# Dallas phase

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{{Short description|Archaeological phase within the Mississippian III period}}
The '''Dallas phase''' (c. 1300–1600 CE) is an [archaeological phase](/source/archaeological_phase), within the [Mississippian III](/source/Mississippian_III) period, in the South [Appalachia](/source/Appalachia)n [Geologic province](/source/Geologic_province) in North America.<ref>Sullivan and Prezzano 201</ref><ref name=s281>Sullivan and Prezzano 281</ref>

==Geography==
Dallas peoples moved into what is now southwest [Virginia](/source/Virginia) from northeastern [Tennessee](/source/Tennessee) in the early 13th century.<ref name=s220>Sullivan and Prezzano 220</ref> Dallas phase settlements ranged from along the [Holston River](/source/Holston_River) to [Cobb Island](/source/Cobb_Island), and up the [Nolichucky River](/source/Nolichucky_River) and [Little Pigeon Creek](/source/Little_Pigeon_Creek) in Tennessee, and along the [Clinch River](/source/Clinch_River) in Virginia.<ref name=s208>Sullivan and Prezzano 208</ref>

==Characteristics==
The Dallas phase settlements typically have one to three [platform mound](/source/platform_mound)s; however, some (40Un11 and 40An44) have no mounds at all.<ref name=s208/> Their society was hierarchical. It is characterized by distinctions between nobles, and commoners in burial practices. Elites were buried in mounds, unlike the remaining population.<ref>Peregrine 49</ref> Artifacts included [shell gorget](/source/shell_gorget)s, ear pins, and beads.<ref>Harle 79</ref>

Dallas peoples built "large log houses."<ref>Sullivan and Prezzano 203</ref> Their towns had central plazas, surrounded by winter and summer homes.<ref>Harle 81</ref>

===Ceramics===
{{See|Mississippian culture pottery}}
Dallas Ware pottery was tempered with mussel shells and featured lugs, incised decoration, notched fillets, and strap handles.<ref>Sullivan and Prezzano 204</ref> Two distinct styles were Dallas Plain and Dallas [Cordmarked](/source/cord-marked_pottery).<ref>Sullivan and Prezzano 218</ref>

==Sites==
thumb|Sign for McMahan Indian Mound
Dallas phase sites include the following:
* [Bussell Island](/source/Bussell_Island) (40LD17), [Loudon County, Tennessee](/source/Loudon_County%2C_Tennessee)
* [Chiaha](/source/Chiaha), [Jefferson County, Tennessee](/source/Jefferson_County%2C_Tennessee)
* [Citico](/source/Citico_(Hamilton_County%2C_Tennessee)) (40HA65), [Chattanooga](/source/Chattanooga), [Hamilton County, Tennessee](/source/Hamilton_County%2C_Tennessee)
* Cox site (40AN19), [Anderson County, Tennessee](/source/Anderson_County%2C_Tennessee)
* [David Davis Site](/source/David_Davis_Site) (40HA301), [Hamilton County, Tennessee](/source/Hamilton_County%2C_Tennessee)<ref>Harle 7</ref>
* [DeArmond Site](/source/DeArmond_Site) (40RE12),<ref>Harle 47</ref> [Roane County, Tennessee](/source/Roane_County%2C_Tennessee) 
* [Fain's Island](/source/Fain's_Island) (40JE1), Jefferson County, Tennessee
* [Henderson Site](/source/Henderson_Site) (40SV4), [Sevier County, Tennessee](/source/Sevier_County%2C_Tennessee)
* [Henry Farm Site](/source/Henry_Farm_Site) (40LD53), Loudon County, Tennessee<ref name=MITCHEM2008>{{cite conference|conference=Southeastern Archaeological Conference|location=Charlotte, North Carolina|date=2008-11-13|title=Mississippian copper artifacts from Arkansas|author=Mitchem, Jeffrey M.|url=https://uark.academia.edu/JeffreyMMitchem/Papers/1288775/Mississippian_Copper_Artifacts_from_Arkansas}}</ref>
* [Hiwassee Island Site](/source/Hiwassee_Island) (40MG31), [Meigs County, Tennessee](/source/Meigs_County%2C_Tennessee)<ref name="Schroedt - Dallas">{{Cite book |last1=Schroedt |first1=Gerald F. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA193 |chapter=Dallas Phase|title=Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia |date=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-0725-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [Hixon Site](/source/Hixon_Site) (40HA3), [Hamilton County, Tennessee](/source/Hamilton_County%2C_Tennessee)
* [McMahan Mound Site](/source/McMahan_Mound_Site) (40SV1),<ref>Harle 59</ref> Sevier County, Tennessee
* [Toqua](/source/Toqua_(Tennessee)) (40MR6),<ref>Peregrine 86</ref> [Monroe County, Tennessee](/source/Monroe_County%2C_Tennessee)

[Overhill Cherokee](/source/Overhill_Cherokee) sites, such as [Citico](/source/Citico_(Cherokee_town)) (40Mr7), [Hiwassee Old Town](/source/Hiwassee_Old_Town) (40Pk3), and [Chilhowee](/source/Chilhowee_(Cherokee_town)) (40Bt7) have Dallas phase artifacts;<ref>Sullivan and Prezzano 285</ref> however, the Dallas phase is associated with ancestral [Muscogee Creek](/source/Muscogee_Creek) peoples.<ref>Harle 50</ref>

==Dates==
In the same region, the [Hiwassee Island](/source/Hiwassee_Island) phase ran from 1000 to 1250 CE, followed by Early Dallas from 1250–1450 CE. Late Dallas ranged from 1450–1650 CE, which was followed by the Overhill Cherokee and Mouse Creek phases.<ref name=s281/>

==See also==
*[List of archaeological sites in Tennessee](/source/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Tennessee)

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Harle, Michaelyn S. [http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/698/ "Biological Affinities and the Construction of Cultural Identity for the Proposed Coosa Chiefdom."] ''University of Tennessee. Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange.'' 2010.
*[Peregrine, Peter Neal](/source/Peter_N._Peregrine). ''Archaeology of the Mississippian Culture: A Research Guide.'' Taylor and Francis, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8153-0336-X}}.
*Sullivan, Lynne P. and Susan C. Prezzano, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3rLK9tAUi0QC&q=Dallas+Phase&pg=PA284 ''Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands.''] Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1-57233-142-9}}.

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4yz3mkhrXegC&dq=dallas+phase+archaeological+dates&pg=PA14 The Archaeology of Everyday Life at Early Moundville Gregory D. Wilson]
* [http://www.tulane.edu/~crodning/rodningmoore2010.pdf South Appalachian and Protohistoric Mortuary Practices in Southwestern North Carolina]

{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

Category:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
Category:Pre-statehood history of Tennessee
Category:Native American history of Virginia
Category:Pre-statehood history of Virginia

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Dallas phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_phase) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_phase?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.