# Dane seabream

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Species of fishes

Dane seabream Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Acanthuriformes Family: Sparidae Genus: Porcostoma J. L. B. Smith, 1938 Species: P. dentata Binomial name Porcostoma dentata (Gilchrist & W. W. Thompson, 1908) Synonyms[2] Chrysophrys dentatus Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908

The **Dane Seabream** (***Porcostoma dentata***), also known as the **Dane**, is a species of marine [ray-finned fish](/source/Actinopterygii) belonging to the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Sparidae](/source/Sparidae), which includes the seabreams and porgies. The Dane Seabream is the only species in the [monospecific genus](/source/Monospecific_genus) ***Porcostoma***. This species is [endemic](/source/Endemism) to the southwestern Indian Ocean off the coast of [Southern Africa](/source/Southern_Africa).

## Taxonomy

The Dane seabream was first formally [described](/source/Species_description) as *Chrysophrys dentatus* by the ichthyologists [John Dow Fisher Gilchrist](/source/John_Dow_Fisher_Gilchrist), a Scot, and [William Wardlaw Thompson](/source/William_Wardlaw_Thompson), a South African, with its [type locality](/source/Type_locality_(biology)) given as [Natal](/source/Natal_Colony).[3][4] In 1938 [James Leonard Brierley Smith](/source/James_Leonard_Brierley_Smith) reclassified this species in the monospecific genus *Porcostoma*.[5] This taxon is placed in the family Sparidae within the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Spariformes](/source/Spariformes) by the 5th edition of *[Fishes of the World](/source/Fishes_of_the_World)*.[6] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,[7] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[6]

## Etymology

The Dane seabream has the genus name *Porcostoma* which is a combination of *Porcus*, meaning "pig", with *stoma* meaning "mouth". This is thought to refer to the canine-like teeth that project out of the closed mouth like the tusks of a boar. The [specific name](/source/Specific_name_(zoology)), *dentata*, means "toothed", also referring to the visible teeth when the mouth is closed.[8]

## Description

The Dane seabream has scales between the eyes and on the bases of the soft rayed parts of the [dorsal](/source/Dorsal_fin) and [anal fins](/source/Anal_fin). There is s distinctive black streak along the first few scales of the [lateral line](/source/Lateral_line). The dorsal fin is supported by 13 spines and 10 or11 soft rays while there are 3 spines and 8 or 9 soft rays in the anal fin. The [pectoral fins](/source/Pectoral_fin) have 17 or 18 fin rays. The body is plump and ovoid, its [standard length](/source/Standard_length) is 2.5 times its depth. The dorsal profile of the head is straight or concave from the snout to the nape and then gently convex to the base of the dorsal fin. Both the lobes of the [caudal fin](/source/Caudal_fin) are rounded. The overall colour of the body is red, paler below, with some individuals showing streaks along the scale rows. There is a dark bar between the eyes and there is a dark streak along the front of the lateral line. The rears parts of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the pectoral and [pelvic fins](/source/Pelvic_fin) are tinged golden. The juveniles are yellow and have 2 black blotches on lateral line.[9] This species has a maximum [total length](/source/Total_length) of 36 cm (14 in), although 25 cm (9.8 in) is more typical.[2]

## Distribution and habitat

The Dane seabream is endemic to the southwestern Indian Ocean along the southeastern coast of Africa between [Beira, Mozambique](/source/Beira%2C_Mozambique) and [Tsitsikamma](/source/Tsitsikamma_River) in the [Western Cape](/source/Western_Cape).[9] This species occurs on reefs, especially deeper reefs in the vicinity of pinnacles and drop offs at depths between 10 and 120 m (33 and 394 ft).[1]

## Biology

The Dane seabream is predatory species, with the adults feeding on a variety of animals including [crinoids](/source/Crinoid), [mantis shrimps](/source/Mantis_shrimp), [polychaetes](/source/Polychaete), [crabs](/source/Crab) and [hermit crabs](/source/Hermit_crab). Sexual maturity is reached around a fork length of 15 cm (5.9 in) and spawning takes place off KwaZulu-Natal in the Spring. There are reports of this species gathering in schools but also of fish living singly.[1]

## Fisheries

The Dane seabream is commonly caught in ski boat fisheries of Mozambique and eastern South Africa but it is too small to be of interest to commercial fisheries. It is often not sold but is given to boat crews for their own consumption. Even recreational anglers frequently return Dane seabreams rather than take them.[1]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-3) Mann, B.Q.; Buxton C.D.; Russell, B.; et al. (2014). ["*Porcostoma dentata*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170185/1289061). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2014** e.T170185A1289061. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170185A1289061.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170185A1289061.en). Retrieved 13 February 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fishbase_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fishbase_2-1) [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["*Porcostoma dentata*"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Porcostoma&speciesname=dentata). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*. October 2023 version.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-G&T_3-0)** [Gilchrist, J. D. F.](/source/John_Gilchrist_(zoologist)) and [W. W. Thompson](/source/William_Wardlaw_Thompson) (1908). ["Descriptions of fishes from the coast of Natal"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1511338#page/213/mode/1up). *Annals of the South African Museum*. **6** (2): 145–206.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CofF_4-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["Species in the genus *Porcostoma*"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Porcostoma). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 13 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CofF2_5-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["Genera in the family Sparidae"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Sparidae). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 13 February 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_6-1) [Nelson, J.S.](/source/Joseph_S._Nelson); Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). *Fishes of the World* (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: [John Wiley & Sons](/source/John_Wiley_%26_Sons). pp. 502–506. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9781119174844](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-34233-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2015037522](https://lccn.loc.gov/2015037522). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [951899884](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951899884). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [25909650M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25909650M).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Parenti_7-0)** Parenti, P. (2019). ["An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae"](https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52). *FishTaxa*. **4** (2): 47–98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ETYFish_8-0)** Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). ["Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE"](https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/). *The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database*. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 13 February 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WIOF_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WIOF_9-1) Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In [Phillip C Heemstra](/source/Phil_Heemstra); Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and [John E Randall](/source/John_Ernest_Randall) (eds.). [*Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean*](https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf) (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-990951-32-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-990951-32-9).

Taxon identifiers Porcostoma Wikidata: Q2856355 Wikispecies: Porcostoma BOLD: 3479 CoL: 63PWY GBIF: 2392533 iNaturalist: 91245 IRMNG: 1437708 ITIS: 647875 NCBI: 119739 Open Tree of Life: 794368 WoRMS: 205675 Porcostoma dentata Wikidata: Q2704929 BOLD: 11698 CoL: 4LWMJ FishBase: 7965 GBIF: 2392534 iNaturalist: 446406 IRMNG: 10854868 ITIS: 647973 IUCN: 170185 NCBI: 119740 OBIS: 218618 Open Tree of Life: 321032 WoRMS: 218618

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dane seabream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_seabream) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_seabream?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.