# David X
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{{Short description|King of Kartli from 1505 to 1525}}{{Expand French}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = David X
| succession = [King of Kartli](/source/List_of_Georgian_monarchs)
| reign = 1505–1525
| predecessor = [Constantine II](/source/Constantine_II_of_Georgia)
| successor = [George IX](/source/George_IX_of_Kartli)
| spouse = Nestan-Darejan or Miraingul [Baratashvili](/source/Baratashvili)
Tamar [Jaqeli](/source/Jaqeli)
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [Luarsab I](/source/Luarsab_I)
* [Prince Ramaz](/source/Prince_Ramaz_of_Kartli)}}
| issue-link = #Family
| issue-pipe = Among others
| dynasty = [Bagrationi](/source/Bagrationi_dynasty)
| father = [Constantine II of Georgia](/source/Constantine_II_of_Georgia)
| mother = Tamar
| death_date = 1526
| signature = David X of Kartli signature.svg
| signature_type = [Khelrtva](/source/Khelrtva)
| religion = [Georgian Orthodox Church](/source/Georgian_Orthodox_Church)
}}'''David X''' ({{lang-ka|დავით X|tr}}; died 1526), of the [Bagrationi dynasty](/source/Bagrationi_dynasty), was the second [king](/source/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia) (''[mepe](/source/mepe)'') of the [Kingdom of Kartli](/source/Kingdom_of_Kartli) from 1505 to 1525.
== Biography ==
David was the eldest son of [Constantine II](/source/Constantine_II_of_Georgia), whom he succeeded as king of Kartli in 1505.[The [regnal numbers](/source/Regnal_number) traditionally assigned to the kings of Kartli continue from those applied to the kings of a united Georgia.] Although Constantine had recognised the independence of the breakaway Georgian kingdoms of [Imereti](/source/Imereti) and [Kakheti](/source/Kakheti), the rivalry among these polities continued under David. He had to defend his kingdom against the attacks by [Alexander II of Imereti](/source/Alexander_II_of_Imereti) in the west, and [George II of Kakheti](/source/George_II_of_Kakheti) in the east. In August 1509, Alexander took fort-city [Gori](/source/Gori%2C_Georgia) and the northwestern corner of Kartli, but had to abandon the occupied lands to David due to the [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) raid on Imereti in 1510. A year later, George of Kakheti surged into Kartli, but failed to capture the king in a besieged castle of [Ateni](/source/Ateni_(Georgia)).
In 1513, George invaded again, only to be defeated and taken prisoner by David’s younger brother [Bagrat I of Mukhrani](/source/Bagrat_I_of_Mukhrani). He died in captivity and his kingdom was annexed to Kartli. In 1518, the [Persian](/source/Persians) [shah](/source/shah) [Ismail I](/source/Ismail_I) of the newly established [Safavid Empire](/source/Safavid_Empire), sent in an army under [Div Sultan Rumlu](/source/Div_Sultan_Rumlu), who was joined by the Georgian prince [Qvarqvare III Jaqeli](/source/Qvarqvare_III_Jaqeli), [atabeg](/source/atabeg) of [Samtskhe](/source/Samtskhe). The invaders occupied [Surami](/source/Surami) and Gori, and David had to make peace with the [Persians](/source/Safavids) and to promise to pay tribute. Meanwhile, the Kakhetian nobles used the opportunity to install [Levan](/source/Levan_of_Kakheti), son of the late king George II, as their king. David besieged the Maghrani Castle where Levan had taken positions, but soon had to abandon the siege as the [Qizilbash](/source/Qizilbash) appeared again in the Georgian lands. David recognised Lavan as the king of Kakheti in order to win his support against the invaders.
In 1522, he refused to convert to [Islam](/source/Islam) as [Shah Ismail](/source/Shah_Ismail) had demanded. A new [Persian](/source/Persians) invasion ensued, led this time personally by the [Shah](/source/Shah). David and his son, [Luarsab](/source/Luarsab_I_of_Kartli), offered him a fierce resistance at the Battle of Teleti, but were finally outnumbered and defeated. The Kartlian capital [Tbilisi](/source/Tbilisi) was taken by treachery and garrisoned by a large Persian force, making east Georgia nominally fall for the first time under Safavid rule. On the death of [Ismail](/source/Ismail_I) in 1524, David liberated [Tbilisi](/source/Tbilisi) and expelled the [Persians](/source/Persians) from the country. The [Safavid Persians](/source/Safavid_Persia) would later try to retake Tbilisi.
In 1525, he reconquered [Aghjakala](/source/Aghjakala), [Lower Kartli](/source/Lower_Kartli), and massacred all the Turkoman Qizilbash who had settled there. The same year, he abdicated the throne in favor of his younger brother [George IX](/source/George_IX_of_Kartli), and retired to a monastery under the name of Damiane. David X died in 1526 and was buried at the [Svetitskhoveli](/source/Svetitskhoveli) Cathedral at [Mtskheta](/source/Mtskheta).
==Family==
David, as crown prince, first married Nestan-Darejan or Miraingul [Baratashvili](/source/List_of_Georgian_princely_families), daughter of Prince David [Baratashvili](/source/Baratashvili) ({{floruit|1488–1512}}), but the union was denounced by David's father, Constantine II.[{{cite journal|last=Saitidze|first=Gocha|title=კონსტანტინე-ყოფილი კირილე: XVI საუკუნის დასაწყისის ქართლის სამეფოს ისტორიიდან|journal=Artanuji|date=1997|volume=6|pages=20–27|trans-title=Constantine – Cyril (To the history of Kartli kingdom in the beginning of the 16th c.)|language=Georgian, English|url=https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/7272/1/Artanuji_1997.pdf}}]
David married secondly to Princess Tamar [Jaqeli](/source/House_of_Jaqeli) (died in 1554), daughter of [Qvarqvare II Jaqeli](/source/Qvarqvare_II_Jaqeli), [Atabeg](/source/Atabeg) of [Samtskhe](/source/Samtskhe-Saatabago). She might have been the mother of all of David's children, including his eldest son and successor [Luarsab I](/source/Luarsab_I). [Prince Vakhushti](/source/Prince_Vakhushti_of_Kartli) reports that the mother of Luarsab was captured by Shah [Tahmasp I](/source/Tahmasp_I) at [Ateni](/source/Ateni_Sioni_Church) and carried off to [Iran](/source/Iran), where she committed suicide by poisoning in 1556. According to [Cyril Toumanoff](/source/Cyril_Toumanoff), Nestan-Darejan/Miraingul was the mother of David's three sons, Luarsab, Adarnase, and Ramaz, and it was she who committed suicide in 1556. He considers Tamar to have been the third name of this queen, such polyonymy not being infrequent in Georgia at that time.[Toumanoff, Cyrille (1976) (in French). ''Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie)'' [''Manual of Genealogy and Chronology of Christian Caucasian History (Armenia, Georgia, Albania)''], p. 128. Rome: Edizioni Aquila.]
David had eight children: