# December 10

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/December_10
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/December_10.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_10
> Source revision: 1352192496
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

"Dec 10" redirects here. For the computer known as the "DEC 10", see [PDP-10](/source/PDP-10). For the collection of short stories by [George Saunders](/source/George_Saunders), see [Tenth of December: Stories](/source/Tenth_of_December:_Stories). For the boy band, see [December 10 (band)](/source/December_10_(band)).

## Events

### Pre-1600

- [1317](/source/1317) – The [Nyköping Banquet](/source/Nyk%C3%B6ping_Banquet): [Birger, King of Sweden](/source/Birger,_King_of_Sweden) treacherously seizes his two brothers, dukes [Valdemar](/source/Valdemar_Magnusson) and [Erik](/source/Erik_Magnusson_(duke)), who are subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of [Nyköping Castle](/source/Nyk%C3%B6ping_Castle).[1]
- [1508](/source/1508) – The [League of Cambrai](/source/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai) is formed by [Pope Julius II](/source/Pope_Julius_II), [Louis XII](/source/Louis_XII) of France, [Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) and [Ferdinand II of Aragon](/source/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon) as an alliance against [Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice).[2]
- [1520](/source/1520) – [Martin Luther](/source/Martin_Luther) burns his copy of the [papal bull](/source/Papal_bull) *[Exsurge Domine](/source/Exsurge_Domine)* outside [Wittenberg](/source/Wittenberg)'s Elster Gate.[3]
- [1541](/source/1541) – [Thomas Culpeper](/source/Thomas_Culpeper) and [Francis Dereham](/source/Francis_Dereham) are executed for having affairs with [Catherine Howard](/source/Catherine_Howard), Queen of England and wife of [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII).[4]

### 1601–1900

- [1652](/source/1652) – Defeat at the [Battle of Dungeness](/source/Battle_of_Dungeness) causes the [Commonwealth of England](/source/Commonwealth_of_England) to reform its navy.
- [1665](/source/1665) – The [Royal Netherlands Marine Corps](/source/Royal_Netherlands_Marine_Corps) is founded by [Michiel de Ruyter](/source/Michiel_de_Ruyter).
- [1684](/source/1684) – [Isaac Newton](/source/Isaac_Newton)'s derivation of [Kepler's laws](/source/Kepler's_laws) from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper *[De motu corporum in gyrum](/source/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum)*, is read to the [Royal Society](/source/Royal_Society) by [Edmond Halley](/source/Edmond_Halley).
- [1768](/source/1768) – The first edition of the *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)* is published.
- [1799](/source/1799) – France adopts the metre as its official [unit of length](/source/Unit_of_length).
- [1817](/source/1817) – [Mississippi](/source/Mississippi) becomes the 20th [U.S. state](/source/U.S._state).
- [1861](/source/1861) – [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War): The [Confederate States of America](/source/Confederate_States_of_America) accept a rival state government's pronouncement that declares [Kentucky](/source/Kentucky) to be the 12th state of the Confederacy.
- 1861 – Forces led by [Nguyễn Trung Trực](/source/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Trung_Tr%E1%BB%B1c), an anti-colonial guerrilla leader in southern [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam), sink the French [lorcha](/source/Lorcha_(boat)) *L'Esperance*.
- [1864](/source/1864) – American Civil War: [Sherman's March to the Sea](/source/Sherman's_March_to_the_Sea): Major General [William Tecumseh Sherman](/source/William_Tecumseh_Sherman)'s [Union Army](/source/Union_Army) troops reach the outer [Confederate](/source/Confederate_States_of_America) defenses of [Savannah, Georgia](/source/Savannah,_Georgia).
- [1877](/source/1877) – [Russo-Turkish War](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)): The Russian Army [captures Plevna](/source/Siege_of_Plevna) after a 5-month siege. The garrison of 25,000 surviving [Turks](/source/Ottoman_Empire) surrenders. The Russian victory is decisive for the outcome of the war and the [Liberation of Bulgaria](/source/Liberation_of_Bulgaria).
- [1896](/source/1896) – [Alfred Jarry](/source/Alfred_Jarry)'s *[Ubu Roi](/source/Ubu_Roi)* premieres in Paris. A riot breaks out at the end of the performance.
- [1898](/source/1898) – [Spanish–American War](/source/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War): The [Treaty of Paris](/source/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)) is signed, officially ending the conflict. Spain cedes administration of [Cuba](/source/Cuba) to the United States, and the United States agrees to pay Spain $20 million for the [Philippines](/source/Philippines).[5]

### 1901–present

- [1901](/source/1901) – The first [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize) ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of [Alfred Nobel](/source/Alfred_Nobel)'s death.
- [1902](/source/1902) – The opening of the reservoir of the [Aswan Dam](/source/Aswan_Low_Dam) in [Egypt](/source/Egypt).
- [1906](/source/1906) – U.S. President [Theodore Roosevelt](/source/Theodore_Roosevelt) is awarded the [Nobel Peace Prize](/source/Nobel_Peace_Prize) for his role in the mediation of the [Russo-Japanese War](/source/Russo-Japanese_War), becoming the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any field.[6]
- [1907](/source/1907) – The worst night of the [Brown Dog riots](/source/Brown_Dog_affair) in London, when 1,000 medical students, protesting against the existence of a memorial for animals that have been vivisected, clash with 400 police officers.[7]
- [1909](/source/1909) – [Selma Lagerlöf](/source/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f) becomes the first female writer to receive the [Nobel Prize in Literature](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature).[8]
- [1932](/source/1932) – [Thailand](/source/Thailand) becomes a [constitutional monarchy](/source/Constitution_of_Thailand).
- [1936](/source/1936) – [Abdication Crisis](/source/Abdication_Crisis): [Edward VIII](/source/Edward_VIII) signs the *[Instrument of Abdication](/source/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis)*.
- [1941](/source/1941) – [World War II](/source/World_War_II): The [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) capital ships [HMS *Prince of Wales*](/source/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)) and [HMS *Repulse*](/source/HMS_Repulse_(1916)) are [sunk](/source/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse) by [Imperial Japanese Navy](/source/Imperial_Japanese_Navy) [torpedo bombers](/source/Torpedo_bomber) near [British Malaya](/source/British_Malaya).
- 1941 – World War II: [Battle of the Philippines](/source/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941-42)): [Imperial Japanese](/source/Imperial_Japan) forces under the command of General [Masaharu Homma](/source/Masaharu_Homma) land on [Luzon](/source/Luzon).
- [1942](/source/1942) – World War II: [Government of Poland in exile](/source/Polish_government-in-exile) send [Raczyński's Note](/source/Raczy%C5%84ski's_Note) (the first official report on the [Holocaust](/source/Holocaust)) to 26 governments who signed the [Declaration by United Nations](/source/Declaration_by_United_Nations).
- [1948](/source/1948) – [The Human Rights Convention](/source/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights) is signed by the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations).
- [1949](/source/1949) – [Chinese Civil War](/source/Chinese_Civil_War): The [People's Liberation Army](/source/People's_Liberation_Army) begins its siege of [Chengdu](/source/Chengdu), the last [Kuomintang](/source/Kuomintang)-held city in [mainland China](/source/Mainland_China), forcing [President of the Republic of China](/source/President_of_the_Republic_of_China) [Chiang Kai-shek](/source/Chiang_Kai-shek) and his government to retreat to [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan).
- [1953](/source/1953) – [British](/source/United_Kingdom) Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](/source/Winston_Churchill) receives the [Nobel Prize in Literature](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature).
- [1963](/source/1963) – [Zanzibar](/source/Zanzibar) gains independence from the United Kingdom as a [constitutional monarchy](/source/Constitutional_monarchy), under Sultan [Jamshid bin Abdullah](/source/Jamshid_bin_Abdullah_of_Zanzibar).
- 1963 – An [assassination attempt](/source/High_Commissioner_attack) on the British High Commissioner in Aden kills two people and wounds dozens more.
- [1968](/source/1968) – Japan's biggest heist, the still-unsolved "[300 million yen robbery](/source/300_million_yen_robbery)", is carried out in Tokyo.
- [1978](/source/1978) – [Arab–Israeli conflict](/source/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict): [Prime Minister of Israel](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Israel) [Menachem Begin](/source/Menachem_Begin) and [President of Egypt](/source/President_of_Egypt) [Anwar Sadat](/source/Anwar_Sadat) are jointly awarded the [Nobel Peace Prize](/source/Nobel_Peace_Prize).
- [1979](/source/1979) – [Kaohsiung Incident](/source/Kaohsiung_Incident): Taiwanese pro-democracy demonstrations are suppressed by the [KMT](/source/KMT) dictatorship, and organizers are arrested.
- [1983](/source/1983) – [Democracy](/source/Democracy) is restored in [Argentina](/source/Argentina) with the inauguration of President [Raúl Alfonsín](/source/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn).
- [1984](/source/1984) – [United Nations General Assembly](/source/United_Nations_General_Assembly) recognizes the [Convention against Torture](/source/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture).
- [1989](/source/1989) – [Mongolian Revolution](/source/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990): At the country's first open pro-democracy public demonstration, [Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj](/source/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj) announces the establishment of the [Mongolian Democratic Union](/source/Mongolian_Democratic_Union).
- [1991](/source/1991) – The [Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum](/source/1991_Nagorno-Karabakh_independence_referendum) is held, with 99.98% voting in favor of independence.[9]
- [1991](/source/1991) – [Nursultan Nazarbayev](/source/Nursultan_Nazarbayev) is sworn in as the 1st [President of Kazakhstan](/source/President_of_Kazakhstan).[10]
- 1991 – The [Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic](/source/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) is renamed into the [Republic of Kazakhstan](/source/Republic_of_Kazakhstan).[11]
- [1992](/source/1992) – Sheikh [Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan](/source/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan) establishes the [Marriage Fund in the United Arab Emirates](/source/Marriage_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates) in response to rising wedding prices.[12][13]
- [1993](/source/1993) – The last shift leaves [Wearmouth Colliery](/source/Wearmouth_Colliery) in [Sunderland](/source/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear). The closure of the 156-year-old pit marks the end of the old [County Durham](/source/County_Durham) [coalfield](/source/Coalfield), which had been in operation since the Middle Ages.
- [1994](/source/1994) – [Rwandan genocide](/source/Rwandan_genocide): [Maurice Baril](/source/Maurice_Baril), military advisor to the U.N. [Secretary-General](/source/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) and head of the Military Division of the [Department of Peacekeeping Operations](/source/Department_of_Peacekeeping_Operations), recommends that [UNAMIR](/source/UNAMIR) stand down.
- [1995](/source/1995) – The [Israeli army](/source/Israeli_army) withdraws from [Nablus](/source/Nablus) pursuant to the terms of [Oslo Accord](/source/Oslo_I_Accord).
- [1996](/source/1996) – The new [Constitution of South Africa](/source/Constitution_of_South_Africa) is promulgated by [Nelson Mandela](/source/Nelson_Mandela).
- [1999](/source/1999) – [Helen Clark](/source/Helen_Clark) is sworn in as [Prime Minister of New Zealand](/source/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand), the second woman to hold the post and the first following an election.[14][15]
- [2005](/source/2005) – [Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145](/source/Sosoliso_Airlines_Flight_1145) crashes at [Port Harcourt International Airport](/source/Port_Harcourt_International_Airport) in [Nigeria](/source/Nigeria), killing 108 people.[16]
- [2014](/source/2014) – Palestinian minister [Ziad Abu Ein](/source/Ziad_Abu_Ein) is killed after the suppression of a demonstration by [Israeli forces](/source/Israel_Defense_Forces) in the village ([Turmus'ayya](/source/Turmus_Ayya)) in [Ramallah](/source/Ramallah).
- [2015](/source/2015) – [Rojava conflict](/source/Rojava_conflict): The [Syrian Democratic Council](/source/Syrian_Democratic_Council) is established in [Dêrik](/source/Al-Malikiyah), forming the political wing of the [Syrian Democratic Forces](/source/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) in northeast Syria.[17][18][19]
- [2016](/source/2016) – [Two explosions](/source/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings) outside a [football stadium](/source/Vodafone_Park) in [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul), Turkey, kill 38 people and injure 166 others.
- [2017](/source/2017) – [ISIL](/source/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant) is defeated in [Iraq](/source/Iraq).[20]
- [2019](/source/2019) – The [Ostrava hospital attack](/source/Ostrava_hospital_attack) in the Czech Republic results in eight deaths, including the perpetrator.[21]
- [2021](/source/2021) – A widespread, deadly, and violent [tornado outbreak](/source/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021) slams the [Central](/source/Central_United_States), [Midwestern](/source/Midwestern_United_States), and [Southern](/source/Southern_United_States) regions of the [United States](/source/United_States). Eighty-nine people are killed by the tornadoes, with most of the fatalities occurring in [Kentucky](/source/Kentucky), where a [single tornado](/source/2021_Western_Kentucky_tornado) kills 57 people, and injures hundreds of others.[22] Another tornado in [Edwardsville, Illinois](/source/Edwardsville,_Illinois) [strikes an Amazon warehouse](/source/Edwardsville_Amazon_warehouse_collapse), killing six workers.[23]

## Births

### Pre-1600

- [553](/source/553) – [Houzhu](/source/Chen_Shubao), emperor of the [Chen dynasty](/source/Chen_dynasty) (died 604)
- [1376](/source/1376) – [Edmund Mortimer](/source/Edmund_Mortimer_(rebel)), English nobleman and rebel (died 1409)[24]
- [1452](/source/1452) – [Johannes Stöffler](/source/Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler), German mathematician and astronomer (died 1531)[25]
- [1472](/source/1472) – [Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk](/source/Anne_de_Mowbray,_8th_Countess_of_Norfolk) (died 1481)[26]
- [1489](/source/1489) – [Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours](/source/Gaston_of_Foix,_Duke_of_Nemours) (died 1512)
- [1588](/source/1588) – [Isaac Beeckman](/source/Isaac_Beeckman), Dutch scientist and philosopher (died 1637)[27]

### 1601–1900

- [1610](/source/1610) – [Adriaen van Ostade](/source/Adriaen_van_Ostade), Dutch painter (died 1685)[28]
- [1654](/source/1654) – [Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole](/source/Giovanni_Gioseffo_dal_Sole), Italian painter (died 1719)
- [1658](/source/1658) – [Lancelot Blackburne](/source/Lancelot_Blackburne), Archbishop of York (died 1743)
- [1713](/source/1713) – [Johann Nicolaus Mempel](/source/Johann_Nicolaus_Mempel), German cantor and organist (died 1747)
- [1751](/source/1751) – [George Shaw](/source/George_Shaw_(biologist)), English botanist and zoologist (died 1813)
- [1776](/source/1776) – [Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este](/source/Archduchess_Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria-Este) (died 1848)
- [1783](/source/1783) – [María Bibiana Benítez](/source/Mar%C3%ADa_Bibiana_Ben%C3%ADtez), Puerto Rican poet and playwright (died 1873)
- [1787](/source/1787) – [Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet](/source/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet), American educator, founded the [American School for the Deaf](/source/American_School_for_the_Deaf) (died 1851)
- [1804](/source/1804) – [Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi](/source/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi), German mathematician and academic (died 1851)
- [1805](/source/1805) – [William Lloyd Garrison](/source/William_Lloyd_Garrison), American journalist and activist, founded *[The Liberator](/source/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper))* (died 1879)
- 1805 – [Joseph Škoda](/source/Joseph_%C5%A0koda), Czech physician, dermatologist, and academic (died 1881)
- [1811](/source/1811) – [Caroline Mehitable Fisher Sawyer](/source/Caroline_Mehitable_Fisher_Sawyer), American poet, biographer, and editor (died 1894)[29]
- [1815](/source/1815) – [Ada Lovelace](/source/Ada_Lovelace), English mathematician and computer scientist (died 1852)[30]
- [1821](/source/1821) – [Nikolay Nekrasov](/source/Nikolay_Nekrasov), Russian poet and critic (died 1877)
- [1822](/source/1822) – [César Franck](/source/C%C3%A9sar_Franck), Belgian organist and composer (died 1890)
- [1824](/source/1824) – [George MacDonald](/source/George_MacDonald), Scottish minister, author, and poet (died 1905)
- [1827](/source/1827) – [Eugene O'Keefe](/source/Eugene_O'Keefe), Canadian businessman and philanthropist (died 1913)
- [1830](/source/1830) – [Emily Dickinson](/source/Emily_Dickinson), American poet (died 1886)
- [1851](/source/1851) – [Melvil Dewey](/source/Melvil_Dewey), American librarian, created the [Dewey Decimal System](/source/Dewey_Decimal_Classification) (died 1931)
- [1866](/source/1866) – [Louis Bolk](/source/Louis_Bolk), Dutch anatomist and biologist (died 1930)
- [1870](/source/1870) – [Jadunath Sarkar](/source/Jadunath_Sarkar), Indian historian (died 1958)[31]
- 1870 – [Adolf Loos](/source/Adolf_Loos), Austrian architect and theoretician (died 1933)[32]
- 1870 – [Pierre Louÿs](/source/Pierre_Lou%C3%BFs), Belgian-French author and poet (died 1925)
- [1878](/source/1878) – [C. Rajagopalachari](/source/C._Rajagopalachari), Indian lawyer and politician, 45th [Governor-General of India](/source/List_of_Governors-General_of_India) (died 1972)[33]
- 1878 – [Mohammad Ali Jauhar](/source/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar), Indian Muslim activist (died 1931)[34]
- [1882](/source/1882) – [Otto Neurath](/source/Otto_Neurath), Austrian sociologist and philosopher (died 1945)[35]
- 1882 – [Shigenori Tōgō](/source/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D), Japanese politician, 37th [Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs](/source/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)) (died 1950)
- [1883](/source/1883) – [Giovanni Messe](/source/Giovanni_Messe), Italian field marshal and politician (died 1968)
- [1885](/source/1885) – [Elizabeth Baker](/source/Elizabeth_Baker_(economist)), American economist and academic (died 1973)[36]
- 1885 – [Marios Varvoglis](/source/Marios_Varvoglis), Greek composer and conductor (died 1967)
- [1886](/source/1886) – [Victor McLaglen](/source/Victor_McLaglen), English-American actor (died 1959)
- [1889](/source/1889) – [Ray Collins](/source/Ray_Collins_(actor)), American actor (died 1965)
- [1890](/source/1890) – [László Bárdossy](/source/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A1rdossy), Hungarian politician and diplomat, 33rd [Prime Minister of Hungary](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary) (died 1946)
- [1891](/source/1891) – [Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis](/source/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis), English field marshal and politician, 17th [Governor General of Canada](/source/Governor_General_of_Canada) (died 1969)
- 1891 – [Arlie Mucks](/source/Arlie_Mucks), American discus thrower and shot putter (died 1967)
- 1891 – [Nelly Sachs](/source/Nelly_Sachs), German-Swedish poet and playwright, [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) laureate (died 1970)
- [1896](/source/1896) – [Torsten Bergström](/source/Torsten_Bergstr%C3%B6m), Swedish actor and director (died 1948)

### 1901–present

- [1903](/source/1903) – [Una Merkel](/source/Una_Merkel), American actress (died 1986)
- [1904](/source/1904) – [Antonín Novotný](/source/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD), Czechoslovak politician, [President](/source/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia) of [Czechoslovak Socialist Republic](/source/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic), General Secretary of the [Communist Party of Czechoslovakia](/source/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia) (died 1975)
- [1906](/source/1906) – [Harold Adamson](/source/Harold_Adamson), American lyricist (died 1980)
- 1906 – [Jules Ladoumègue](/source/Jules_Ladoum%C3%A8gue), French runner (died 1973)
- [1907](/source/1907) – [Rumer Godden](/source/Rumer_Godden), English author and poet (died 1998)[37]
- 1907 – [Lucien Laurent](/source/Lucien_Laurent), French footballer and coach (died 2005)
- 1907 – [Amedeo Nazzari](/source/Amedeo_Nazzari), Italian actor (died 1979)
- [1908](/source/1908) – [Olivier Messiaen](/source/Olivier_Messiaen), French composer and ornithologist (died 1992)
- [1909](/source/1909) – [Hermes Pan](/source/Hermes_Pan), American dancer and choreographer (died 1990)
- [1910](/source/1910) – [Ambrosio Padilla](/source/Ambrosio_Padilla), Filipino basketball player and politician (died 1996)
- [1911](/source/1911) – [Chet Huntley](/source/Chet_Huntley), American journalist (died 1974)
- [1912](/source/1912) – [Philip Hart](/source/Philip_Hart), American lawyer and politician, 49th [Lieutenant Governor of Michigan](/source/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Michigan) (died 1976)
- 1912 – [Tetsuji Takechi](/source/Tetsuji_Takechi), Japanese theatrical and film director, critic, and author (died 1988)[38]
- 1912 – [René Toribio](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Toribio), Guadeloupean politician (died 1990)
- [1913](/source/1913) – [Pannonica de Koenigswarter](/source/Pannonica_de_Koenigswarter), English-American jazz patron and writer (died 1988)
- 1913 – [Morton Gould](/source/Morton_Gould), American pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1996)
- 1913 – [Harry Locke](/source/Harry_Locke), English actor (died 1987)
- 1913 – [Ray Nance](/source/Ray_Nance), American trumpeter, violinist, and singer (died 1976)
- [1914](/source/1914) – [Dorothy Lamour](/source/Dorothy_Lamour), American actress and singer (died 1996)
- [1915](/source/1915) – [Nicky Barr](/source/Nicky_Barr), Australian rugby player, soldier, and pilot (died 2006)
- [1916](/source/1916) – [Walt Arfons](/source/Walt_Arfons), American race car driver (died 2013)
- [1918](/source/1918) – [Anne Gwynne](/source/Anne_Gwynne), American actress (died 2003)[39]
- 1918 – [Anatoli Tarasov](/source/Anatoli_Tarasov), Russian ice hockey player and coach (died 1995)
- [1919](/source/1919) – [Alexander Courage](/source/Alexander_Courage), American composer and conductor (died 2008)
- [1920](/source/1920) – [Clarice Lispector](/source/Clarice_Lispector), Ukrainian-Brazilian journalist and author (died 1977)[40]
- 1920 – [Reginald Rose](/source/Reginald_Rose), American screenwriter and producer (died 2002)
- [1921](/source/1921) – [Toh Chin Chye](/source/Toh_Chin_Chye), Singaporean academic and politician, 1st [Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore](/source/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore) (died 2012)[41]
- [1922](/source/1922) – [Agnes Nixon](/source/Agnes_Nixon), American television writer and director (died 2016)
- [1923](/source/1923) – [Harold Gould](/source/Harold_Gould), American actor (died 2010)
- 1923 – [Clorindo Testa](/source/Clorindo_Testa), Italian-Argentinian architect, designed the [National Library of the Argentine Republic](/source/National_Library_of_the_Argentine_Republic) and [Marriott Plaza Hotel](/source/Marriott_Plaza_Hotel,_Buenos_Aires) (died 2013)
- [1924](/source/1924) – [Ken Albers](/source/Ken_Albers), American singer and musician (died 2007)
- 1924 – [Michael Manley](/source/Michael_Manley), Jamaican pilot and politician, 4th [Prime Minister of Jamaica](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica) (died 1997)[42]
- [1925](/source/1925) – [Carolyn Kizer](/source/Carolyn_Kizer), American poet and academic (died 2014)
- [1926](/source/1926) – [Guitar Slim](/source/Guitar_Slim), American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1959)
- [1927](/source/1927) – [Bob Farrell](/source/Bob_Farrell_(motivational_speaker)), American businessman, founded [Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour](/source/Farrell's_Ice_Cream_Parlour) (died 2015)
- 1927 – [Danny Matt](/source/Danny_Matt), German-Israeli general (died 2013)
- [1928](/source/1928) – [Barbara Nichols](/source/Barbara_Nichols), American actress (died 1976)
- [1930](/source/1930) – [Wayne D. Anderson](/source/Wayne_D._Anderson), American baseball player and coach (died 2013)
- 1930 – [Ray Felix](/source/Ray_Felix), American basketball player (died 1991)[43]
- 1930 – [Michael Jopling, Baron Jopling](/source/Michael_Jopling,_Baron_Jopling), English farmer and politician, [Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food](/source/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food)
- [1931](/source/1931) – [Peter Baker](/source/Peter_Baker_(footballer,_born_1931)), English-South African footballer and manager (died 2016)
- [1933](/source/1933) – [Philip R. Craig](/source/Philip_R._Craig), American author (died 2007)
- 1933 – [Mako Iwamatsu](/source/Mako_Iwamatsu), Japanese actor (died 2006)
- [1934](/source/1934) – [Howard Martin Temin](/source/Howard_Martin_Temin), American geneticist and academic, [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine) laureate (died 1994)
- [1935](/source/1935) – [Terry Allcock](/source/Terry_Allcock), English footballer and cricketer (died 2024)
- 1935 – [Jaromil Jireš](/source/Jaromil_Jire%C5%A1), Czech director and screenwriter (died 2001)
- [1936](/source/1936) – [Howard Smith](/source/Howard_Smith_(director)), American journalist, director, and producer (died 2014)
- [1938](/source/1938) – [Bill Dunk](/source/Bill_Dunk), Australian golfer
- 1938 – [Yuri Temirkanov](/source/Yuri_Temirkanov), Russian viola player and conductor (died 2023)
- [1939](/source/1939) – [Dick Bavetta](/source/Dick_Bavetta), American basketball player and referee
- 1939 – [Barry Cunliffe](/source/Barry_Cunliffe), English archaeologist and academic
- [1941](/source/1941) – [Ken Campbell](/source/Ken_Campbell), English actor, director, and screenwriter (died 2008)
- 1941 – [Fionnula Flanagan](/source/Fionnula_Flanagan), Irish actress and producer[44]
- 1941 – [Tommy Kirk](/source/Tommy_Kirk), American actor (died 2021)[40]
- 1941 – [Tommy Rettig](/source/Tommy_Rettig), American child actor (died 1996)
- 1941 – [Kyu Sakamoto](/source/Kyu_Sakamoto), Japanese singer and actor (died 1985)
- [1942](/source/1942) – [Ann Gloag](/source/Ann_Gloag), Scottish nurse and businesswoman
- [1944](/source/1944) – [Andris Bērziņš](/source/Andris_B%C4%93rzi%C5%86%C5%A1_(Latvian_President)), Latvian businessman and politician, 8th [President of Latvia](/source/President_of_Latvia)
- 1944 – [John Birt, Baron Birt](/source/John_Birt,_Baron_Birt), English businessman
- 1944 – [Steve Renko](/source/Steve_Renko), American baseball player
- [1945](/source/1945) – [Mukhtar Altynbayev](/source/Mukhtar_Altynbayev), Kazakhstani general and politician, 3rd [Defence Minister of Kazakhstan](/source/Defence_Minister_of_Kazakhstan)
- [1946](/source/1946) – [Douglas Kenney](/source/Douglas_Kenney), American satirist (died 1980)
- [1947](/source/1947) – [Rasul Guliyev](/source/Rasul_Guliyev), Azerbaijani engineer and politician, 22nd [Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan](/source/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan)
- [1948](/source/1948) – [Dušan Bajević](/source/Du%C5%A1an_Bajevi%C4%87), Bosnian footballer and manager
- 1948 – [Jessica Cleaves](/source/Jessica_Cleaves), American singer-songwriter (died 2014)
- 1948 – [Jasuben Shilpi](/source/Jasuben_Shilpi), Indian sculptor (died 2013)
- [1949](/source/1949) – [Yasmin Alibhai-Brown](/source/Yasmin_Alibhai-Brown), Ugandan-English journalist and author
- 1949 – [David Perdue](/source/David_Perdue), American politician
- [1950](/source/1950) – [John Boozman](/source/John_Boozman), American football player, lawyer, and politician
- 1950 – [Simon Owen](/source/Simon_Owen), New Zealand golfer
- [1951](/source/1951) – [Johnny Rodriguez](/source/Johnny_Rodriguez), American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2025)[44]
- [1952](/source/1952) – [Clive Anderson](/source/Clive_Anderson), English lawyer and television host
- 1952 – [Susan Dey](/source/Susan_Dey), American actress[44]
- 1952 – [Greg Mortimer](/source/Greg_Mortimer), Australian geologist and mountaineer
- 1952 – [Greg Laurie](/source/Greg_Laurie), American author and pastor
- 1952 – [Paul Varul](/source/Paul_Varul), Estonian lawyer and politician, 6th [Estonian Minister of Justice](/source/Ministry_of_Justice_(Estonia))
- [1953](/source/1953) – [Chris Bury](/source/Chris_Bury), American journalist and academic
- [1954](/source/1954) – [Eudine Barriteau](/source/Eudine_Barriteau), Barbadian economist and academic
- 1954 – [Price Cobb](/source/Price_Cobb), American race car driver and manager
- 1954 – [Jack Hues](/source/Jack_Hues), English singer-songwriter and musician
- [1956](/source/1956) – [Rod Blagojevich](/source/Rod_Blagojevich), American lawyer and politician, 40th [Governor of Illinois](/source/Governor_of_Illinois)
- 1956 – [Roberto Cassinelli](/source/Roberto_Cassinelli), Italian lawyer and politician
- 1956 – [Jan van Dijk](/source/Jan_van_Dijk_(footballer)), Dutch footballer and manager
- [1957](/source/1957) – [Michael Clarke Duncan](/source/Michael_Clarke_Duncan), American actor (died 2012)[40]
- 1957 – [Paul Hardcastle](/source/Paul_Hardcastle), English composer and producer[44]
- 1957 – [Prem Rawat](/source/Prem_Rawat), Indian-American guru and educator
- [1958](/source/1958) – [Cornelia Funke](/source/Cornelia_Funke), German-American author
- 1958 – [Kathryn Stott](/source/Kathryn_Stott), English pianist and academic
- [1959](/source/1959) – [Mark Aguirre](/source/Mark_Aguirre), American basketball player and coach
- 1959 – [Udi Aloni](/source/Udi_Aloni), American-Israeli director and author
- 1959 – [Kevin Ash](/source/Kevin_Ash), English journalist and author (died 2013)
- 1959 – [Wolf Hoffmann](/source/Wolf_Hoffmann), German guitarist
- [1960](/source/1960) – [Kenneth Branagh](/source/Kenneth_Branagh), British actor director, producer, and screenwriter[44]
- 1960 – [Kōichi Satō](/source/K%C5%8Dichi_Sat%C5%8D_(actor)), Japanese actor
- [1961](/source/1961) – [Mark McKoy](/source/Mark_McKoy), Canadian hurdler and sprinter
- 1961 – [Nia Peeples](/source/Nia_Peeples), American singer and actress[44]
- [1962](/source/1962) – [Rakhat Aliyev](/source/Rakhat_Aliyev), Kazakh politician and diplomat (died 2015)
- 1962 – [John de Wolf](/source/John_de_Wolf), Dutch footballer and manager
- [1963](/source/1963) – [Jahangir Khan](/source/Jahangir_Khan), Pakistani squash player[45]
- [1964](/source/1964) – [Stephen Billington](/source/Stephen_Billington), English actor
- 1964 – [Stef Blok](/source/Stef_Blok), Dutch banker and politician, [Dutch Minister of the Interior](/source/List_of_Ministers_of_the_Interior_of_the_Netherlands)
- 1964 – [Bobby Flay](/source/Bobby_Flay), American chef and author[44]
- 1964 – [Edith González](/source/Edith_Gonz%C3%A1lez), Mexican actress (died 2019)
- [1965](/source/1965) – [Greg Giraldo](/source/Greg_Giraldo), American lawyer, comedian, actor, and screenwriter (died 2010)
- 1965 – [J Mascis](/source/J_Mascis), American singer-songwriter and guitarist[44]
- 1965 – [Stephanie Morgenstern](/source/Stephanie_Morgenstern), Swiss-Canadian actress, producer, and screenwriter
- [1966](/source/1966) – [Rein Ahas](/source/Rein_Ahas), Estonian geographer and academic
- 1966 – [Robin Brooke](/source/Robin_Brooke), New Zealand rugby player
- 1966 – [Mel Rojas](/source/Mel_Rojas), Dominican baseball player
- 1966 – [Penelope Trunk](/source/Penelope_Trunk), American writer[46]
- [1968](/source/1968) – [Yōko Oginome](/source/Y%C5%8Dko_Oginome), Japanese singer, actress, and voice actress
- [1969](/source/1969) – [Darren Berry](/source/Darren_Berry), Australian cricketer and coach
- 1969 – [Rob Blake](/source/Rob_Blake), Canadian ice hockey player and executive
- [1970](/source/1970) – [Kevin Sharp](/source/Kevin_Sharp), American singer-songwriter (died 2014)
- 1970 – [Bryant Stith](/source/Bryant_Stith), American basketball player and coach
- [1972](/source/1972) – [Donavon Frankenreiter](/source/Donavon_Frankenreiter), American surfer, singer-songwriter, and guitarist
- 1972 – [Brian Molko](/source/Brian_Molko), British-Belgian singer-songwriter
- [1973](/source/1973) – [Rusty LaRue](/source/Rusty_LaRue), American basketball player and coach[47]
- 1973 – [Gabriela Spanic](/source/Gabriela_Spanic), Venezuelan actress
- [1974](/source/1974) – [Meg White](/source/Meg_White), American drummer[44]
- [1975](/source/1975) – [Steve Bradley](/source/Steve_Bradley), American wrestler (died 2008)
- 1975 – [Emmanuelle Chriqui](/source/Emmanuelle_Chriqui), Canadian actress[44]
- 1975 – [Josip Skoko](/source/Josip_Skoko), Australian footballer
- [1976](/source/1976) – [Shane Byrne](/source/Shane_Byrne_(motorcycle_racer)), English motorcycle racer
- [1978](/source/1978) – [Anna Jesień](/source/Anna_Jesie%C5%84), Polish hurdler
- 1978 – [Summer Phoenix](/source/Summer_Phoenix), American actress
- [1979](/source/1979) – [Matt Bentley](/source/Matt_Bentley), American wrestler
- 1979 – [Iain Brunnschweiler](/source/Iain_Brunnschweiler), English cricketer
- 1979 – [Yang Jianping](/source/Yang_Jianping_(archer)), Chinese recurve archer[48]
- [1980](/source/1980) – [Sarah Chang](/source/Sarah_Chang), American violinist
- [1981](/source/1981) – [Taufik Batisah](/source/Taufik_Batisah), Singaporean singer
- 1981 – [Rene Bourque](/source/Rene_Bourque), Canadian ice hockey player[49]
- 1981 – [Fábio Rochemback](/source/F%C3%A1bio_Rochemback), Brazilian footballer
- [1982](/source/1982) – [Claudia Hoffmann](/source/Claudia_Hoffmann), German sprinter
- 1982 – [Sultan Kösen](/source/Sultan_K%C3%B6sen), Turkish farmer, [tallest living person](/source/List_of_tallest_people)[50]
- [1983](/source/1983) – [Patrick Flueger](/source/Patrick_Flueger), American actor[44]
- 1983 – [Xavier Samuel](/source/Xavier_Samuel), Australian actor[40]
- [1984](/source/1984) – [JTG](/source/JTG), American wrestler[51]
- [1985](/source/1985) – [Charlie Adam](/source/Charlie_Adam), Scottish footballer
- 1985 – [Roman Červenka](/source/Roman_%C4%8Cervenka), Czech ice hockey player[52]
- 1985 – [Matt Forte](/source/Matt_Forte), American football player[53]
- 1985 – [Trésor Mputu](/source/Tr%C3%A9sor_Mputu), Congolese footballer
- 1985 – [Raven-Symoné](/source/Raven-Symon%C3%A9), American actress, singer, and dancer[44]
- 1985 – [Lê Công Vinh](/source/L%C3%AA_C%C3%B4ng_Vinh), Vietnamese footballer
- [1986](/source/1986) – [Kahlil Bell](/source/Kahlil_Bell), American football player
- [1987](/source/1987) – [Gonzalo Higuaín](/source/Gonzalo_Higua%C3%ADn), French-Argentinian footballer
- [1988](/source/1988) – [Wilfried Bony](/source/Wilfried_Bony), Ivorian footballer
- 1988 – [Neven Subotić](/source/Neven_Suboti%C4%87), Serbian footballer
- [1989](/source/1989) – [Marion Maréchal-Le Pen](/source/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal-Le_Pen), French politician
- 1989 – [Tom Sexton](/source/Tom_Sexton_(rugby_union)), Australian-Irish rugby player
- [1990](/source/1990) – [Kazenga LuaLua](/source/Kazenga_LuaLua), Congolese-English footballer
- 1990 – [Sakiko Matsui](/source/Sakiko_Matsui), Japanese singer and actress
- 1990 – [Wil Myers](/source/Wil_Myers), American baseball player[54]
- 1990 – [Teyana Taylor](/source/Teyana_Taylor), American singer, songwriter, choreographer, and actress[44]
- 1990 – [Shoya Tomizawa](/source/Shoya_Tomizawa), Japanese motorcycle racer (died 2010)
- [1991](/source/1991) – [KiKi Layne](/source/KiKi_Layne), American actress[44]
- 1991 – [Eric Reid](/source/Eric_Reid), American football player[55]
- 1991 – [Dion Waiters](/source/Dion_Waiters), American basketball player[56]
- [1992](/source/1992) – [Carlos Rodón](/source/Carlos_Rod%C3%B3n), American baseball player[57]
- 1992 – [Melissa Roxburgh](/source/Melissa_Roxburgh), Canadian-American actress[40]
- [1994](/source/1994) – [Richard Kennar](/source/Richard_Kennar), Samoan rugby league player
- 1994 – [Matti Klinga](/source/Matti_Klinga), Finnish footballer
- [1995](/source/1995) – [Tacko Fall](/source/Tacko_Fall), Senegalese basketball player[58]
- [1996](/source/1996) – [Joe Burrow](/source/Joe_Burrow), American football player[59]
- 1996 – [Kang Daniel](/source/Kang_Daniel), South Korean singer and entrepreneur[60]
- [1997](/source/1997) – [Viktoriia Savtsova](/source/Viktoriia_Savtsova), Ukrainian Paralympic swimmer[61]
- [1998](/source/1998) – [Lucia Bronzetti](/source/Lucia_Bronzetti), Italian tennis player[62][63]
- [1999](/source/1999) – [Reiss Nelson](/source/Reiss_Nelson), English footballer[64]
- [2000](/source/2000) – [Jeremie Frimpong](/source/Jeremie_Frimpong), Dutch footballer[65]

## Deaths

### Pre-1600

- [925](/source/925) – [Sancho I](/source/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona), king of [Pamplona](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarra)
- [949](/source/949) – [Herman I, Duke of Swabia](/source/Herman_I,_Duke_of_Swabia)
- [990](/source/990) – [Folcmar](/source/Folcmar_(bishop)), bishop of [Utrecht](/source/Episcopal_principality_of_Utrecht)[66]
- [1041](/source/1041) – [Michael IV the Paphlagonian](/source/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian), Byzantine emperor (born 1010)
- [1081](/source/1081) – [Nikephoros III Botaneiates](/source/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates), deposed [Byzantine Emperor](/source/Byzantine_Emperor) (born c.1002)
- [1113](/source/1113) – [Radwan](/source/Fakhr_al-Mulk_Radwan), ruler of Aleppo
- [1310](/source/1310) – [Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria](/source/Stephen_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria) (born 1271)
- [1454](/source/1454) – [Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo](/source/Ignatius_Behnam_Hadloyo), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.[67]
- [1475](/source/1475) – [Paolo Uccello](/source/Paolo_Uccello), Italian painter (born 1397)
- [1508](/source/1508) – [René II, Duke of Lorraine](/source/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine) (born 1451)
- [1541](/source/1541) – [Thomas Culpeper](/source/Thomas_Culpeper), English courtier (born 1514)
- 1541 – [Francis Dereham](/source/Francis_Dereham), English courtier (born c. 1513)
- [1561](/source/1561) – [Caspar Schwenckfeld](/source/Caspar_Schwenckfeld), German theologian and writer

### 1601–1900

- [1618](/source/1618) – [Giulio Caccini](/source/Giulio_Caccini), Italian composer and educator (born 1551)
- [1626](/source/1626) – [Edmund Gunter](/source/Edmund_Gunter), English mathematician and academic (born 1581)
- [1665](/source/1665) – [Tarquinio Merula](/source/Tarquinio_Merula), Italian organist, violinist, and composer (born 1594)
- [1736](/source/1736) – [António Manoel de Vilhena](/source/Ant%C3%B3nio_Manoel_de_Vilhena), Portuguese soldier and politician (born 1663)
- [1791](/source/1791) – [Jacob Frank](/source/Jacob_Frank), Polish religious leader (born 1726)
- [1831](/source/1831) – [Thomas Johann Seebeck](/source/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck), German physicist and academic (born 1770)
- [1850](/source/1850) – [Józef Bem](/source/J%C3%B3zef_Bem), Polish general and physicist (born 1794)
- 1850 – [François Sulpice Beudant](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sulpice_Beudant), French mineralogist and geologist (born 1787)
- [1865](/source/1865) – [Leopold I of Belgium](/source/Leopold_I_of_Belgium) (born 1790)
- [1867](/source/1867) – [Sakamoto Ryōma](/source/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma), Japanese samurai and politician (born 1836)
- [1896](/source/1896) – [Alfred Nobel](/source/Alfred_Nobel), Swedish chemist and engineer, invented [Dynamite](/source/Dynamite) and founded the [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize) (born 1833)

### 1901–present

- [1909](/source/1909) – [Red Cloud](/source/Red_Cloud), American tribal chief (of the [Oglala nation](/source/Oglala)) (born 1822)
- [1911](/source/1911) – [Joseph Dalton Hooker](/source/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker), English botanist and explorer (born 1817)
- [1917](/source/1917) – [Mackenzie Bowell](/source/Mackenzie_Bowell), English-Canadian journalist and politician, 5th [Prime Minister of Canada](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Canada) (born 1823)
- [1920](/source/1920) – [Horace Elgin Dodge](/source/Horace_Elgin_Dodge), American businessman, co-founded [Dodge](/source/Dodge) (born 1868)
- [1922](/source/1922) – [Clement Lindley Wragge](/source/Clement_Lindley_Wragge), English meteorologist and author (born 1852)
- [1926](/source/1926) – [Nikola Pašić](/source/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87), Serbian politician, 46th [Prime Minister of Serbia](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia) (born 1845)
- [1928](/source/1928) – [Charles Rennie Mackintosh](/source/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh), Scottish architect and painter (born 1868)
- [1929](/source/1929) – [Harry Crosby](/source/Harry_Crosby), American publisher and poet (born 1898)
- [1932](/source/1932) – [Joseph Carruthers](/source/Joseph_Carruthers), Australian politician, 16th [Premier of New South Wales](/source/Premier_of_New_South_Wales) (born 1857)
- [1936](/source/1936) – [Bobby Abel](/source/Bobby_Abel), English cricketer (born 1857)
- 1936 – [Luigi Pirandello](/source/Luigi_Pirandello), Italian dramatist, novelist, and poet [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) laureate (born 1867)
- [1939](/source/1939) – [John Grieb](/source/John_Grieb), American gymnast and triathlete (born 1879)
- [1941](/source/1941) – [Colin Kelly](/source/Colin_Kelly), American captain and pilot (born 1915)
- [1944](/source/1944) – [John Brunt](/source/John_Brunt), English captain, [Victoria Cross](/source/Victoria_Cross) recipient (born 1922)
- [1945](/source/1945) – [Theodor Dannecker](/source/Theodor_Dannecker), German captain (born 1913)
- [1946](/source/1946) – [Walter Johnson](/source/Walter_Johnson), American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (born 1887)
- 1946 – [Damon Runyon](/source/Damon_Runyon), American newspaperman and short story writer (born 1884)
- [1948](/source/1948) – [Na Hye-sok](/source/Na_Hye-sok), South Korean journalist, poet, and painter (born 1896)
- [1951](/source/1951) – [Algernon Blackwood](/source/Algernon_Blackwood), English author and playwright (born 1869)
- [1953](/source/1953) – [Abdullah Yusuf Ali](/source/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali), Indian-English scholar and translator (born 1872)
- [1956](/source/1956) – [David Shimoni](/source/David_Shimoni), Russian-Israeli poet and translator (born 1891)
- [1957](/source/1957) – [Napoleon Zervas](/source/Napoleon_Zervas), Greek general (born 1891)
- [1958](/source/1958) – [Adolfo Camarillo](/source/Adolfo_Camarillo), American horse breeder, rancher, and philanthropist (born 1864)
- [1963](/source/1963) – [K. M. Panikkar](/source/K._M._Panikkar), Indian historian and diplomat (born 1894)
- [1967](/source/1967) – [Otis Redding](/source/Otis_Redding), American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1941)
- [1968](/source/1968) – [Karl Barth](/source/Karl_Barth), Swiss theologian and author (born 1886)
- 1968 – [George Forrest](/source/George_Forrest_(Northern_Ireland_politician)), Northern Irish lawyer and politician (born 1921)
- 1968 – [Thomas Merton](/source/Thomas_Merton), American monk and author (born 1915)
- [1970](/source/1970) – [Chen Qiyou](/source/Chen_Qiyou), Chinese politician and revolutionary (born 1892)[68]
- [1972](/source/1972) – [Mark Van Doren](/source/Mark_Van_Doren), American poet, critic, and academic (born 1894)
- [1973](/source/1973) – [Wolf V. Vishniac](/source/Wolf_V._Vishniac), German-American microbiologist and academic (born 1922)
- [1974](/source/1974) – [Toshinari Shōji](/source/Toshinari_Sh%C5%8Dji), Japanese general (born 1890)
- [1977](/source/1977) – [Adolph Rupp](/source/Adolph_Rupp), American basketball player and coach (born 1901)
- [1978](/source/1978) – [Ed Wood](/source/Ed_Wood), American director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1924)
- [1979](/source/1979) – [Ann Dvorak](/source/Ann_Dvorak), American actress (born 1911)
- [1982](/source/1982) – [Freeman Gosden](/source/Freeman_Gosden), American actor and screenwriter (born 1899)
- [1987](/source/1987) – [Jascha Heifetz](/source/Jascha_Heifetz), Lithuanian-American violinist and educator (born 1901)
- [1988](/source/1988) – [Richard S. Castellano](/source/Richard_S._Castellano), American actor (born 1933)
- 1988 – [Johnny Lawrence](/source/Johnny_Lawrence_(cricketer)), English cricketer and coach (born 1911)
- 1988 – [Dorothy de Rothschild](/source/Dorothy_de_Rothschild), English philanthropist and activist (born 1895)
- [1990](/source/1990) – [Armand Hammer](/source/Armand_Hammer), American businessman, founded [Occidental Petroleum](/source/Occidental_Petroleum) (born 1898)
- [1991](/source/1991) – [Greta Kempton](/source/Greta_Kempton), Austrian-American painter and academic (born 1901)
- [1992](/source/1992) – [Dan Maskell](/source/Dan_Maskell), English tennis player and sportscaster (born 1908)
- [1993](/source/1993) – [Alice Tully](/source/Alice_Tully), American soprano (born 1902)
- [1994](/source/1994) – [Keith Joseph](/source/Keith_Joseph), English lawyer and politician, [Secretary of State for Education](/source/Secretary_of_State_for_Education) (born 1918)
- 1994 – [Alex Wilson](/source/Alex_Wilson_(Canadian_sprinter)), Canadian-American sprinter (born 1905)
- [1995](/source/1995) – [Darren Robinson](/source/Darren_Robinson_(rapper)), American rapper (born 1967)
- [1996](/source/1996) – [Faron Young](/source/Faron_Young), American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (born 1932)
- [1999](/source/1999) – [Rick Danko](/source/Rick_Danko), Canadian singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (born 1943)
- 1999 – [Franjo Tuđman](/source/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man), Croatian general and politician, 1st [President of Croatia](/source/President_of_Croatia) (born 1922)
- 1999 – [Woodrow Borah](/source/Woodrow_Borah), American historian of Spanish America (born 1912)
- [2000](/source/2000) – [Marie Windsor](/source/Marie_Windsor), American actress (born 1919)
- [2001](/source/2001) – [Ashok Kumar](/source/Ashok_Kumar), Indian actor, singer, and producer (born 1911)
- [2002](/source/2002) – [Andres Küng](/source/Andres_K%C3%BCng), Swedish journalist and politician (born 1945)
- 2002 – [Ian MacNaughton](/source/Ian_MacNaughton), Scottish actor, director, and producer (born 1925)[69]
- [2003](/source/2003) – [Sean McClory](/source/Sean_McClory), Irish actor and director (born 1924)
- [2004](/source/2004) – [Gary Webb](/source/Gary_Webb), American journalist and author (born 1955)
- [2005](/source/2005) – [Mary Jackson](/source/Mary_Jackson_(actress)), American actress (born 1910)
- 2005 – [Eugene McCarthy](/source/Eugene_McCarthy), American poet, academic, and politician (born 1916)
- 2005 – [Richard Pryor](/source/Richard_Pryor), American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter (born 1940)
- [2006](/source/2006) – [Olivia Coolidge](/source/Olivia_Coolidge), English-American author and educator (born 1908)
- 2006 – [Augusto Pinochet](/source/Augusto_Pinochet), Chilean general and dictator, 30th [President of Chile](/source/President_of_Chile) (born 1915)
- [2007](/source/2007) – [Vitali Hakko](/source/Vitali_Hakko), Turkish businessman, founded [Vakko](/source/Vakko) (born 1913)
- [2009](/source/2009) – [Vladimir Teplyakov](/source/Vladimir_Teplyakov), Russian soldier and physicist (born 1925)
- [2010](/source/2010) – [John Fenn](/source/John_Fenn_(chemist)), American chemist and academic, [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) laureate (born 1917)
- 2010 – [J. Michael Hagopian](/source/J._Michael_Hagopian), Armenian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1913)
- 2010 – [MacKenzie Miller](/source/MacKenzie_Miller), American horse trainer and breeder (born 1921)
- [2012](/source/2012) – [Iajuddin Ahmed](/source/Iajuddin_Ahmed), Bangladeshi academic and politician, 13th [President of Bangladesh](/source/President_of_Bangladesh) (born 1931)
- 2012 – [Antonio Cubillo](/source/Antonio_Cubillo), Spanish lawyer and politician (born 1930)
- 2012 – [Tommy Roberts](/source/Tommy_Roberts_(designer)), English fashion designer (born 1942)
- [2013](/source/2013) – [Alan Coleman](/source/Alan_Coleman), English-Australian director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1936)
- 2013 – [Jim Hall](/source/Jim_Hall_(musician)), American guitarist and composer (born 1930)
- 2013 – [Don Lund](/source/Don_Lund), American baseball player and coach (born 1923)
- 2013 – [Srikanta Wadiyar](/source/Srikanta_Wadiyar), Indian politician and the titular [Maharaja of Mysore](/source/Maharaja_of_Mysore)(born 1946)
- [2014](/source/2014) – [Ralph Giordano](/source/Ralph_Giordano_(writer)), German author and publicist (born 1923)
- 2014 – [Robert B. Oakley](/source/Robert_B._Oakley), American diplomat, 19th [United States Ambassador to Pakistan](/source/United_States_Ambassador_to_Pakistan) (born 1931)
- 2014 – [Bob Solinger](/source/Bob_Solinger), Canadian ice hockey player (born 1925)
- 2014 – [Judy Baar Topinka](/source/Judy_Baar_Topinka), American journalist and politician (born 1944)
- 2014 – [Gerard Vianen](/source/Gerard_Vianen), Dutch cyclist (born 1944)
- [2015](/source/2015) – [Ron Bouchard](/source/Ron_Bouchard), American race car driver and businessman (born 1948)
- 2015 – [Denis Héroux](/source/Denis_H%C3%A9roux), Canadian director and producer (born 1940)
- 2015 – [Arnold Peralta](/source/Arnold_Peralta), Honduran footballer (born 1989)
- 2015 – [Dolph Schayes](/source/Dolph_Schayes), American basketball player and coach (born 1928)
- [2017](/source/2017) – [Bruce Brown](/source/Bruce_Brown_(director)), American filmmaker (born 1937)[70]
- 2017 – [Max Clifford](/source/Max_Clifford), British publicist (born 1943)
- 2017 – [Charles M. Green Jr.](/source/Angry_Grandpa), American Internet personality (born 1950)[71]
- 2017 – [Curtis W. Harris](/source/Curtis_W._Harris), American minister (born 1924)[72]
- [2019](/source/2019) – [Philip McKeon](/source/Philip_McKeon), American actor (born 1964)
- 2019 – [Gershon Kingsley](/source/Gershon_Kingsley), American composer and musician (born 1922)[73]
- 2019 – [Emily Mason](/source/Emily_Mason_(painter)), American painter (born 1932)[74]
- [2020](/source/2020) – [Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr.](/source/Tommy_Lister_Jr.), American actor and wrestler (born 1958)[75]
- 2020 – [Joseph Safra](/source/Joseph_Safra), Lebanese-Brazilian financier (born 1938)[76]
- 2020 – [Carol Sutton](/source/Carol_Sutton_(actress)), American actress (born 1944)[77]
- 2020 – [Barbara Windsor](/source/Barbara_Windsor), English actress (born 1937)[78]
- [2021](/source/2021) – [Michael Nesmith](/source/Michael_Nesmith), American musician ([The Monkees](/source/The_Monkees)), songwriter, actor, producer, and novelist (born 1942)[79]
- [2023](/source/2023) – [Julian Carroll](/source/Julian_Carroll), American politician, 54th [Governor of Kentucky](/source/Governor_of_Kentucky) (born 1931)[80]
- [2024](/source/2024) – [Rocky Colavito](/source/Rocky_Colavito), American baseball player and sportscaster (born 1933)[81]
- 2024 – [Michael Cole](/source/Michael_Cole_(actor)), American actor (born 1940)[82]
- 2024 – [Kreskin](/source/Kreskin), American mentalist (born 1935)[83]
- 2024 – [S. M. Krishna](/source/S._M._Krishna), Indian politician and statesman, [Minister of External Affairs](/source/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)), 10th [Chief Minister of Karnataka](/source/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Karnataka), 19th [Governor of Maharashtra](/source/List_of_governors_of_Maharashtra) (born 1932)[84]
- [2025](/source/2025) – [Jeffery Garcia](/source/Jeff_Garcia_(comedian)), American stand-up comedian and voice actor (born 1975)[85]

## Holidays and observances

- [Alfred Nobel Day](/source/Alfred_Nobel_Day) or *Nobeldagen* (Sweden)
- Christian [feast day](/source/Feast_day): - [Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs](/source/Behnam,_Sarah,_and_the_Forty_Martyrs) ([Syriac Orthodox Church](/source/Syriac_Orthodox_Church))[86] - [Eulalia of Mérida](/source/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida)[87] - [Gregory III](/source/Pope_Gregory_III)[87] - [Karl Barth](/source/Karl_Barth) ([Episcopal Church (USA)](/source/Episcopal_Church_(USA))) - [Polydore Plasden](/source/Polydore_Plasden)[87] - [Thomas Merton](/source/Thomas_Merton) ([Episcopal Church (USA)](/source/Episcopal_Church_(USA))) - [Translation of the Holy House of Loreto](/source/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa) - [December 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)](/source/December_10_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics))
- [Constitution Day (Thailand)](/source/Constitution_Day_(Thailand))
- [Human Rights Day](/source/Human_Rights_Day) ([International](/source/International_observance))[88]

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1. ["Federal Decree Law No. 14"](https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_COMPETENCIES%20OF%20MINISTRIES%20AND%20POWERS%20OF%20MINISTERS/UAE-LC-En_2016-09-26_00014_Markait.html). *Ministry of Justice*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260105092426/https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_COMPETENCIES%20OF%20MINISTRIES%20AND%20POWERS%20OF%20MINISTERS/UAE-LC-En_2016-09-26_00014_Markait.html) 5 January 2026 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 January 2026. The Federal Law no. 47/1992 dated 10/12/1992

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1. ["Kurdish-Arab coalition in Syria forms political wing"](http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/12/11/kurdish-arab-coalition-in-syria-forms-political-wing.html). Al Jazeera. 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2016-05-26.

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1. ["Czech shooting: Gunman kills six at hospital in Ostrava"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50725840). *[BBC](/source/BBC)*. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2021.

1. ["What to know about the deadly tornado outbreak."](https://www.nytimes.com/article/tornado-storms-weekend.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

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1. [*Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&pg=RA2-PA195). Douglas Richardson. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4610-4520-5.

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1. Bhimsen & Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1972). [*Sir Jadunath Sarkar birth centenary commemoration volume: English translation of Tarikh-i-dilkasha (Memoirs of Bhimsen relating to Aurangzib's Deccan campaigns).*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MM05AQAAIAAJ). Dept. of Archives, Maharashtra.

1. Panayotis Tournikiotis & Adolf Loos (1994). [*Adolf Loos*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8SgqvI3ddbgC&pg=PA9). Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-878271-80-8.

1. Kanwalpreet Kaur. [*Independence*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2fsqHxZTZr4C&pg=PA57). Sanbun Publishers. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-81-89540-80-7.

1. ["Mohammad Ali Jauhar profile"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181030191816/http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar). *Storyofpakistan.com website*. Archived from [the original](http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar) on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2023.

1. Nancy Cartwright; Jordi Cat; Thomas E. Uebel; Lola Fleck (28 April 2008). [*Otto Neurath: Philosophy Between Science and Politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tjptisy9BAUC&pg=PA10). Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-521-04111-9.

1. Dimand, Robert William; Dimand, Mary Ann; Forget, Evelyn L. (2000). [*A biographical dictionary of women economists*](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00dima). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. pp. [16](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00dima/page/n44). ISBN 1843761424. [OCLC 49852577](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49852577)

1. Matthew Dennison (5 January 2008). ["Rumer Godden's life is a story in itself"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3670310/Rumer-Goddens-life-is-a-story-in-itself.html). *The Telegraph*. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3670310/Rumer-Goddens-life-is-a-story-in-itself.html) 12 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

1. ["Art Random - Tetsuji Takechi"](http://art-random.main.jp/samescale/075-2.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090304163218/http://art-random.main.jp/samescale/075-2.html) 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["Anne Gwynne"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200729040310/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f02be79). *BFI*. Archived from [the original](https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f02be79) on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.

1. ["Famous birthdays for Dec. 10: Kenneth Branagh, Melissa Roxburgh"](https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2022/12/10/Famous-birthdays-for-Dec-10-Kenneth-Branagh-Melissa-Roxburgh/5231670635859/). [UPI](/source/United_Press_International). 10 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Toh Chin Chye"](https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=8a68761c-5b59-4758-a2ce-0793a8cddfb1). *NLB - Singapore National Library*. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 2025-12-10.

1. ["The Rt. Hon. Michael Manley (1924 - 1997)"](https://nlj.gov.jm/biographies/rt-hon-michael-manley-1924-1997/). *National Library of Jamaica*. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

1. ["Ray Felix"](https://www.nba.com/stats/player/76704/career). [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. Rose, Mike (10 December 2022). ["Today's famous birthdays list for December 10, 2022 includes celebrities Bobby Flay, Raven-Symoné"](https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2022/12/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-december-10-2022-includes-celebrities-bobby-flay-raven-symone.html). *[The Plain Dealer](/source/The_Plain_Dealer)*. [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. [*Teenager*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zPkoAAAAYAAJ). M.M. Ahmed. 1984. p. 32.

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1. ["Rusty LaRue"](https://www.nba.com/stats/player/1601/career). [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Jianping YANG - Olympic Archery | People's Republic of China"](https://www.olympic.org/jianping-yang). *International Olympic Committee*. 18 June 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

1. ["Rene Bourque"](https://www.nhl.com/player/rene-bourque-8471504). [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Tallest man - living"](http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/tallest-man-living). Retrieved 2 December 2018.

1. Mac, Eddie (10 December 2015). ["This Day in Wrestling History (December 10): ARMAGEDDON!"](https://www.cagesideseats.com/2015/12/10/9871376/this-day-in-wrestling-history-december-10-armageddon). [CageSide Seats](/source/CageSide_Seats). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Roman Cervenka"](https://www.nhl.com/player/roman-cervenka-8476834). [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Matt Forte"](https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/_/id/11278/matt-forte). [ESPN](/source/ESPN). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Wil Myers"](https://www.mlb.com/player/wil-myers-571976). [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Eric Reid"](https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/_/id/15809/eric-reid). [ESPN](/source/ESPN). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Dion Waiters"](https://www.nba.com/stats/player/203079/career). [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Carlos Rodón"](https://www.mlb.com/player/carlos-rodon-607074). [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Tacko Fall"](https://www.nba.com/stats/player/1629605/career). [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association). Retrieved 8 December 2023.

1. ["Joe Burrow Stats | Pro-Football-Reference.com"](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BurrJo01.htm). *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved October 16, 2021.

1. ["Kang Daniel"](http://konnectent.com/kangdaniel.php). [Konnect Entertainment](/source/Konnect_Entertainment). Retrieved January 17, 2022.

1. ["Dublin 2018 - Live Results"](https://www.paralympic.org/dublin-2018/results/info-live-results/swdu18/eng/ze/engze_swimming-sport-and-npc-entries-by-event-ukraine.htm). *International Paralympic Committee*. Retrieved 7 May 2020.

1. ["WTAtennis.com Profile: Lucia Bronzetti"](https://www.wtatennis.com/players/322280/lucia-bronzetti). [Women's Tennis Association](/source/Women's_Tennis_Association). Retrieved 17 October 2022.

1. ["Lucia Bronzetti - Player Profile - Tennis"](https://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/lucia-bronzetti_prs551914/person.shtml). *Eurosport UK*. Retrieved 2022-10-18.

1. ["Reiss Nelson"](https://www.premierleague.com/players/14450/Reiss-Nelson/overview). *[Premier League](/source/Premier_League)*. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

1. ["Jeremie Frimpong"](https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/jeremie-frimpong). *[Bundesliga](/source/Bundesliga)*. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

1. Blok, Dirk Peter (1989). *Folkmar (Poppo), Bischof von Utrecht (976–990); Lexikon des Mittelalters (LexMA). Band 4*. München/Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. p. 613. ISBN 3-7608-8904-2.

1. Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). [*The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences*](https://archive.org/details/EphremBarsoumMattiMoosaTheScatteredPearlsAHistoryOfSyriacLiteratureAndSciences). 2nd ed. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. p. 497. Retrieved 14 July 2020.

1. ["zh:陈其尤"](https://www.zg.org.cn/zgdjj/ljld/dljld/201102/t20110226_8664.htm) [Chen Qiyou] (in Chinese). China Zhi Gong Party. [Archived](https://archive.today/20241013223153/https://www.zg.org.cn/zgdjj/ljld/dljld/201102/t20110226_8664.htm) 13 October 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 October 2024.

1. ["Ian MacNaughton"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180321031002/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f4d5609). *BFI*. Archived from [the original](https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f4d5609) on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2021.

1. Pedersen, Erik (2017-12-12). ["Bruce Brown Dies: Surf Movie Pioneer Who Sought The Perfect Wave For 'Endless Summer' Was 80"](https://deadline.com/2017/12/bruce-brown-dead-endless-summer-director-1202225197/). *Deadline*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212195018/http://deadline.com/2017/12/bruce-brown-dead-endless-summer-director-1202225197/) 12 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2021-10-01.

1. ["YouTube's 'Angry Grandpa' dies at 67"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/charles-green-dead-angry-grandpa-youtube-dies-died-67-a8103081.html). *The Independent*. 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2021-10-01.

1. Monfort, Ashley (2017-12-13). ["Civil Rights leader, former Hopewell mayor dies"](https://www.nbc12.com/story/37055795/civil-rights-leader-former-hopewell-mayor-dies). *NBC 12*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171213124707/http://www.nbc12.com/story/37055795/civil-rights-leader-former-hopewell-mayor-dies) 13 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2021-10-01.

1. Newman, Melinda (14 December 2019). ["Gershon Kingsley, Moog Synthesizer Pioneer, Dies at 97"](https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/obituary/8546355/gershon-kingsley-dead). *billboard.com*. Retrieved 16 October 2021.

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1. Rose, Jordan (December 10, 2025). ["'Jimmy Neutron' Actor Jeff Garcia Dies at 50, Son Calls Him 'My Hero'"](https://people.com/jimmy-neutron-actor-jeff-garcia-dies-at-50-son-calls-him-my-hero-11866231). *People*. Retrieved March 28, 2026.

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1. [*Martyrologium Romanum (2004)*](https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/664/mode/2up?view=theater). Administrationem Patrimonii Sedis Apostolicae in Civitate Vaticana. 2004. p. 665-666. Retrieved 9 December 2025.

1. ["International Days"](https://www.un.org/en/sections/observances/international-days/). *www.un.org*. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

## External links

- [BBC: On This Day](http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/10)
- [Historical Events on December 10](https://www.onthisday.com/events/december/10)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [December 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_10) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_10?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.