# Debellatio > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Debellatio > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Debellatio.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debellatio > Source revision: 1356366063 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{short description|War ending in defeated nation ceasing to exist}} [[File:Field Marshal Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|right|Field Marshal [Wilhelm Keitel](/source/Wilhelm_Keitel) signing the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht.]] The term '''{{lang|la|debellatio}}''' or "'''debellation'''" ([Latin](/source/Latin) 'defeating, or the act of conquering or subduing', literally, 'warring (the enemy) down', from Latin {{lang|la|bellum}} 'war') describes a situation in which an [interstate war](/source/interstate_war) ends not with a [peace treaty](/source/peace_treaty) nor a [ceasefire](/source/ceasefire), but with the catastrophic [state collapse](/source/state_collapse) of the losing party as a result of comprehensive military defeat, typically resulting in the disintegration of the institutions capable of issuing an authoritative instrument of surrender. Israeli law professor [Eyal Benvenisti](/source/Eyal_Benvenisti) defines ''debellatio'' as "a situation in which a party to a conflict has been totally defeated in war, its national institutions have disintegrated, and none of its allies continue to challenge the enemy militarily on its behalf."{{cite book|first=Eyal |last=Benvenisti|title=The International Law of Occupation |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958889-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA161 161]}} == Examples == === Carthage === In some cases debellation ends with a complete dissolution and [annexation](/source/annexation) of the defeated state into the victor's national territory, as happened at the end of the [Third Punic War](/source/Third_Punic_War) with the defeat of [Carthage](/source/Ancient_Carthage) by [Rome](/source/Roman_Republic) in the [2nd century BC](/source/2nd_century_BC)."No European state had come to an end, as Germany had, with a 'debellatio', with the dissolution of the enemy state by the victor, a term familiar from Roman history: after three terrible wars, Rome completely annihilated Carthage by means of a 'debellatio'." ({{Citation |author=Press and Information Office of the Federal Government |title=Deutschland |publisher=Societäts-Verlag |page=84 |year=1995|oclc=29827150}}) === Confederate States of America === {{Main|Conclusion of the American Civil War}} The [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War) did not end with the issuance of a formal instrument of surrender by the [Confederate States](/source/Confederate_States_of_America). By April 1865, the [Union](/source/Union_(American_Civil_War)) had occupied most of the Confederacy's national territory, including its capital, all major ports, and most of its industrial capacity. Moreover, a comprehensive [Union blockade](/source/Union_blockade) had effectively cut off the Confederacy's access to foreign trade. Militarily, the [Confederate States Army](/source/Confederate_States_Army) was disintegrating. The [Confederate States Congress](/source/Confederate_States_Congress) ceased to function on 18 March, seven days before the [fall of the capital](/source/Siege_of_Petersburg), adjourning [''sine die''](/source/Adjournment_sine_die) with the last entry in its [official journal](/source/official_journal) being "the Confederate Congress, with its work still undone went silent forever".Coulter, p. 558. The final sentence recorded in the proceedings of the Confederate States Congress (House of Representatives) reads, "The hour of 2 o'clock having arrived, / The Speaker announced that the House stood [adjourned ''sine die''](/source/Adjournment_sine_die)." (7 ''J. Cong. C.S.A.'' 796 (March 18, 1865). The [Confederate cabinet](/source/Confederate_cabinet) continued to meet to manage the increasingly desperate war effort but was unable to stave off collapse. On 9 April, following the [Appomattox campaign](/source/Appomattox_campaign), [Robert E. Lee](/source/Robert_E._Lee) surrendered the main remaining Confederate force, the [Army of Northern Virginia](/source/Army_of_Northern_Virginia), at [Appomattox Court House](/source/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House). Despite the evident futility, Confederate President [Jefferson Davis](/source/Jefferson_Davis) continued to attempt military resistance with such forces as remained under the control of the rapidly-disintegrating Confederate government, principally the [Trans-Mississippi Department](/source/Trans-Mississippi_Department); Davis intended to cross the Mississippi and make a [last stand](/source/last_stand). He attempted to organize a new army but was told this was impossible.{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=William J. Jr. |year=2000|title=Jefferson Davis, American |publisher=Knopf|url=https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavisam00coop/page/8|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-307-77264-0 |oclc=1035904007|pp=524–526}} Having failed to raise any new forces, and with the surrender of the [Army of Tennessee](/source/Army_of_Tennessee) and other forces under [Joseph E. Johnston](/source/Joseph_E._Johnston) on 26 April depriving what remained of the Confederate government of some 100,000 additional troops, Davis accepted the inevitable. On May 5, he convoked the [Confederate cabinet](/source/Confederate_cabinet), such as it remained, in [Washington, Georgia](/source/Washington%2C_Georgia), and issued a proclamation declaring the dissolution of the Confederate States.{{cite book|last=Davis|first=William C.|year=1991|title=Jefferson Davis: The Man and his Hour |publisher=Harpercollins|url=https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavisma00davi|url-access=registration |isbn=0-06-016706-8 |oclc=1150103061|pp=628–630}} On 9 May, Union President [Andrew Johnson](/source/Andrew_Johnson) declared that the [rights of the Confederacy as a belligerent power](/source/Law_of_war) had come to an end.{{Cite web |title=Executive Order – To Reestablish the Authority of the United States and Execute the Laws Within the Geographical Limits Known as the State of Virginia {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-reestablish-the-authority-the-united-states-and-execute-the-laws-within |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}} After 9 May, anyone fighting in the name of the now-nonexistent Confederacy was considered not a legitimate soldier but a [bandit](/source/Banditry); as [Ulysses S. Grant](/source/Ulysses_S._Grant)'s General Order 90 put it, "any and all persons found in arms against the United States, or who may commit acts of hostility against it ... will be regarded as guerrillas and punished with death."United States War Department. ''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies''. Series 1, Volume 46, Part 3, p. 1134. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895. Nonetheless, military resistance by the remnants of the Confederate army continued for some weeks. The last substantial engagement of the war, the [Battle of Palmito Ranch](/source/Battle_of_Palmito_Ranch), was fought on 12–13 May in Texas, and the [Trans-Mississippi Department](/source/Trans-Mississippi_Department) under [Kirby Smith](/source/Kirby_Smith), the last major Confederate force under arms, did not surrender until 26 May. On the same day, the [Camp Napoleon Council](/source/Camp_Napoleon_Council) of the Confederacy's [indigenous allies](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War) was held to appoint representatives to negotiate the surrender of their forces; the last of these, under [Stand Watie](/source/Stand_Watie), stood down on 23 June. The last Confederate unit to surrender was the commerce raider [CSS ''Shenandoah''](/source/CSS_Shenandoah), which did not learn of the surrender until 27 June, and surrendered to the British government at [Rock Ferry](/source/Rock_Ferry) on 6 November. The Confederate government never issued any formal [capitulation](/source/Capitulation_(surrender)) or other instrument of surrender. By the time that President Davis accepted that defeat was inevitable, the Confederate capital had been taken and the government had effectively disintegrated, with the armed forces not far behind. [Joseph E. Johnston](/source/Joseph_E._Johnston) stated of the situation at the time that "[w]ith such odds against us, without the means of procuring ammunition or repairing arms, without money or credit to provide food, it was impossible to continue the war except as robbers."Snow, p. 301. The proclamation of 5 May dissolving the Confederacy simply acknowledged the situation as it was; by then, there had been no functional government for some weeks (at least since the [fall of Richmond](/source/fall_of_Richmond)); the cabinet, such as it was, managed only a rapidly shrinking group of armies. From a legal perspective, the victorious Union [considered the entire existence of the Confederacy illegal](/source/Texas_v._White); the absence of a formal instrument of surrender from a government that did not legally exist was irrelevant. Nonetheless, on 9 May, President [Andrew Johnson](/source/Andrew_Johnson) formally extinguished the rights of the Confederacy as a belligerent power. The war legally came to an end on 20 August 1866,{{Cite web |title=Proclamation 157 – Declaring that Peace, Order, Tranquillity, and Civil Authority Now Exists in and Throughout the Whole of the United States of America | The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-157-declaring-that-peace-order-tranquillity-and-civil-authority-now-exists |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}} though there had been no fighting for more than a year by that point. ===Nazi Germany=== {{See also|End of World War II in Europe|Flensburg Government|Allied-occupied Germany|Legal status of Germany}} The [German Reich](/source/Nazi_Germany) never issued a formal capitulation to the [Allies](/source/Allies_of_World_War_II). By 30 April 1945, the [day of Adolf Hitler's suicide](/source/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler), Nazi Germany was on the verge of defeat. The Nazi armed forces had been repeatedly defeated in the [Battle of Berlin](/source/Battle_of_Berlin), giving the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) a clear path into [East Germany](/source/East_Germany). Moreover, in the west, the [United States](/source/United_States), [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) and [France](/source/France) had pushed as far as the [Czechoslovak](/source/Czechoslovakia) border, and had taken the vast majority of Germany's industrial capacity. By this time, the German government controlled only a thin strip of territory running from the Austrian border through Berlin into [occupied Denmark](/source/Occupation_of_Denmark), but it was obvious to all involved that this would soon be split into northern and southern pockets. Even before Hitler's suicide, separate command points had been established for north and south. Beginning in March, by which time Berlin was already under threat, civil servants were evacuated to resort hotels in the Bavarian and Austrian Alps – chiefly in the region of [Berchtesgaden](/source/Berchtesgaden), leaving only the ministers themselves in Berlin. On 13 April, the remaining foreign embassies and the diplomatic corps were evacuated to [Bad Gastein](/source/Bad_Gastein). Finally, on 20 April, all the ministers and their personal staff were ordered to make their way southwards; but as by then the roads had been cut and there were insufficient transport aircraft available (and, even had there been, the Allies had achieved near-total [air superiority](/source/Air_supremacy), making flying in a Nazi aircraft less than safe), some had perforce headed north instead. In spite of its repeated relocations, the [Military High Command](/source/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht) continued to function, its organisation and structures having been maintained. But the same was not true of any other arm of government. [Hitler's will](/source/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler) had designated [Karl Dönitz](/source/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz) as his successor as head of state, and the [Goebbels cabinet](/source/Goebbels_cabinet) as the successor to [his own](/source/Hitler_cabinet). Nonetheless, Goebbels committed suicide the next day, and Dönitz appointed [Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk](/source/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk) as "Leading Minister" in the [Flensburg Government](/source/Flensburg_Government). Despite this, most of the members of the cabinet lacked any ministries to head. Thus the government of Germany was, at the death of Hitler, split over six centres. The Propaganda Ministry, the personal fiefdom of [Joseph Goebbels](/source/Joseph_Goebbels), had remained with him in Berlin, as had the [Nazi Party Chancellery](/source/Nazi_Party_Chancellery) under [Martin Bormann](/source/Martin_Bormann); while the [''Luftwaffe'' High Command](/source/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe) had relocated to Berchtesgaden, having been until his abrupt dismissal on 23 April the counterpart fiefdom of [Göring](/source/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring). [Himmler](/source/Himmler) had retained his personal powerbase in the offices of the SS and security apparatus, which was established in Lübeck in the north and then relocated to Flensburg. Other government ministries and ministers were then variously located at Berchtesgaden and Dönitz's headquarters in Plön. This chaotic division meant that there was no longer a functional central government after Hitler's suicide, aside from the High Command. The Allied position was thus that following the signing of the [German Instrument of Surrender](/source/German_Instrument_of_Surrender), the last functional component of the German state was extinguished. Insofar as the [Flensburg Government](/source/Flensburg_Government) was not recognized by any foreign power, even its erstwhile allies, the German Reich was claimed to cease to exist as a subject of international law; the Reich's dissolution was backdated to 30 April by the Allies in the [Berlin Declaration](/source/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)), which asserted that German sovereignty became vested in the Allied Control Council from that point. ==== Competing legal theories ==== The [unconditional surrender](/source/German_Instrument_of_Surrender) of [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) (in the strict sense, only the [German Armed Forces](/source/Wehrmacht)) at the end of [World War II](/source/World_War_II) was, at the time, accepted by most authorities as a case of debellatio, insofar as: * There was a complete political dissolution of the [German Reich](/source/German_Reich),Eyal Benvenisti, ''The international law of occupation'', Princeton University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-691-12130-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lcVOlb0wefwC&q=Most+of+the+authorities+link&pg=PA93 pp. 92–95]Breven C. Parsons, (2009), [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095610/http://www.jag.navy.mil/documents/navylawreview/NLRVolume57.pdf Moving the law of occupation into the twenty-first century], ''Naval Law Review'', published by U.S. Naval Justice School, the pp. 21, 28–30 (PDF pp. 26, 33–35)[ICRC](/source/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebList?ReadForm&id=375&t=com Commentaries on the Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War] [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/375-590008?OpenDocument Article 5] "The German capitulation was both political, involving the dissolution of the Government, and military, whereas the Japanese capitulation was only military".United Nations War Crimes Commission, ''Law reports of trials of war criminals: United Nations War Crimes Commission'', Wm. S. Hein, 1997, {{ISBN|1-57588-403-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-xlVF_5Hu8C&dq=debellatio+allies+germany&pg=PA13 p. 13][http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/2848af408d01ec0ac1256609004e770b/b2d29625e398c58380256766005955a9?OpenDocument The human rights dimensions of population (p. 2, para. 138)] UNHCR web site[http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/Ybkvolumes(e)/ILC_1993_v2_p2_e.pdf Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1993 Volume II Part Two] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021024527/http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/Ybkvolumes%28e%29/ILC_1993_v2_p2_e.pdf |date=October 21, 2013}} pp. 48, last paragraph p. 295 including all offices. * The [Allied Control Council](/source/Allied_Control_Council) exercised political control over the territory of Germany. * Much of the territory of the German Reich was annexed (see [former eastern territories of Germany](/source/former_eastern_territories_of_Germany)) * No unified German state remained, the German Reich being succeeded by the [Federal Republic of Germany](/source/West_Germany) and the [German Democratic Republic](/source/East_Germany). Other authorities, supported in the judgements of the German [Federal Constitutional Court](/source/Federal_Constitutional_Court), have argued that a German state remained in existence from 1945 to 1949, albeit dormant and without any institutional or organisational component, on the basis that: * Most of the territory that made up [Germany](/source/Germany) before the [Anschluss](/source/Anschluss) was not annexed. * A German population still existed and was recognised as having German nationality. * German institutions such as courts never ceased to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory. * Eventually, the Federal Republic of Germany, a German government, regained full sovereignty over all German territory that had not been annexed (see [German reunification](/source/German_reunification)). * The Federal Republic of Germany sees itself as the [legal continuation](/source/succession_of_states) of the German Reich.Detlef Junker ''et al.'' (2004). ''The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook'' (Vol. 2), Cambridge University Press – co-published with [German Historical Institute](/source/German_Historical_Institute), Washington, D.C., {{ISBN|0-521-79112-X}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNa982ALww0C&dq=+%22European+Advisory+Commission%22+surrender+document&pg=PA104 p. 104]{{citation |last=Lorenz-Meyer |first=Martin|title=Safehaven: The Allied Pursuit of Nazi Assets Abroad |year=2007|publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-6586-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/safehavenalliedp00lore_0/page/194 194]}} The official position of the Allied-occupied government as well all subsequent German governments since has been and remains that the Nazi regime was "illegal", with laws and verdicts imposed during the Third Reich regularly being declared facially invalid. The Allies did not consider the German people and the Nazis indistinguishable, rather the opposite.{{Cite book|last1=Nicosia|first1=Francis R.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x76ff3|title=Business and Industry in Nazi Germany|last2=Huener|first2=Jonathan|date=2004|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-653-5|edition=|pages=130–131|jstor=j.ctt1x76ff3|author-link=Francis R. Nicosia}}{{Cite book|last1=Balfour|first1=Michael Leonard Graham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiyHJ8MiR1gC&q=collective+responsibility+german&pg=PA262|title=Withstanding Hitler in Germany, 1933–45|last2=Balfour|first2=Michael|date=1988|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-00617-0|page=264|language=en}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=FiyHJ8MiR1gC&dq=collective+responsibility+german&pg=PA262 Balfour, p. 263] Following the surrender, the Nazi party was and remains to this day outlawed; various restrictions were imposed on former Nazi party members, including bans on running for or holding public office, though these laws were later scaled back. Following the end of the Allied occupation, West Germany assumed a certain degree of responsibility for the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany and agreed to make major reparation payments to its victims.{{cite book |last=Art |first=David |date=2005 |title=The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnazipast00artd|url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnazipast00artd/page/n68 53]–55 |isbn=978-0521673242 }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.bgbl.de/Xaver/media.xav?SID=anonymous3113862832518&tocf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_tocFrame&tf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_mainFrame&qmf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_mainFrame&hlf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_mainFrame&bk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&name=bgbl%2FBundesgesetzblatt%20Teil%20I%2F1951%2FNr.%2022%20vom%2013.05.1951%2Fbgbl151s0307.pdf |title=''Gesetz zur Regelung der Rechtsverhältnisse der unter Artikel 131 des Grundgesetzes fallenden Personen'' – 11 May 1951 (Bundesgesetzblatt I 22/1951, pp. 307 ff.) |access-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406203057/https://www.bgbl.de/Xaver/media.xav?SID=anonymous3113862832518&tocf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_tocFrame&tf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_mainFrame&qmf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_mainFrame&hlf=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl_mainFrame&bk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&name=bgbl%2FBundesgesetzblatt%20Teil%20I%2F1951%2FNr.%2022%20vom%2013.05.1951%2Fbgbl151s0307.pdf |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |url-status=dead }} ===Others=== * [Republic of Venice](/source/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice) * [Papal States](/source/Papal_States) * Austria-Hungary (see [Treaty of Trianon](/source/Treaty_of_Trianon) and [Treaty of Saint Germain](/source/Treaty_of_Saint_Germain)) * [South Vietnam](/source/Fall_of_Saigon) ==See also== *[Disarmed Enemy Forces](/source/Disarmed_Enemy_Forces) *[Laws of war](/source/Laws_of_war) *[Legal status of Germany](/source/Legal_status_of_Germany) *[Total war](/source/Total_war) *[War termination](/source/War_termination) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Anne|title=Unconditional Surrender: The Impact of the Casablanca Policy upon World War II|year=1974|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0837170428}} * {{cite journal|last=Rheinstein|first=Max|author-link=Max Rheinstein|title=The Legal Status of Occupied Germany|journal=Michigan Law Review|date=November 1948|volume=47|issue=1|pages=23–40|publisher=The Michigan Law Review Association|doi=10.2307/1284507|jstor=1284507|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13394&context=journal_articles|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite news|last=Everding|first=Gerry|title=U.S. rules Iraq under international law doctrine of 'debellatio' and will until stable government is formed|url=http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/717.aspx|access-date=10 September 2012|newspaper=Washington University in St. Louis Newsroom|date=3 March 2004}} * ICRC ''[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/470-750006?OpenDocument Commentary on Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts]'' ([Protocol I](/source/Protocol_I)), 8 June 1977. Commenting on the term "The general close of military operations" in Article 3.b of Protocol I the ICRC states in their commentary in footnote 5 "Some of the literature refers to this situation ['The general close of military operations' when the occupation of the whole territory of a Party is completed, accompanied by the effective cessation of all hostilities, without the necessity of a legal instrument of any kind] as 'debellatio', but this is a narrower interpretation of the term than other publicists ascribe to it. On the concept of 'debellatio' and the various definitions of this term, cf. K.U. Meyn, 'Debellatio', in R. Bernhardt (ed.) [''Encyclopaedia of Public International Law''], Instalment 3, p. 145;" * {{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=Melissa|title=Who's Got the Title? or, The Remnants of Debellatio in Post-Invasion Iraq|journal=Harvard International Law Journal|date=Summer 2006|volume=47|issue=2|url=http://www.harvardilj.org/2006/06/issue_47-2_patterson/}} * {{cite journal|last=Roberts |first=Adam |title=Transformative Military Occupation: Applying the Laws of War and Human Rights |journal=The American Journal of International Law |year=2006 |volume=100 |pages=580–622 |url=http://www.iihl.org/iihl/Documents/roberts_militaryoccupation1.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140923181442/http://www.iihl.org/iihl/Documents/roberts_militaryoccupation1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=10 September 2012 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004154285.i-590.90 }} * {{cite news|last=Wedgwood |first=Ruth |title=Judicial Overreach |url=http://spirit.tau.ac.il/government/Wedgwood_article1.pdf |access-date=10 September 2012 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=16 November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001233236/http://spirit.tau.ac.il/government/Wedgwood_article1.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2006 }} ==External links== * {{wiktionary-inline|debellation}} Category:International law Category:Law of war Category:Latin legal terminology Category:Latin political words and phrases --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Debellatio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debellatio) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debellatio?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.