [tumulus](/source/tumulus) burials which included sacrificed [horse](/source/horse)s.{{Refn|name=SIA}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal| last=Casson| first=Stanley| author-link=Stanley Casson| date=1932| title=Review: ''The Royal Tombs at Dendra near Midea''| journal=Antiquity| volume=6| issue=23| pages=467–468| doi=10.1017/S0003598X00007110}}
* {{cite book| last=Hope Simpson| first=Richard| author-link=Richard Hope Simpson| year=1965| title=A Gazetteer of Mycenaean Sites| publisher=University of London| volume=16| series=Institute of Classical Studies Bulletin Supplements}}
* {{cite journal| last=Hurwit| first=Jeffrey| date=1979| title=The Dendra Octopus Cup and the Problem of Style in the Fifteenth Century Aegean| journal=American Journal of Archaeology| volume=83| number=4| pages=413–426| jstor=504141}}
* {{cite book| last=Mitchell| first=Peter| date=2018| title=The Donkey in Human History: An Archaeological Perspective| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-874923-3}}
* {{cite journal| last=Molloy| first=Barry| date=2008| title=Martial Arts and Materiality: A Combat Archaeology Perspective on Aegean Swords of the Fifteenth and Fourteenth Centuries BC| journal=World Archaeology| volume=40| number=1| pages=116–134| jstor=40025316}}
* {{Cite book| last=Persson| first=Axel W.| year=1931| title=The Royal Tombs at Dendra near Midea| publisher=Humphrey Mitford| place=London| url=https://archive.org/details/royaltombsatdend0000axel/| url-access=registration| via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book| last=Persson| first=Axel W.| year=1942| title=New Tombs at Dendra near Midea| publisher=Oxford University Press| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33829}}
* {{cite book| last=Sakka| first=Niki| date=2021| chapter=Archaeology and Politics in the Interwar Period: The Swedish Excavations at Asine| editor-last=Solomon| editor-first=Esther| title=Contested Antiquity: Archaeological Heritage and Social Conflict in Modern Greece and Cyprus| place=Bloomington| publisher=University of Indiana Press| pages=80–107| isbn=978-0-253-05596-5}}
* {{cite book| last=Schallin| first=Ann-Louise| year=2016| chapter=Rituals and Ceremonies at the Mycenaean Cemetery at Dendra| title=Ritual and Archaic States| editor-last=Murphy| editor-first=Joanne| isbn=978-0-8130-6278-5| doi=10.5744/florida/9780813062785.001.0001| publisher=University Press of Florida| place=Gainesville| pages=76–99}}
* {{cite journal| last1=Schofield| first1=Louise| last2=Parkinson| first2=R. B.| date=1994| title=Of Helmets and Heretics: A Possible Egyptian Representation of Mycenaean Warriors on a Papyrus from El-Amarna| journal=The Annual of the British School at Athens| volume=89| pages=157–170| jstor=30102567}}
* {{cite book| last=Shapland| first=Andrew| year=2025| title=The Emergence of Aegean Prehistory| series=Cambridge Elements| isbn=978-1-009-34284-1| publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shelmerdine |first=Cynthia |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age |year=2008|publisher=[Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press) |editor-last=Shelmerdine |editor-first=Cynthia |location=Cambridge |pages=1–18 |chapter=Introduction: Background, Methods and Sources |author-link=Cynthia W. Shelmerdine}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* P. Mack Crew, [J. B. Bury](/source/J._B._Bury), [I. E. S. Edwards](/source/I._E._S._Edwards), [C. J. Gadd](/source/C._J._Gadd), [John Boardman](/source/John_Boardman_(art_historian)), and [N. G. L. Hammond](/source/N._G._L._Hammond). ''The Cambridge Ancient History: c. 1800 – 1380 B.C'' Vol. II, pt. 2: ''c. 1380 – 1000 B.C.'' (Cambridge University Press), 1975. {{ISBN|0-521-08691-4}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [Swedish Institute at Athens](/source/Swedish_Institute_at_Athens)

{{Authority control}}
Category:Argolis
Category:Mycenaean sites in Argolis

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dendra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendra) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendra?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.